ABSTRACT: 405 DE LISI V 1, GONZÁLEZ V 1, REZNIKOV S 1,2, STEGMAYER C A 1, HENRIQUEZ D D 1, DEVANI M R 1 & PLOPER L D 1,2

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1 ABSTRACT: 405 EVALUATION OF FOLIAGE-APPLIED FERTILIZERS AND FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROLLING SOYBEAN LATE SEASON DISEASES DURING TWO GROWING SEASONS IN TUCUMÁN, ARGENTINA DE LISI V 1, GONZÁLEZ V 1, REZNIKOV S 1,2, STEGMAYER C A 1, HENRIQUEZ D D 1, DEVANI M R 1 & PLOPER L D 1,2 1 Estción Experimentl Agroindustril Oispo Colomres, Willim Cross 3150 (T4101AXC), Ls Tlits, Tucumán, Argentin; 2 CONICET, Argentin E-mil: vdelisi@eeoc.org.r Diseses re mong the iotic fctors tht reduce soyen yield in the province of Tucumán, locted in north-western Argentin (NWA). Continued monocropping nd no-tillge systems, prctices widely used t present in soyen production, hve een relted with the escltion of mny of the disese prolems tht hve occurred in recent yers, including the lte seson disese complex, comintion of vrious diseses tht ffect stems, leves, pods, nd seeds, cusing premture senescence nd lowering yield nd seed qulity. The min diseses included in this complex re rown spot (Septori glycines), Cercospor light nd lef spot (Cercospor kikuchii), nd trget spot (Corynespor cssiicol). Folir-pplied fungicides re recommended for mnging this group of diseses. Fungicides comined with folir fertilizers re frequently used in soyen production in NWA. In ddition to improving crop nutrition, microelements such s K, Zn, nd others, ct s elicitors ctivting plnt defense mechnisms, wheres fungicides cn prevent or cure fungl infections. Furthermore, iologicl fertilizers contriute to sustinle production due to their low environmentl impct. To evlute the use of folir-pplied fungicides nd fertilizers for the control of lte seson diseses, field trils were conducted during the nd growing sesons t Puesto del Medio, Tucumán, Argentin. Tretments were rrnged in rndomized complete lock design with four replictions. Plots consisted of four 6-m rows, spced 0.5 m prt (12 m 2 ). The sme mturity group VIII cultivr ws used during oth sesons. The following tretments were evluted: n untreted control, commercil fungicide ( stroilurin + trizol mixture) pplied t the R3 growth stge, nd three folir fertilizers ( mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3-utyric cid + CB; potssium phosphite; nd zinc phosphite), pplied t different growth stges (R1, R3 or R1+R3) with or without fungicide. Tretments were evluted in terms of rown spot nd Cercospor light nd lef spot severity. Yield (kg/h) nd seed size (1,000 seed weight) were lso determined. In the growing seson, environmentl conditions were fvourle for oth crop growth nd disese development. None of the tretments differed significntly from the untreted control in Cercospor light severity, ut most of the tretments with fertilizers nd fungicides showed less rown spot severity thn the untreted control. No dditionl enefits in disese control were oserved when dding fertilizers to the fungicide. However, the ddition of potssium phosphite to the fungicide t R3 incresed yield significntly. In the seson, environmentl conditions were very unfvourle for crop growth. Three fertilizer tretments decresed Cercospor light severity significntly, nd nerly ll of them reduced rown spot severity in comprison to the untreted control, ut there were no differences with the tretment tht only included the fungicide. Only the fungicide tretment led to significntly higher yields thn those of the untreted control. E.1

2 Evlution of folige-pplied fertilizers nd fungicides for controlling soyen lte seson diseses during two growing sesons in Tucumán, Argentin Vicente DE LISI, Victori GONZALEZ, Sestián REZNIKOV Crlos A. STEGMAYER, Diego D. HENRIQUEZ, Mrio R. DEVANI nd L. Dniel PLOPER

3 Northwestern Argentin 22-29º Ltitude South 63-68º Longitud West 2011/2012 Province Are (h) Slt 608,620 Tucumán 231,320 W of Sntigo del Estero 106,360 SE of Ctmrc 37,000 Jujuy 12,485 NWA 995,785

4 Tucumán Soyen Mize 231,220 h 49,540 h

5 Soyen diseses - Biotic fctors tht reduce production efficiency - Continued monocropping nd no-tillge systems

6 Lte seson disese complex

7 Asin soyen rust Phkopsor pchyrhizi

8 Disese mngement strtegies Integrted mngement progrms re recommended, with specil ttention to the economic spects of crop production, considering tht prevention rther thn curtive tretments re preferle. Specific strtegies to consider include vrious pproches to disese control: Exclusion nd surveillnce Culturl prctices Biologicl methods Chemicl control

9 Since the lte 1990s, the Estción Experimentl Agroindustril Oispo Colomres (EEAOC) hs een conducting numerous experiments of chemicl control of folir diseses.

10 Loctions of field experiments Puesto del Medio Sn Agustín

11 Evlution of folir fungicides for the control of soyen lte seson diseses nd rust in Tucumán, Argentin Yield (kg/h) mm 4500 Control Tretments Rinfll (D-A) Historicl verge Loction: Sn Agustín, Tucumn, Argentin

12 Severity (%) Cercospor light nd lef spot (Cercospor kikuchii) / / / /2012 Loction: Sn Agustín, Tucumn, Argentin

13 Severity (%) Brown spot (Septori glycines) / / / /2012 Loction: Sn Agustín, Tucumn, Argentin

14 Yield (kg/h) mm Evlution of folir fungicides for the control of soyen lte seson diseses nd rust in Tucumán, Argentin Control Tretments Rinfll (D-A) Historicl verge / / / / / / / Loction: Puesto del Medio, Tucumn, Argentin

15 Severity (%) Cercospor light nd lef spot, rown spot nd rust in Puesto del Medio, Tucumán Cercospor light nd lef spot Brown spot Rust / / / / / / /2012 Loction: Puesto del Medio, Tucumn, Argentin

16 Folir fungicides + folir fertilizers Fungicides comined with folir fertilizers hve ecome frequently used in soyen production in NWA. Folir fertilizers improve crop nutrition; microelements, such s K, Zn, nd others, ct s elicitors ctivting defense mechnisms in plnts, wheres fungicides cn prevent or cure fungl infections. Furthermore, iologicl fertilizers contriute to sustinle production due to their low environmentl impct.

17 Folige-pplied fertilizers The ppliction of folir nutrients in soyen is prctice whose study hs intensified in recent yers. Folir fertiliztion with N, P, K nd S during the seedfilling period re intended to void the depletion of these nutrients in the leves nd the resulting reduction in photosynthetic rte during this period due to poor nutrient uptke from the soil nd trnsloction of these elements from the leves to the developing seeds. The literture mentions significnt yield increses with two to four spryings on different soyen cultivrs t different experimentl sites etween developmentl stges R5 nd R7.

18 Folige-pplied fertilizers Phosphites folir fertilizers consist of phosphite ion comined primrily with micronutrients. The phosphite ion cts on the hormonl system nd promotes the synthesis of phytolexins, metolites synthesized in response to microil infections, chemicls, mechnicl dmge or stress. Moreover, the phosphite fertilizer hs een ttriuted property of synergizing with fungicides, through n expnsion of its systemic effect. Micronutrients re represented y ctions such s Zn nd Cu, tht ct s ctlysts in vrious enzymtic processes.

19 Bckground In Argentin, Crmon et l. evluted in the seson the efficiency of the following tretments for the control of soyen lte seson diseses. 1) 70% potssium phosphite 0.5 l/h, 2) 70% potssium phosphite, 1 l/h, 3) 6.8% nitrogen nd 9.3% phosphorus, 3 l/h; 4) Azoxystroin + cyproconzole (Amistr Xtr) + minerl oil (Nimus), cc/h, 5) Untreted control. Both fertilizers nd fungicides were pplied t R5. The lower vlue of severity ws recorded in the fungicide tretment, differing sttisticlly significntly from the control nd the other tretments (p <0.05). The only tretment tht showed sttisticlly significnt differences in yield ws the mixture of fungicides (p <0.05).

20 Ojective To evlute the use of folige-pplied fungicides nd fertilizers in the control of lte seson diseses, field trils were conducted during the nd growing sesons t Puesto del Medio, Tucumán, Argentin. The min diseses evluted in this study were rown spot (Septori glycines) nd Cercospor light nd lef spot (Cercospor kikuchii).

21 Brown spot

22 Cercospor light nd lef spot (Cercospor kikuchii)

23 Purple seed stin Cercospor kikuchii

24 Mterils nd Methods

25 Mterils nd methods Field experiments Loction: Puesto del Medio, Tucumán, Argentin Fields hd een cropped previously to soyen Fungicide nd fertilizers in vrile numers were evluted. Rtes used were those recommended y the mnufcturers. Tretments were rrnged in rndomized complete lock with four replictions. Plots consisted of four 6-m rows, spced 0.5 m prt (12 m 2 ).

26 Mterils nd methods A mturity group VIII cultivr ws used oth sesons. The following tretments were evluted: n untreted control, commercil fungicide (mixture of stroilurin + trizol) pplied t the R3 growth stge, nd three folir fertilizers ( mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3-utyric cid + CB; potssium phosphite; nd zinc phosphite), pplied t different moments (R1, R3 or R1+R3) with or without fungicide. Tretments were evluted for severity of rown spot nd Cercospor light, yield (kg/h) nd seed size (1,000 seed weight).

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29 Fertilizers nd fungicides products nd rtes evluted in the field experiment Rte (cc/h) Tretments R1 R3 1- Control Fungicide* Potssium phosphite Potssium phosphite Fungicide Potssium phosphite + fungicide Zinc phosphite Zinc phosphite + fungicide Zinc phosphite + fungicide Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole 3 utyric cid + CB 9- Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole 3 - utyric cid + CB Fungicide * Fungicide: mixture of stroilurin + trizol (Oper / BASF)

30 Fertilizer nd fungicide ppliction in the field experiments

31 Results

32 Rinfll nd sesons Growing sesons Dec Jn Fe Mrch April Dec- April Averge

33 2010/2011

34 Severity (%) Effect of tretments on the severity of rown spot (Septori glycines) nd Cercospor light nd lef spot (Cercospor kikuchii) Brown spot Cercospor light nd lef spot , ,5 17,5 17,5 17,5 17, ,5 12,5 12,5 12, ,5 7,5 10,0 5 0 c c c c c c 1-Control 2- Fungicide (R3) 3- Potssium phosphite (R1 + R3) 4- Potssium phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 5- Potssium phosphite + fungicide (R3) 6- Zinc phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 7- Zinc phosphite + fungicide (R3) 8- Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3 - utyric cid + CB (R1) c 9- Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3- utyric ci + CB (R1) + fungicide (R3) *Numers followed y the sme letter re not significntly diferent P=0.05) y LSD`s multiple rnge test

35 Weight of 1000 soyen seed (g) Weight of 1000 soyen seeds (g) ,3 151,4 149,1 154,5 152,4 157,5 156,8 152,2 154,5 140 c* c c c c Control 2- Fungicide (R3) 3- Potssium phosphite (R1 + R3) 4- Potssium phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 5- Potssium phosphite + fungicide (R3) 6- Zinc phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 7- Zinc phosphite + fungicide (R3) 8- Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3 - utyric cid + CB (R1) 9- Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3- utyric ci + CB (R1) + fungicide (R3) *Numers followed y the sme letter re not significntly diferent P=0.05) y LSD`s multiple rnge test

36 Yield (kg/h) Yield (kg/h) ,0 4051,1 4113,1 4119,1 4553,7 4371,5 4461,6 4067,1 4349, c* c c c c c c c Control 2- Fungicide (R3) 3- Potssium phosphite (R1 + R3) 4- Potssium phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 5- Potssium phosphite + fungicide (R3) 6- Zinc phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 7- Zinc phosphite + fungicide (R3) 8- Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3 - utyric cid + CB (R1) 9- Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3- utyric ci + CB (R1) + fungicide (R3) *Numers followed y the sme letter re not significntly diferent P=0.05) y LSD`s multiple rnge test

37 2011/2012

38 Severity (%) Effect of tretments on severity of rown spot (Septori glycines) nd Cercospor light nd lef spot (Cercospor kikuchii) Brown spot Cercospor light nd lef spot ,5 15 * 1-Control 7,5 7,5 2- Fungicide (R3) 5 3- Potssium phosphite (R1 + R3) ,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 4- Potssium phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 5- Potssium phosphite + fungicide (R3) 6- Zinc phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 7- Zinc phosphite + fungicide (R3) Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3 - utyric cid + CB (R1) 7,5 6,5 9- Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3- utyric ci + CB (R1) + fungicide (R3) *Numers followed y the sme letter re not significntly different P=0.05) y LSD`s multiple rnge test

39 Weight of 1000 soyen seeds (g) Weight of 1000 soyen seeds (g) ,3 * 125,9 125,6 128,9 123,6 121,5 121,5 121,5 123, Control 2- Fungicide (R3) 3- Potssium phosphite (R1 + R3) 4- Potssium phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 5- Potssium phosphite + fungicide (R3) 6- Zinc phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 7- Zinc 8- Mixture of phosphite + cytokinin, fungicide gierellic (R3) cid, nd indole-3 - utyric cid + CB (R1) *Numers followed y the sme letter re not significntly different P=0.05) y LSD`s multiple rnge test

40 Yield (kg/h) Yield (kg/h) 5000,0 4500,0 4000,0 3500,0 3000,0 2500,0 2000,0 1500,0 1591,7 1962,5 1666,7 1685,4 1783,3 1647,9 1441,7 1597,9 1687,5 1000,0 500,0 c c c c c c c 0,0 1-Control 2- Fungicide (R3) 3- Potssium phosphite (R1 + R3) 4- Potssium phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 5- Potssium phosphite + fungicide (R3) 6- Zinc phosphite (R1) + fungicide (R3) 7- Zinc phosphite + fungicide (R3) 8- Mixture of cytokinin, gierellic cid, nd indole-3 - utyric cid + CB (R1) *Numers followed y the sme letter re not significntly different P=0.05) y LSD`s multiple rnge test

41 Conclusions

42 Conclusions (I) In the 2010/2011 growing seson, environmentl conditions were fvorle for oth crop growth nd disese development. None of the tretments differed significntly from the untreted control for Cercospor light severity, ut most of the tretments with fertilizers nd fungicides hd less rown spot severity thn the untreted control. No dditionl enefits in disese control were oserved y the ddition of fertilizers to the fungicide. However, the ddition of potssium phosphite to the fungicide t R3 incresed significntly the yield.

43 Conclusions (II) In the seson, environmentl conditions were very unfvorle for crop growth. Three fertilizers tretments decresed significntly Cercospor light severity nd nerly ll reduced rown spot severity in comprison with the untreted control, ut there were no differences with the tretment tht only included the fungicide. Only the fungicide tretment hd significntly higher yields thn the untreted control.

44 Conclusions (III) Folir fertilizers nd fungicides cn e useful tool in soyen production, ut they must e used with cution. As seen in this study, folir fertilizers + fungicides do not lwys give significnt yield increses. This lck of effectiveness my e due to our inility to predict when nd how severe folir diseses will e in prticulr yer. Before using this strtegy of mngement, frmers should considerer: how severe folir diseses hve een in pst yers, nd lso other spects such s cropping history, type of irrigtion, rinfll, tillge nd yield potentil.

45 Thnk you Bie dnkie Tucumán - Argentin