Chinese rural earth re-construction. School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Professor Edward Ng Arial 2016

Transcription

1 Chinese rural earth re-construction School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Professor Edward Ng Arial 2016

2 Introduction Situation and problems of rural China Terrain map Distribution of ecologically fragile areas Distribution of poverty-stricken county Distribution of earthquake epicenter

3 Introduction Situation and problems of rural China Environmental problems Social problems Economical problems!!! Water and land pollution Biocapacity reduction Climate change and natural disasters!!! Social security of migrant workers Education of rural children Rural degradation!!! Poverty Risks in food security Energy crisis!!! Disappearance of local culture!

4 Introduction Three cases Maosi Village Ma anqiao Village Guangming Village

5 Ecological Demonstration Primary School Maosi Village, Gansu ( )! CUHK Kadoorie Farm

6 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School Background: China s Loess Plateau The largest deposit of loess Environmental degradation Low levels of economy, resource and technology

7 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School Problems: The local traditional school building: narrow and dark. The new school building: hot in summer and cold in winter.

8 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School Local climate analysis: mild summer but cold winter.

9 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School Hill-side Caves ( ) Sunken Caves ( ) Cave House ( ) Local vernacular buildings: best passive design strategies

10 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School Exterior -Moderate fresh air Heat Exchanger Indoor Space - Suck air out Air flow controller Exterior Air flow direction Thermal mass & insulation Passive solar system; Earth-air tunnel Chimney; Fan Natural ventilation system Passive solar system High since and low technology strategies Case1--Ventilated/Occupied Case2--Ventilated/Unoccupied Case3--Infiltration Only/Unoccupied 8 Case1--Acceptable temp difference line Case2--Acceptable temp difference linel Case3--Acceptable temp difference line Increase in Mean Indoor Temperature during the Whole Heating season(*c) B 1 0 C D D C D C B/B A/A/A A / A E J E G G F2 H H 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% Increase in Total Construction Cost (%) K I I

11 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School Building construction:!!! Local traditional construction organization Simple equipment and tools Basic seismic design

12 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School

13 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School

14 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School Construction finished in 2007

15 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School (HKD/m 2 ) Construc0on cost Local conven0nal brick building Project outcome: Large and bright indoor space Good thermal performance Low construction and management cost Dynamic outdoor space

16 Maosi Ecological Demonstration Primary School From now on, not one piece of coal needs to be burned to keep warm. All our money can be spent on books. The school master Awards

17 Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project Ma anqiao Village, Sichuan ( ) CUHK HYSAN WZQ

18 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project Background Still remember the 5.12 earthquake in Sichuan, China? A massive earthquake struck southwest China on Monday, May 12, 2008, killed 68,109 people, caused 19,851 missing, injured 364,552 people. More than 45 million people have been affected by the quake.

19 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project MOHURD published FOUR templates for the locals to adopt for the rebuilding. The template houses are 75 sq. m, or 60% the size of the average original houses. A house costs RMB 80K to 100K. Every household was given a subsidy of RMB20K to get on with it. If your household income is RMB 1K per year, you need to borrow a mortgage of 60 to 80 years earning, is this economically sustainable?

20 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project Ma anqiao village Challenges -! In the earthquake zone -! Inconvenient transportation -! Spring days are very hot -! Poverty and backwardness How to make use of local materials to create an anti-seismic, comfortable and cheap house that is sustainable?

21 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project Actions: 1.Site investigation and literature review

22 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project 2. Innovative design

23 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project 3. Seismic design and experiment Foundation Wall Timber Bamboo Seismic joint Tools

24 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project (Lead by Prof. Zhou Tiegang from Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology)

25 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project 4. Prototype house construction: learning by doing

26 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project

27 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project Working together

28 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project 5. Home rebuild: 33 families rebuilt their homes

29 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project 6. Community improvement Bridge Village center

30 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project Clean water supply system Bio-gas Eco toilet Public health education workshops

31 Ma anqiao Post-earthquake Reconstruction and Demonstration Project Performance:! Affordable! Comfortable! Sustainable Construction cost Sustainable materials Indoor air temperature Villagers satisfaction Awards:

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33 Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Guangming Village, Yunnan (2014-)

34 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Background The 2014 Ludian earthquake struck Ludian County, with Richter scale of 6.5 and a focal depth of 12km on 3 August The earthquake has claimed 617 lives. 112 people were reported missing, at least people were injured. Over 80,900 houses collapsed and 129,100 were severely damaged.

35 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Challenges Problems Poor seismic performance Increased construction cost Commercial solution is not sustainable Needs Safe and comfortable Sustainable Community recovery

36 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Strategies 1. Investigation and initial design Interdisciplinary collaboration

37 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project 2. Prototype house 1 construction Solid foundation! Simple construction machine! Rational proportion of wall materials! Structural column and ring beam!

38 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Main house construction (rammed earth wall)

39 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Main house construction (rammed earth wall)

40 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Main house construction (rammed earth wall)

41 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Kitchen construction (abode brick wall)

42 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Prototype house 1

43 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project 3. Shaking table seismic testing for 1:1 abode brick wall and rammed earth wall building The result shows good seismic performance. The design could be optimized based on this result. (Lead by Prof. Bai Wenfeng from Kunming University of Science and Technology)

44 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Imperial Valley earthquake (1979, U.S.) Acceleration sensors The result shows that the seismic performance of these two models is quite good, even under 9 degree seismic intensity. The design would be optimized based on this result. Ludian earthquake (2014,China) Acceleration time history (Lead by Prof. Bai Wenfeng from Kunming University of Science and Technology)

45 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project 4. Prototype house 2 design (with limited land size) Simple building form Simple roof structure Holistic inner space

46 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Prototype house 2 construction

47 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Prototype house 2 construction

48 Guangming Post-earthquake Reconstruction Project Future work: Promote the innovated design and construction strategies in surrounding villages Publish a DIY manual for rural areas Provide data and suggestions to national and local standard of antiseismic earth buildings Dashanbao Village Shuimo Village Guangming Village Provide suggestions to national and local post-earthquake reconstruction policies

49 CUHK: One University One Village Rural sustainable development is a crucial issue in achieving sustainable development, particularly among developing countries. Rural population (The World Bank SP.RUR.TOTL/countries/1W?display=map) Percentage of Population in Rural Areas (in % of Total Population) (The World Bank SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS/countries?display=map)

50 CUHK: One University One Village The mission of universities The most significant support that rural areas requires is neither funding nor materials, but innovative ideas and systematic strategies. These rural areas also require multidisciplinary research and systematic consideration, which can be provided by universities.

51 CUHK: One University One Village Knowledge creates the Future