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1 S E I S M I C E V A L U A T I O N R E P O R T S T R U C T U R A L A N D C I V I L E N G I N E E R S N E L S O N C I T Y C O U N C I L T R A F A L G A R C E N T R E, N E L S O N P R E P A R E D F O R N E L S O N C I T Y C O U N C I L F E B R U A R Y

2 TRALAFGAR CENTRE, NELSON DETAILED SEISMIC ASSESSMENT REPORT Prepared For: NELSON CITY COUNCIL Date: 5 th February 2014 Project No: Revision No: 5 Prepared By: Reviewed By: Mark Browne PROJECT ENGINEER Mark Whiteside SENIOR PROJECT ENGINEER Matthew Franklin DESIGN ENGINEER Holmes Consulting Group LP Christchurch Office Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc

3 REPORT ISSUE REGISTER DATE REV. NO. REASON FOR ISSUE October (DRAFT) Draft issue for comment November (DRAFT) Draft issue for information December First Issue to Nelson City Council May th February (DRAFT) 5 (FINAL) Draft issue updated to include northern buildings Draft watermark removed - no change to content Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc

4 C O N T E N T S EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page ES-1 1. INTRODUCTION The Building Information Used for the Evaluation Limitations BUILDING DESCRIPTIONS Northern Building Lateral Load Resisting System Transverse direction Longitudinal direction Gravity Load Resisting System Foundations Main Hall Lateral Load Resisting System Transverse direction Longitudinal direction Gravity Load Resisting System Foundations Southern Addition Lateral Load Resisting System Transverse Direction Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc i

5 Longitudinal Direction Gravity Load Resisting System Foundations Civil Defence Office Lateral Load Resisting System Transverse direction Longitudinal direction Gravity Load Resisting System Foundations STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS Building Act Building Code Scope of This Report BUILDING EVALUATION Northern Building Building Seismic Parameters Importance Levels Structure Ductility Material Properties Modelling Assumptions Estimation of Building Strength Transverse Direction Analysis Longitudinal Direction Analysis Foundation Analysis Geotechnical Considerations Summary Strengthening Required Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc ii

6 4.2 Main Hall Building Seismic Parameters Importance Levels Structure Ductility Material Properties Modelling Assumptions Estimation of Building Strength Transverse Direction Analysis Longitudinal Direction Analysis Geotechnical Considerations Summary Strengthening Required SOUTHERN ADDITION Building Seismic Parameters Importance Levels Structure Ductility Material Strengths Modelling Assumptions Estimation of Building Strength Transverse Direction analysis Longitudinal Direction Analysis Geotechnical Considerations Summary Strengthening Required Civil Defence Office Building Seismic Parameters Importance Levels Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc iii

7 Structure Ductility Material Properties Mo delling Assumptions Estimation of Building Strength Lateral Resistance Analysis Geotechnical Considerations Summary Strengthening Required RECOMMENDATIONS - CONCLUSIONS Recommendations REFERENCES 6-2 T A B LE S Page Table 2-1: Priorities and Timeframes Earthquake Prone Building Policy 3-2 Table 3-1: Seismic Parameters 4-1 Table 3-2: Importance Levels 4-3 Table 3-3: Seismic Parameters 4-10 Table 3-4: Importance Levels 4-11 Table 3-5: Seismic Parameters 4-18 Table 3-6: Importance Levels 4-20 Table 3-7: Seismic Parameters 4-26 Table 3-8: Importance Levels 4-28 F I G UR E S Page Figure ES-1-1: Nelson Trafalgar Centre 2 Figure 1-1: Trafalgar Centre 1-1 Figure 1-2: Plan of Current Layout of Buildings Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc iv

8 Figure 1-3: Plan of Northern Building showing lateral load resisting systems 2-4 Figure 1-4: Gravity Load Resisting System inside the Northern Building 2-5 Figure 1-5: Typical wall and foundation in the Northern Building 2-6 Figure 1-6: Plan of Roof Bracing 2-7 Figure 1-7: Elevation of Glulam Timber Arch Beam 2-8 Figure 1-8: Plan of Gallery Seating 2-8 Figure 1-9: Timber Joist to Bearer to Concrete Pile System 2-9 Figure 1-10: Detailed plan of the Civil Defence Office 2-11 Figure 3-1: Building Acceleration Spectra Comparison NZSS 1900 versus NZS Figure 3-2: Building Acceleration Spectra Comparison NZSS 1900 versus NZS Figure 3-3: Timber lath and plaster walls brace the upper roof of the Northern Building in the transverse direction. 4-6 Figure 3-4: Load path to the critical in-plane longitudinal wall. 4-7 Figure 3-5: Details of the concrete block walls with unreinforced veneers. 4-8 Figure 3-6: Building Acceleration Spectra Comparison NZSS 1900 versus NZS Figure 3-7: Example Seismic Response Spectra 4-13 Figure 3-8: Two Dimensional Computer Model of the Transverse Western Concrete Moment Resisting Frame 4-14 Figure 3-9: Two Dimensional Computer Model of the Eastern Concrete Moment Resisting Frame4-15 Figure 3-10: Western Elevation Showing Full Height Blockwall in Middle Bay 4-16 Figure 3-11: Building Acceleration Spectra Comparison NZSS 1900 versus NZS Figure 3-12: Example Seismic Response Spectra 4-22 Figure 3-13: Plan view of Southern extension showing transverse lateral load resisting elements4-23 Figure 3-14: Photos showing Reidbrace proprietary connectors which failed in the Canterbury earthquakes 4-23 Figure 3-15: Plan view of Southern extension showing longitudinal lateral load resisting elements4-24 Figure 3-16: Building Acceleration Spectra Comparison NZS 4203 versus NZS Figure 3-17: Civil Defence Office and east Victory room section Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc v

9 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y SCOPE Holmes Consulting Group have been commissioned to evaluate the likely seismic performance of Nelson Trafalgar Centre, a multi purpose events facility located at 7 Paru Paru Road, Nelson. A previous qualitative study identified a number of potential seismic vulnerabilities, for which further evaluation was recommended. This work was undertaken in conjunction with a quantitative study to determine the overall seismic capacity of the building in terms of the new building standard (%NBS). BACKGROUND Nelson Trafalgar Centre currently consists of essentially four structures. Each of the four structures are linked, however these have separate structural systems to support gravity and lateral loads. These structures are: the Northern Build, the Main Hall, the Southern Addition and the Civil Defence Office. At the northern end of the building is an early 1970 s one storey structure which is mainly used for functions and as an entrance to the central building (Main Hall). The Northern Building is constructed of timber walls and reinforced concrete block walls which resist lateral loads. The roof is supported by long spanning steel trusses which are inturn supported by the reinforced concrete block walls. The Main Hall was constructed in the early 1970 s. The roof is supported by large glulam timber roof arch beams with the remaining structure primarily constructed of reinforced concrete frames/walls. The lateral load resisting system consists of reinforced concrete frames in the transverse direction. The lateral load resisting system in the longitudinal direction is reinforced blockwork on the western side of the building and reinforced concrete frame on the eastern side of the building. The Northern Building and Main Hall were originally designed in 1970 by Sanders and Lane consulting engineers. The Southern Addition is located at the southern end of the building and is a new addition that was built in This new addition is a mix of timber, structural steel, and reinforced concrete wall construction. The lateral load resisting system for the building is crossed braced frames supported on reinforced concrete precast panels. The new addition was designed in approximately The Civil Defence Office is a lightweight, single storey structure built as an addition to the Nelson Trafalgar Centre. This building was constructed in 1980 and is attached to the northeastern corner of the Northern Building The Civil Defence is mostly constructed from timber framing and GIB plaster board but also incorporates a reinforced concrete block wall at the northern end of the building.. The Civil Defence Office and Northern Building are built integral to each other and share a common wall between them Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc ES-1

10 Figure ES-1-1: Nelson Trafalgar Centre The buildings foundations are typically supported on a network of ground beams transferring loads to piles. All four buildings have been have been assessed against the current loadings standard NZS1170.5:2004 [1]. The Main Hall and Southern Addition and Northern Building have been assessed as Importance Level 3 buildings as they can contain crowds of people. The Civil Defence Office has been assessed as an Importance Level 4 building as it is required for postdisaster function. Based on a review of the 1970 loadings code (NZSS1900:1965 Chapter 8) [4] to which the Main Hall building was originally designed, it is likely that the structure was classified as a public building. A comparison of the response spectra from the two standards and comparison of the resulting code loads indicates that the original design base shear was approximately 20% of that for a similar new building on this site. The Northern Building was likely designed to the same loading code as the Main Hall. Although the Northern Building is a significantly smaller structure than the Main Hall and does not have the capacity to accommodate large crowds of people, it is one of the main egress routes for the Main Hall. Therefore, in accordance with NZS1170.5:2004 it must be considered an Importance Level 3 building. A comparison of the response spectra from the two standards and comparison of the resulting code loads indicates that the original design base shear was approximately 30% of that for a similar new building on this site. The new Southern Addition was designed in At this time the loadings code approved for use in the New Zealand Building Code was NZS4203:1992 [5]. As the building is joined to the main hall we would expect the building to have an elevated Importance factor for crowds using this building. The building has been assessed against the current loadings standard NZS1170.5:2004. A comparison of the response spectra from the two standards and comparison of the resulting code loads indicates that the original design base shear was approximately 90% of that for a similar new building on this site. The Civil Defence Office was designed in the At this time the loadings code approved for use in the New Zealand Building Code was NZS4203:1976 [7]. The Civil Defence Office will be required for post disaster services and is therefore considered an Importance Level 4 building in accordance with AS/NZS1170. A comparison of the response spectra from the two standards and comparison of the resulting code loads indicates that the original design base shear was approximately 65% of that for a similar new building on this site Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc ES-2

11 Simple hand calculations and two dimensional linear elastic models based on the equivalent static method were used to determine the seismic capacity of the building in terms of new building standards. NORTHERN BUILDING Based on a series of analysis, it was determined that the existing Northern Building has a strength equivalent to less than 15% NBS for an Importance Level 3 building. The analysis included checks of the roof diaphragms, upper roof bracing, concrete block walls (in-plane and out-of-plane), steel truss capacity and steel truss to concrete beam connections. The building was analysed in both north-south and east-west directions to determine the capacity of the structure resisting lateral loads in each direction of loading. The Northern Building s overall strength determination is based on the lowest capacity of any one of these primary elements which make up the lateral load resisting system. MAIN HALL Based on a series of analysis, it was determined that the existing main building has a strength equivalent to approximately 20-25% NBS for an Importance Level 3 building. The analysis included checks on the roof bracing, gallery moment frames, gallery concrete masonry walls and the foundations to the building. The building was analysed in both northsouth and east-west directions to determine the capacity of the structure resisting lateral loads in each direction of loading. The Main Hall s overall strength determination is based on the lowest capacity of any one of these primary elements which make up the lateral load resisting system. SOUTHERN ADDITION Based on a series of analysis, it was determined that the existing southern addition has a strength equivalent to approximately 25-30% NBS for an Importance Level 3 building. The analysis included checks on the roof bracing, steel braced frames, reinforced concrete walls and the foundations to the building. The building was analysed in both north-south and eastwest directions to determine the capacity of the structure resisting lateral loads in each direction of loading. The Southern Addition s overall strength determination is based on the lowest capacity of any one of these main elements which make up the lateral load resisting system. CIVIL DEFENCE OFFICE Based on an analysis of the structural drawings and through undertaking a site visit it was determined that the capacity of the Civil Defence Office is less than 15% NBS of the ULS requirements for an Importance Level 4 Building. The capacity was limited by the lack of a structural roof diaphragm to distribute lateral loads to the resisting wall elements and the removal of the internal timber bracing walls shown on the original construction drawings Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc ES-3

12 The SLS 2 requirements of an Importance Level 4 building (immediate occupancies after a 1/500 year earthquake) have not been explicitly considered. However, this requirement will not likely be an issue as the building is small and lightweight. RECOMMENDATIONS The detailed assessment shows that the Trafalgar Centre is an earthquake prone building defined as less than 33% of the current loading standard. As such strengthening is required in accordance with the statutory requirements. We recommend that a specific strengthening design be carried out on the building to increase its capacity up to a minimum of 67% of new building standard. Strengthening was not part of the scope of this detailed engineering evaluation; however indicative strengthening options have been provided based on the level of acceptable risk to the building. The geotechnical engineer has indicated that the site is susceptible to liquefaction and lateral spreading issues. As part of any strengthening program for the buildings on this site, these issues will need to be addressed sufficiently that the buildings foundations can perform in a satisfactory manner Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc ES-4

13 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1. 1 T H E B U I LD I N G Located at 7 Paru Paru road, Nelson the Northern Building and Main Hall of the Trafalgar Centre are a multi purpose facility designed in 1970 by Sanders and Lane Consulting Engineers as the structural engineers. In 1980 the Nelson City Council commissioned a small Civil Defence Office to be built as an addition to the Northern Building. In 2008 a new structure was built to the south of the main hall. This new structure was designed in Figure 1-1 below shows the building viewed from the carpark looking south. Upper roof Lower roof Figure 1-1: Trafalgar Centre Main Hall Southern Addition Civil Defence Office Existing Northern building Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 1-1

14 Figure 1-2: Plan of Current Layout of Buildings 1. 2 I N F O R MA T IO N U S E D F O R THE E V A L UA T ION The information used for the analysis of the Northern Building and Main Hall was a construction set of the original structural drawings generally dated May An Initial Evaluation Procedure (IEP) for the Main Hall structure was made available to us which was completed by W R Andrews Ltd dated April The information used for the analysis of the Southern Addition was a construction set of the original structural drawings generally dated May We also used construction precast panel shop drawings dated March 2008 and steel shop drawings dated May We used part of the structural specification for the project. The construction set of architectural drawings used for review were dated May The information used for the analysis of the Civil Defence building was a construction set of drawing prepared in November 1980 by the Nelson City Council City Engineers Department. Also a construction set of the original structural drawings generally dated May 1970 for the Northern Building of the Trafalgar Centre was utilised L I M I T A T IO N S Findings presented as a part of this project are for the sole use of Nelson City Council. The findings are not intended for use by other parties, and may not contain sufficient information for the purposes of other parties or other uses. Our professional services are performed using a degree of care and skill normally exercised, under similar circumstances, by reputable consultants practising in this field at this time. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the professional advice presented in this report. Conclusions relate to the structural performance of the building under earthquake loads. We have not assessed the live load capacity of the floors, nor have we assessed the performance of non-structural components or building contents under earthquake loads Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 1-2

15 2. B U I L D I N G D E S C R I P T I O N S 2. 1 N O R T H E R N B UI L D ING The building plan is approximately 31 m long in the North-South direction and 22 m wide in the East-West direction. The main access to this building is from the west side of the building, which is used during events to provide the primary access to the Main Hall. Access to the Northern Building is also possible through the north and east sides of the building, though these are not public entrances. The Northern Building and Main Hall have been built integral to each other which may cause adverse behaviour during a seismic event Lateral Load Resisting System The Northern Building lateral load resisting system is complex in each direction. The northsouth direction is considered from hereon as the longitudinal direction of the building and eastwest direction is considered the transverse direction Transverse direction In the transverse direction, the lateral load system typically consists of walls constructed from slender reinforced concrete frames with reinforced concrete blockwork infill. These walls act to transfer the lateral loads from the roof down to the foundations through cantilever action. The roof in the Northern Building exists at two separate heights (as can be seen in Figure 1-1) and will be referred to from hereon as the lower roof and upper roof. The upper roof is braced in the transverse direction by timber, lath and plaster walls. Seismic loads are transferred to these walls through diaphragm action in the timber, lath and plaster ceiling. These walls in turn transfer the forces to the concrete block walls below. Figure 1 3 below shows the lateral load resisting system layout Longitudinal direction In the longitudinal direction, the lateral load resisting system consists of walls constructed from slender reinforced concrete frames with reinforced concrete blockwork infill. The lateral load resisting system in the longitudinal direction acts in much the same way as in the transverse direction. The main dissimilarity is the steel trusses that span longitudinally and act to support the upper roof and lower roof. The steel trusses, along with the lower roof diaphragms, act to restrain the reinforced concrete block walls when loaded out-of-plane. These elements allow the out-of-plane forces to be transferred to in-plane concrete block walls. Figure 1 3 below shows the lateral load resisting system layout Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-3

16 F igu r e 2-1: P la n o f N or t h er n Bu i ld i ng s h ow i ng lat er al l oa d re s is t in g s y s t e ms The connections in this building will be critical for lateral load resistance. Specifically the connections from the timber roofing and steel trusses to the concrete bond beams atop the concrete block walls. These connections determine the extent to which the concrete block walls can be utilised in-plane and provide support to other walls loaded out-of-plane. No seismic gap exists between the Northern Building and Main Hall and therefore the seismic response of each building cannot be considered in isolation. There may be adverse interaction between the buildings and increased damage during a seismic event Gra v it y L oa d R es is t i ng S ys t e m The roof structure of the Northern Building consists of timber purlins connected to the top (upper roof) or bottom (lower roof) of the steel trusses. The steel trusses are supported at three points by reinforced concrete bond beams that run along the tops of reinforced concrete block walls. A slightly different system exists along the two outer longitudinal walls. The upper roof above the east wall is supported for approximately half its length by a steel truss and for the other half by a timber lath and plaster wall. The upper roof along the west wall is supported for the entire length by a timber lath and plaster wall. The steel trusses are not needed in these locations as support is provided by the concrete block walls and timber lath and plaster walls Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-4

17 directly below. Figure 1 4 below shows the upper and lower roofs and a supporting timber lath and plaster wall. Upper roof Upper roof support by a lath and plaster wall framing onto a concrete block wall. Lower roof Figure 2-2: Gravity Load Resisting System inside the Northern Building Foundations The foundations consist of a network of reinforced concrete foundation beams supported by driven reinforced concrete piles. Figure 1 5 below shows a typical wall and the foundations below Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-5

18 Reinforced concrete bond beam Reinforced concrete block wall Reinforced concrete foundation beam Driven reinforced concrete pile Figure 2-3: Typical wall and foundation in the Northern Building 2. 2 M A I N H A L L The building plan is approximately 49 m long in the North-South direction and 52 m wide in the East-West direction. The building can be accessed by either the new addition (2008) building to the south or the proposed new building in the north at ground floor level. Steel stairs are located on the western and eastern sides as secondary entries to the first floor galleries. The relatively new southern addition structure was intended to be independent of the main hall, but it was found upon inspection that the seismic gap has been neglected on one side of the building. The existing structure to the north has been built integral to the main hall structure. This may result in adverse interactions between the buildings during an earthquake Lateral Load Resisting System The main hall lateral load resisting system is complex in each direction. The north-south direction is considered from hereon as the longitudinal direction of the building and east-west direction is considered the transverse direction Transverse direction In the transverse direction the lateral load system typically consists of reinforced concrete frames on evenly spaced grids at approximately ten metre centres. The lateral load from the roof is transferred to these frames through axial compression and tension in the glulam timber arch beams. The western frames are connected directly to the arch beam through a corbel type of support. The timber arch requires a reinforced concrete column to transfer the lateral load Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-6

19 down to the frame through cantilever action. The reinforced concrete frames transfer the lateral loads through frame action to the piled foundations. On the northern end of the building the lateral load resisting system is different for the last half bay/end wall. The lateral loads from the roof are transferred initially by axial compression and tension in concrete beams. These concrete beams transfer the lateral loads to concrete frames on each side of the building. These frames will be demolished as part of the proposed development at the northern end of the building and the replacement structure to fit in with the new development will be designed to the current loading standards Longitudinal direction In the longitudinal direction the lateral load resisting system consists of reinforced concrete blockwork on the western side of the building and a reinforced concrete frame on the eastern side. The lateral load from the roof is transferred through two bays of cross braced steel rod horizontal trusses in the roof to collector beams at the sides of the building as shown in Figure 2-4. Figure 2-4: Plan of Roof Bracing On the western side of the building the load is transferred down to the gallery level through cantilever action of reinforced concrete columns on the gridlines. The load is transferred to the foundations through cantilever reinforced concrete blockwork walls. The central ten metre bay is the only full height reinforced blockwork wall and therefore provides the main shear connection for the remaining bays of the blockwalls resisting the lateral loads. On the eastern side of the building the load is transferred down the foundations through a two storey five bay reinforced concrete frame. Review of the existing structural drawings reveals detailing that indicates capacity design principles for reinforced concrete frames had not been implemented into the loadings and material standards in Therefore for the purposes of this review we have adopted a comparison to new building standard with elastic response (µ=1.0) Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-7

20 2.2.2 Gravity Load Resisting System The building roof structure consists of steel purlins supported on glulam timber arch beams that span unsupported across the building, Refer Figure 2-5. The arch beams are connected to the main gallery structure by a single large steel pin connection at each end. The arch beam is connected directly to the reinforced concrete gallery frame on the western side of the building at level one. The arch beam is connected to a reinforced concrete column on the eastern side of the building which transfers the load down to the reinforced concrete gallery frame. Western suppor Eastern suppor Figure 2-5: Elevation of Glulam Timber Arch Beam East West Figure 2-6: Plan of Gallery Seating The gallery seating shown in Figure 2-6 consists of precast concrete units that span between the reinforced concrete frames located on the gridlines. The reinforced concrete frames transfer the loads from the roof and gallery to the foundations. A network of reinforced concrete ground beams support the concrete flat slab at ground level Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-8

21 The main central area of the hall at ground level is a timber floor supported on a timber joist and bearer system Foundations The concrete frames incorporate ground beams to span between bored reinforced concrete piles. A pile plan indicates the design loads for the piles. The main area of timber floor is supported on a regular grid of concrete piles on shallow concrete pad footings as shown in Figure 2-7 below. Timber Timber Concrete Pad footing Figure 2-7: Timber Joist to Bearer to Concrete Pile System 2. 3 S O U T H E R N A D D I T ION The building plan is 70m long in the East-West direction and 19m wide in the North-South direction. The building s has an unusual shape resembling a segment of a circle as shown in Figure 1-2. The building can be accessed either at the north through the main hall or through doors on the west, south and east at ground floor level. The building consists of four main levels including the roof, storage level (2 nd floor), 1 st floor and ground floor level. The storage and 1 st floor levels are split into eastern and western areas with a large void between them. We understand this building was originally designed to be independent of the main hall structure incorporating a seismic gap into the intersection with the Main Hall. Upon inspection no seismic gap can be seen between the Southern Addition and Main Hall on the west side of the structure. Although a seismic gap is present on the east of the building, the buildings cannot be considered seperate Lateral Load Resisting System The Southern Addition building s lateral load resisting system is similar in each direction. The North-South direction is considered from hereon as the transverse direction of the building and the East-West direction is considered the longitudinal direction Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-9

22 Transverse Direction In the transverse direction the lateral load resisting system consists of a mixed system of steel rod braced frames and reinforced concrete shear walls. The roof lateral load is distributed to the braced frames and concrete shear walls via a horizontal steel rod braced truss at both the top and bottom chord truss levels. The storage level lateral load appears to be distributed to the lateral load resisting elements via a non specifically designed timber diaphragm. The 1 st floor level lateral load is distributed to the lateral load resisting elements via a reinforced concrete diaphragm in the topping slab. There are two steel cross braced frames total, one braced frame located on either side of main void space. These steel rod tension only braced frames are both supported by reinforced concrete shear walls at 1 st floor level. The reinforced concrete shear walls carry the lateral load transferred from the braced frames down to the foundations. There are two reinforced concrete shear walls total, one located just inside the extreme east and west ends of the building. These reinforced concrete shear walls continue from the top chord of the roof truss all the way to the foundation system. These reinforced concrete shear walls carry the seismic load through cantilever action Longitudinal Direction In the longitudinal direction the lateral load resisting system consists of steel rod tension only cross braced frames. The roof lateral load is distributed to the braced frames via a horizontal steel rod braced truss at both the top and bottom chord truss levels. The storage level lateral load appears to be distributed to the lateral load resisting elements via a non specifically designed timber diaphragm. The 1 st floor level lateral load is distributed to the lateral load resisting elements via a reinforced concrete diaphragm in the topping slab. There are two steel rod cross braced frames in total on the southern side of the building and four steel rod cross braced frames in total around the perimeter of the northern side of the building Gravity Load Resisting System The building roof structure consists of roof membrane system supported on timber plywood sheathing. The plywood is supported by timber purlins which span between steel secondary trusses. The secondary trusses span between a main truss and columns. The main truss is supported by two reinforced concrete columns. A smaller triangle of roof has its timber purlins supported by steel beams which are supported by the main truss and steel columns. The storage level floor consists of timber joists supported by steel beams. These steel beams are supported by steel columns. The first floor level floor is a precast prestressed concrete rib and timber infill system with a 90mm cast insitu topping. These ribs are supported by precast concrete panels which transfer the loads to ground level and the foundations. The ground floor level is typically a 150mm slab on grade Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-10

23 2.3.3 Foundations The foundation consists of a network of ground beams supported on steel screw piles. The pile plan in the structural drawings indicates the design loads for the piles C I V I L D E F E N C E O F F ICE The Civil Defence Office building is approximately 12m long in the north-south direction and 4m wide in the east-west direction. The main entrance to the building is an exterior door on the east of the building but access is also possible from the Victory room of the Northern Building. The Civil Defence Office has been built integral to the Northern Building. The buildings share the internal wall on the west of the Civil Defence Office. The concrete block wall on the north side of the Civil Defence Office is attached via epoxied steel rods to the north wall of the Northern Building. Figure 2-8 below shows a detailed plan of the Civil Defence Office; note the internal walls have been removed. Shared wall North Connected concrete block wall Figure 2-8: Detailed plan of the Civil Defence Office Lateral Load Resisting System The lateral load resisting system consists of GIB plaster board on timber framing on the east, south and west walls and of reinforced concrete block on the north wall Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-11

24 Transverse direction The transverse lateral load resisting system consists of timber framed GIB plaster board walls on the southern end of the building and a reinforced concrete block wall on the northern end Longitudinal direction The longitudinal load resisting system consists of timber framed GIB plaster board walls on both the east and west of the building. The west wall is shared with the victory room of the Northern Building Gravity Load Resisting System Gravity loads are transferred to the foundations through the walls of the structure. Purlins carry the roof loads to the timber and concrete block walls which frame into the reinforced concrete foundations below them Foundations The foundations of the Civil Defence Office are shallow reinforced concrete footings that run along the east and west boundaries of the building. On the west side the building the existing foundations under the east wall to the Northern Building are utilised Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 2-12

25 3. S T A T U T O R Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S 3. 1 B U I L D IN G A C T When dealing with existing buildings there are a number of relevant sections of the Building Act that need to be considered in relation to the building s structure and strength. S e c t i o n A lt e rat ions t o E x isting B u ildings Section 112 of the Building Act requires that a building subject to an alteration continue to comply with the relevant provisions of the Building Code to at least the same extent as before the alteration. Essentially this section means that the building may not be made any weaker than it was, as a result of any alteration. S e c t i o n M e a n i ng o f E a rt h q u a k e P r o ne Build i n g Section 122 of the Building Act 2004 deems a building to be earthquake prone if its ultimate capacity (strength) would be exceeded in a moderate earthquake and it would be likely to collapse causing injury or death, or damage to other property. The Building Regulations (2005) define a moderate earthquake as one that would generate loads 33% as strong as those used to design an equivalent new building. S e c t i o n P ow e rs of Territ o r ia l Authorit i es If a building is found to be earthquake prone, the territorial authority has the power under section 124 of the Building Act to require strengthening work to be carried out, or to close the building and prevent occupancy. S e c t i o n E a rt h q u a k e P r o n e B u i ld i n g P o l ic y Section 131 of the Building Act requires all territorial authorities to adopt a specific policy on dangerous, earthquake prone, and unsanitary buildings Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 3-1

26 N E L SO N C I T Y CO U N C I L E A R T H Q U A K E P R O N E P O L I C Y Table 3-1: Priorities and Timeframes Earthquake Prone Building Policy Priority Type of Building Example Timeline for risk reduction 1 Special post-disaster functions 2 Crowds or high value contents 3 Heritage classification A or B 4 Normal or low hazard Hospital, civil defence School, stadium Historically significant buildings Most buildings 15 years 20 years 25 years 30 years The Northern Building, Main Hall and Southern Extension falls into the Priority 2 category according to the Nelson City Council Timeline for risk reduction in Table 3-1 and therefore has a 20 year timeframe for reducing the seismic risk of the building. The Civil Defence Office falls into the Priority 1 category according to the Nelson City Council Timeline for risk reduction in Table 3-1 and therefore has a 15 year timeframe for reducing the seismic risk of the building B U I L D IN G C O D E The Building Act requires all new building work to comply with the New Zealand Building Code which outlines the performance standards required for new building work. The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment also publishes Compliance Documents which may be used to establish compliance with the Building Code S C O P E O F TH I S R E P O R T The evaluation is restricted to a detailed assessment of the lateral load resisting system and does not consider the gravity load capacity of the floors or the performance of non-structural components and contents. Stages involved in completing this scope of work are: 1. Use of available existing documentation and qualitative site survey information to create a structural model of the existing buildings. The structural models were created and the equivalent static method used for the review. 2. Evaluate the seismic response of the buildings in terms of the requirements of NZS :2004 [1] (loadings standard), and NZS3101: 2006 [2](Concrete Structures Standard), and NZS3404:1997 [3] (Steel Structures Standard), and NZS3603:1993 (Timber Structures Standard), and NZS 4230:2004 (Reinforced Concrete Masonry Structures) Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 3-2

27 3. Determine the existing seismic performance of the structures as a percentage of the New Building Standard requirements (%NBS). Prepare a detailed seismic analysis report. This report summarises the technical aspects of the assessment and any assumptions made. The report also includes modelling parameters, results and discussion of any vulnerabilities identified Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 3-3

28 4. B U I L D I N G E V A L U A T I O N This section summarises the detailed engineering evaluation of the three buildings on the Trafalgar Centre site N O R T H E R N B U I L D ING Building Seismic Parameters The Northern Building was designed to predecessor standards of the current NZ Building Code, likely comprising principally NZSS1900:1965. A comparison of the acceleration the building is likely to have been designed for and the current design standards is shown in Figure 3-1 below. Seismic loads are currently based on the requirements of NZS1170.5:2004. The base shear coefficient is a function of building period, structure ductility and the site geology, including proximity to known fault lines. The assumed seismic parameters for the Northern Building site are as listed in Table 4-1. Table 4-1: Seismic Parameters Design Code : Soil Category : NZS1170.5:2004 C R : 1.3 Z : 0.27 S p : D : >100km Figure 4-1 is a plot of the design response spectra for the Trafalgar Centre at varying levels of current loadings standard NZS1170 (%NBS). The vertical dashed lines on the figure indicate the fundamental period of the building in each of the principal axes. These lines can be used to determine the minimum design base shear coefficient in each direction of loading. The base shear coefficient / acceleration is expressed as a percentage of gravity Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-1

29 Acceleration (g) NZS 1170 Spectra, Z=0.27, Soil Class C, Ductility = 1.25, Sp = NZS S1990 (1965), Zone A, Public, K=1, Converted to ULS by factor = 1.3 Building Fundamental Period 33% NZS1170 (NBS) 67% NZS1170 (NBS) Period (Seconds) Figure 4-1: Building Acceleration Spectra Comparison NZSS 1900 versus NZS Importance Levels The Northern Building is not capable of containing more than 300 people in a single space, unlike the Main Hall and Southern Addition. However, as it provides the main egress route to the Main Hall it must be considered an Importance Level 3 building in accordance with AS/NZS Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-2

30 Table 4-2 shown below shows the levels of risk posed to new buildings depending on the proposed uses. Table 4-2: Importance Levels Importance Level Earthquake Annual Exceedance Probability Risk of Exceedance in 50 Year Design Life Risk Factor Comment Examples 1 ( IL1 ) 1/100 40% 0.5 Structures representing a low degree of hazard to life and property. Small structures, farm buildings, fences, masts, walls 2 ( IL2 ) 1/500 10% 1.0 Normal structures and structures not in other importance levels. Hotels, offices, apartments 3 ( IL3 ) 1/1000 5% 1.3 Structures that may contain people in crowds or contents of high value to the community. Schools, emergency medical and other emergency facilities but not essential post-disaster healthcare facilities. 4 ( IL4 ) 1/2500 2% 1.8 Structures with special postdisaster functions. Designated civilian emergency facilities, medical emergency facilities with post disaster functions Structure Ductility Ductility is a measure of a building or its individual components ability to undergo sustainable inelastic displacements whilst maintaining sufficient residual strength to carry load. The term inelastic refers to actions beyond the base yield strength of the building or component being considered. The more ductile a building, the more energy it is able to dissipate. Since ductility inherently requires building structural components to be stressed beyond yield, there will be some permanent damage associated with this form of energy dissipation. By considering available building ductility, the magnitude of the seismic forces for which the building is being assessed is able to be reduced to capture the effect of the energy dissipation. Structural ductility is highly dependent on the type of building and the individual member detailing. Highly ductile concrete members, for example, need to be well confined with closely spaced reinforcing ties in order to maintain the residual strength as these hinge or become damaged. Member detailing for ductility is a relatively modern concept. As such many older structures such as the Northern Building of the Trafalgar Centre have little to no inherent ductility and are Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-3

31 therefore considered elastic or nominally ductile and will not be expected to perform as well under higher levels of load. For the purpose of this assessment a structural ductility factor of 1.25 (nominally ductile) for the building as a whole (limited by the response of the reinforced concrete block walls) has been adopted. However, a ductility factor of 2.0 (limited ductility) has been used when considering the response of the lath and plaster walls in the upper roof of the structure Material Properties Material properties were calculated from a largely complete set of original drawings and the era material strengths of New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Assessment and Improvement of the Structural Performance of Buildings in Earthquakes The concrete compressive strength was not specified on the drawings but was assumed to be 20 MPa, as was typical for construction in the early 1970s. For analysis purposes a strength of 30 MPa (1.5 times original compressive strength) was assumed for calculations. This is based on testing of existing structures concrete which shows an average 150% increase in the concrete strength over time. The concrete compressive strength of the concrete blockwork was not specified but was assumed to have a 28 day strength of 17 MPa as was typical for construction in the early 1970s. For analysis purposes a strength of 25 MPa (1.5 times original compressive strength) was assumed for calculations. This is based on testing of existing structures concrete which shows an average 150% increase in the concrete strength over time. For concrete reinforcing steel and tie rod steel bars probable yield strength of 300 MPa was used in the calculations. It is assumed that the longitudinal reinforcing steel used was deformed bar which was common for the era the building was built in Modelling Assumptions The seismic evaluation utilises a lumped mass model based on the equivalent static method set out in NZS1170.5:2004 to simulate the effects of horizontal earthquake forces. This model is developed using information from the original structural drawings of the building and properties of materials used at the time of construction. For the seismic load case, the amplitude of the acceleration is dictated by the fundamental period of vibration of the building along its two principal axes. Tall flexible structures have long periods, whilst short stiff buildings have short periods. As can be seen in Figure 4-2 below, the longer the period of a structure is, the lower the corresponding horizontal acceleration. For a building period of 0.4 seconds the corresponding horizontal ground acceleration is 0.67g, compared to a building period of 2.0 seconds where the horizontal acceleration is approximately 0.17g. The building s fundamental period in both the transverse and longitudinal directions was estimated to be less than 0.4 seconds. This assumption is based on the response of the structure being essentially elastic and it being a low height structure Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-4

32 NZS1170 Spectra, Z=0.27, Soil Class C, Ductility = 1.25, Sp = NZSS1900 (1965), Zone A, Public, K = 1, Converted to ULS by factor = 1.3 Building Fundamental Periods Acceleration (g) Period (Seconds) Figure 4-2: Building Acceleration Spectra Comparison NZSS 1900 versus NZS 1170 It is clear from the Figure 4-2 above, that at the building s fundamental period (T<0.4 seconds), the building s acceleration is much more now than when the building was originally designed. When distributing lateral load between the lateral load resisting systems, a tributary areas method was typically used due to the flexibility of the roof structure. Vertical distribution of the lateral loads applied to the structure is based on the equivalent static base shear distribution recommended in NZS Estimation of Building Strength As part of this review, hand calculations were used to calculate actions in the load resisting elements Transverse Direction Analysis In the transverse direction, timber lath and plaster walls transfer load from the upper roof down to the lower roof. These walls were considered to have a ductility of 2.0 in accordance with ASCE 41. The capacity of these walls to resist the lateral loads is 100% NBS. These walls also act to brace the longitudinal trusses out-of-plane for which they have sufficient capacity. Figure 4-3 shows an example of a steel truss and a transverse lath and plaster wall Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-5

33 The lower roof frames onto reinforced concrete bond beams which are supported by reinforced concrete block walls. The reinforced concrete block walls transfer the load to the foundation through cantilever action. When the building is loaded in the transverse direction the critical wall acting in this direction has the capacity equivalent to 100% NBS. The critical longitudinal wall loaded out-of-plane, when considering all restraints, was found to have capacity equivalent to approximately 60% NBS. Upper roof Longitudinal Transverse Steel roof truss Lath and plaster wall bracing the upper roof in the transverse direction Figure 4-3: Internal view of the roof support system in Northern Building Longitudinal Direction Analysis The lateral load resisting system in the longitudinal direction is similar to that of the transverse direction. The main difference being the steel roof trusses which span longitudinally. The transverse concrete block walls have very little capacity to resist loading out-of-plane (longitudinally). Additionally, the small reinforced concrete bond beams atop these walls have little capacity to restrain them and redistribute loads. Therefore, the steel trusses and roof diaphragms provide the strongest load path to the in-plane walls. The critical weakness in this load path comes from the connections of the steel trusses and the lower roof diaphragms into the bond beams above the concrete block walls. The less stiff roof diaphragm will provide the greatest restraint to the concrete block walls out-of-plane and thus determines the out-of-plane capacity. The capacity of the longitudinal lateral load resisting system to redistribute the out-ofplane forces from the concrete block walls is approximately 30% NBS. This capacity is determined from considering the worst case out-of-plane load redistribution shown in Figure 4-4 below. The connections of the steel trusses to the concrete bond beams will likely fail from the steel connector bolt breaking out of the concrete. This is a brittle failure and if the steel trusses undergo large longitudinal displacements, these may lose their seating causing a collapse of the roof structure. This is a critical structural weakness with a capacity of less than 15% NBS Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-6

34 The critical longitudinal in-plane wall (shown in Figure 3-4 below has a capacity equivalent to 100% NBS. The steel roof trusses when subjected to seismic and gravity loads have capacity equivalent to 100% NBS. Figure 4-4: Load path to the critical in-plane longitudinal wall. The absence of a seismic gap could lead to adverse interactions between the North building and Main Hall. Such interactions could be pounding between the structures or torsion effects. In new building design, different buildings are separated with a physical gap called a seismic gap. This gap ensures the buildings are unable to interact or collide with each other during a seismic event causing damage or, in the worst case, premature failure. The key structural weakness for the longitudinal lateral resisting system are the diaphragm and truss connections. If the lateral loads are able to reach the in-plane concrete block walls the system has the capacity to resist these loads. The failure of the reinforced concrete block walls out-of-plane may cause the steel trusses to lose the seating support leading to a collapse of the structure Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-7

35 The concrete block walls along the northern and western edges of the building have unreinforced masonry veneers with unknown anchorage. Out-of-plane loading of these walls could result in out-of-plane failure of the veneer walls presenting a danger to people in the immediate vicinity. Figure 4-5 below shows a detail of these walls. North wall West wall Unreinforced blockwork veneer Figure 4-5: Details of the concrete block walls with unreinforced veneers. The steel truss connections and the behaviour of the concrete block walls out-of-plane are considered to comprise brittle collapse mechanisms. This means that after the capacities are reached theses cannot carry any more significant load. Ductile systems typically can carry times the ultimate capacity and therefore have more resilience Foundation Analysis The driven reinforced concrete piles supporting the reinforced concrete foundation beams have capacity in bearing equivalent to 100% NBS. This was determined from analysing the critically loaded foundations Geotechnical Considerations The draft geotechnical report for the proposed Northern Extension building has identified potential liquefaction and lateral spreading issues for the site. Lateral spreading and liquefaction can cause the building s foundations to differentially displace which can potentially result in significant damage to and/or collapse of the building. The draft geotechnical report has identified the trigger event for the liquefaction to be approximately a 1 in 200 year event Summary The Northern Building is consider to have an Ultimate Limit State strength of less than 15% NBS for an Importance Level 3 building Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-8

36 The Building Act also defines a building as earthquake prone if it will have its ultimate capacity exceeded in a moderate earthquake (defined as a level of earthquake one-third that required for an equivalent new building); and would be likely to collapse. The Northern Building is considered to be an earthquake prone building Strengthening Required Strengthening to get above 67%NBS Importance level 3: Improvement of the steel truss to reinforced concrete bond beam connections through providing additional anchorage with greater concrete cover. This could be achieved through installing steel plates that connect the trusses to additional epoxied bolts. These bolts would have adequate embedment into the concrete bond beam to utilise the reinforcing cage and therefore provide a stronger connection. Improvement of the lower roof diaphragm to reinforced concrete bond beam connections through providing additional anchorage. This could be achieved through using bolted steel plates to connect the timber roof and concrete bond beam Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-9

37 4. 2 M A I N H A L L Building Seismic Parameters The Main Hall was designed to predecessor standards of the current NZ Building Code, likely comprising principally NZSS1900:1965. A comparison of the acceleration the building is likely to have been designed for is shown in Figure 3-6 below. Seismic loads are currently based on the requirements of NZS1170.5:2004. The base shear coefficient is a function of building period, structure ductility and the site geology, including proximity to known fault lines. The assumed seismic parameters for the Trafalgar Centre building site are as listed in Table 4-3. Table 4-3: Seismic Parameters Design Code : Soil Category : NZS1170.5:2004 C R : 1.3 Z : 0.27 S p : 1.0 D : >100km Figure 4-6 is a plot of the design response spectra for the Trafalgar Centre at varying levels of current loadings standard NZS1170 (%NBS). The vertical dashed lines on the figure indicate the fundamental period of the building in each of the principal axes. These lines can be used to determine the minimum design base shear coefficient in each direction of loading. The base shear coefficient / acceleration is expressed as a percentage of gravity Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-10

38 Acceleration (g) NZS1170 Spectra, Z=0.27, Soil Class C, Ductility = 1, Sp = 1 NZSS1900 (1965), Zone A, Public, K = 1, Converted to ULS by factor = 1.3 Building Fundamental Periods 33% NZS1170 (NBS) 67% NZS1170 (NBS) Period (Seconds) Figure 4-6: Building Acceleration Spectra Comparison NZSS 1900 versus NZS Importance Levels The Main Hall is capable of containing more than 300 people in a single space, and is therefore considered an Importance Level 3 building in accordance with AS/NZS1170. This corresponds to the current and continued planned use for the building as an events centre building. Table 4-4 shown below shows the levels of risk posed to new buildings depending on their proposed use. Table 4-4: Importance Levels Importance Level Earthquake Annual Exceedance Probability Risk of Exceedance in 50 Year Design Life Risk Factor Comment Examples 1 ( IL1 ) 1/100 40% 0.5 Structures representing a low degree of hazard to life and property. Small structures, farm buildings, fences, masts, walls Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-11

39 2 ( IL2 ) 1/500 10% 1.0 Normal structures and structures not in other importance levels. Hotels, offices, apartments 3 ( IL3 ) 1/1000 5% 1.3 Structures that may contain people in crowds or contents of high value to the community. Schools, emergency medical and other emergency facilities but not essential post-disaster healthcare facilities. 4 ( IL4 ) 1/2500 2% 1.8 Structures with special postdisaster functions. Designated civilian emergency facilities, medical emergency facilities with post disaster functions Structure Ductility Ductility is a measure of a building or its individual components ability to undergo sustainable inelastic displacements whilst maintaining sufficient residual strength to carry load. The term inelastic refers to actions beyond the base yield strength of the building or component being considered. The more ductile a building, the more energy it is able to dissipate. Since ductility inherently requires building structural components to be stressed beyond yield, there will be some permanent damage associated with this form of energy dissipation. By considering available building ductility, the magnitude of the seismic forces for which the building is being assessed are able to be reduced to capture the effect of the energy dissipation. Structural ductility is highly dependent on the type of building and the individual member detailing. Highly ductile concrete members, for example, need to be well confined with closely spaced reinforcing ties in order to maintain their residual strength as they hinge or become damaged. Member detailing for ductility is a relatively modern concept. As such many older structures such as the Main Hall of the Trafalgar Centre have little to no inherent ductility and are therefore considered elastic or nominally ductile and will not be expected to perform as well under higher levels of load. For the purpose of this assessment a structure ductility factor of 1.0 (elastic) has been adopted. This assumption is based on the general non-ductile detailing observed in the structural drawings Material Properties Material properties were calculated from a largely complete set of original drawings and the era material strengths of New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Assessment and Improvement of the Structural Performance of Buildings in Earthquakes Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-12

40 Concrete compressive strength was typically specified on the drawings as 27.5 MPa. For analysis purposes a strength of 41 MPa (1.5 times original compressive strength) was assumed for calculations. This is based on testing of existing structures concrete which shows an average 150% increase in the concrete strength over time. For concrete reinforcing steel and tie rod steel bars probable yield strength of 300 MPa was used in the calculations. It is assumed that the longitudinal reinforcing steel used was deformed bar which was common for the era the building was built in Modelling Assumptions The seismic evaluation utilises a lumped mass model based on the equivalent static method set out in NZS1170.5:2004 to simulate the effects of horizontal earthquake forces. This model is developed using information from the original structural drawings of the building and properties of materials used at the time of construction. For the seismic load case the amplitude of the acceleration is dictated by the fundamental period of vibration of the building along its two principal axes. Tall flexible structures have long periods, whilst short stiff buildings have short periods. As can be seen in Figure 4-7 below, the longer the period of a structure is, the lower the corresponding horizontal acceleration. For a building period of 0.4 seconds the corresponding horizontal ground acceleration is 0.83g, compared to a building period of 2.0 seconds where the horizontal acceleration is approximately 0.23g NZS1170 Spectra, Z=0.27, Soil Class C, Ductility = 1, Sp = 1 NZSS1900 (1965), Zone A, Public, K = 1, Converted to ULS by factor = 1.3 Building Fundamental Periods Acceleration (g) Period (Seconds) Figure 4-7: Example Seismic Response Spectra The building s fundamental period in both the transverse and longitudinal directions was estimated to be less than 0.4 seconds. This assumption is based on the response of the structure being essentially elastic and it being a low height structure Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-13

41 It is clear from the graph above, that at the building s fundamental period (T<0.4 seconds), the building s acceleration is much more now than when the building was originally designed. When distributing lateral load between the lateral load resisting systems, a tributary areas method was typically used due to the flexibility of the structures diaphragms. Vertical distribution of the lateral loads applied to the structure is based on the equivalent static base shear distribution recommended in NZS Estimation of Building Strength As part of this review, hand calculations and two dimensional elastic computer models were used to calculate actions in the load resisting elements. Hand calculations were used to calculate the capacity of the frames and concrete walls along the west and east elevations Transverse Direction Analysis In the transverse direction, the arch beam distributes the lateral load from the roof into a cantilever column on the eastern elevation and directly into the gallery frame on the western elevation. Both frames were modelled in Microstran, a two dimensional linear analysis program. The timber arch beam directly connects to the western moment resisting frame. The two dimensional model representation is shown below in Figure 4-8. Figure 4-8: Two Dimensional Computer Model of the Transverse Western Concrete Moment Resisting Frame The eastern transverse moment resisting frame is similar in representation. These frames have an approximate capacity of 50% NBS. The northern wall has a different lateral load resisting system consisting of a reinforced concrete frame. This frame has an approximate lateral load capacity of 20%NBS. It is proposed that this end wall will be demolished as part of the new development and in its place a system which can carry 100% NBS installed Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-14

42 Longitudinal Direction Analysis The lateral load from the roof and end walls needs to be transferred to the eastern and western walls via two bays of steel rod roof bracing. The loads in these steel rod roof bracing were calculated using simple hand calculations based on their geometry. The capacity of the steel rod roof braces and their associated connections into the side frames was estimated to be approximately 40%NBS. The longitudinal lateral load from the steel rod braces is transferred into the systems on the west and east sides of the building. On the eastern side of the building the lateral load is resisted by a reinforced concrete moment resisting frame. A two dimensional model representation was developed in the Microstran software to estimate the distribution of the actions in the members. An elevation of the eastern frame is shown below in Figure 4-9. Figure 4-9: Two Dimensional Computer Model of the Eastern Concrete Moment Resisting Frame The capacity of this moment resisting frame was estimated to be approximately 50%NBS. On the western side of the building the lateral loads from the building are resisted by reinforced concrete cantilever columns. The capacity of these columns in flexure was estimated to be approximately 25% NBS. These reinforced concrete cantilever columns transfer the lateral load down to the gallery level, where both the roof lateral load and that from the gallery is transferred to reinforced blockwalls along the western elevation. As shown in Figure 4-10 only one bay of blockwall continues from ground level up to the underside of the gallery level. The capacity of this system was estimated to be approximately 25%NBS limited by the connection of the blockwall to the level 1 gallery Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-15

43 Figure 4-10: Western Elevation Showing Full Height Blockwall in Middle Bay Some of these elements are considered to comprise brittle collapse mechanisms. This means that after their capacity is reached they cannot carry any more significant load. Ductile systems typically can carry times their ultimate capacity and therefore have more resilience Geotechnical Considerations The draft geotechnical report for the proposed Northern Extension building has identified potential liquefaction and lateral spreading issues for the site. As the Main Hall building occupies the same site it is likely to be subject to that same issue. Lateral spreading and liquefaction can cause the building s foundations to differentially displace which can potentially result in significant damage to and/or collapse of the building. This lateral spreading issue is a particular concern for the building in the transverse direction because the timber arch beams supporting the roof require consistent lateral restraint to support the roof. The draft geotechnical report has identified the trigger event for the liquefaction to be approximately a 1 in 200 year event Summary The Main Hall is considered to have an Ultimate Limit State strength of approximately 20-25% NBS for an Importance Level 3 building. The Building Act also defines a building as earthquake prone if it will have its ultimate capacity exceeded in a moderate earthquake (defined as a level of earthquake one-third that required for an equivalent new building); and would be likely to collapse. The Main Hall is considered to be an earthquake prone building Strengthening Required Strengthening to get above 33%NBS Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-16

44 Removal of the Northern wall as part of the proposed new development. A new portal frame structure installed in its place. Wrapping reinforced concrete columns along the western elevation with Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP s) to increase their ductility and capacity to resist seismic loads. Improvement of the connection from the Level 1 gallery floor to the blockwall in the central bay of the western elevation by steel plates or similar. Strengthening to get above 67% NBS Importance Level 3 (As for 33% NBS above plus the following) Providing a secondary steel braced frame at the gridlines (~10 metre centres) plus associated foundations if the existing foundations cannot carry loads. Replace or provide additional bay(s) of the steel rod bracing in the roof. Provide new connections for the existing steel rod braces in the roof where they meet the perimeter frames. Provide a new steel braced frame/reinforced concrete wall along the eastern side of the building plus associated piled foundations if the existing piles cannot provide the load capacity required. Provide a new steel braced frame/reinforced concrete wall along the front of the western gallery plus any associated foundations if the existing piles cannot provide the load capacity required. The liquefaction and lateral spreading issues as identified in the geotechnical report will need to be mitigated such that the foundations to the building can cope with the expected displacements Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-17

45 4. 3 S O U T H E R N A D D I T ION Building Seismic Parameters The Southern Addition was designed to predecessor standards of the current NZ Building Code, likely comprising principally NZS4203:1992. A comparison of the acceleration the building is likely to have been designed to and New Building Standard (NZS1170.5:2004) is shown in Figure 4-11below. Seismic loads are currently based on the requirements of NZS1170.5:2004. The base shear coefficient is a function of building period, structure ductility and the site geology, including proximity to known fault lines. The assumed seismic parameters for the Trafalgar Centre building site are as listed in Table 4-5. Table 4-5: Seismic Parameters Design Code : Soil Category : NZS1170.5:2004 C R : 1.3 Z : 0.27 S p : 1.0 D : >100km Figure 4-11 is a plot of the design response spectra for the Trafalgar Centre at varying levels of current loadings standard NZS1170 (%NBS). The vertical dashed line on the figure indicates the fundamental period of the building in each of the principal axes. These lines can be used to determine the minimum design base shear coefficient in each direction of loading. The base shear coefficient / acceleration is expressed as a percentage of gravity Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-18

46 Acceleration (g) NZS1170 Spectra, Z=0.27, Soil Class C, Ductility = 1, Sp = 1 NZS4203 Spectra, Z=1.2, Soil Category b, Ductility = 1, Sp = 0.67 Building Fundamental Periods 67% NBS 33% NBS Period (Seconds) Figure 4-11: Building Acceleration Spectra Comparison NZSS 1900 versus NZS Importance Levels The Southern Addition is capable of containing more than 300 people in a single space, and is therefore considered an Importance Level 3 building in accordance with AS/NZS1170. This corresponds to the current and continued planned use for the building as an events centre building. Table 4-6 shown below shows the levels of risk posed to new buildings depending on their proposed use Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-19

47 Table 4-6: Importance Levels Importance Level Earthquake Annual Exceedance Probability Risk of Exceedance in 50 Year Design Life Risk Factor Comment Examples 1 ( IL1 ) 1/100 40% 0.5 Structures representing a low degree of hazard to life and property. Small structures, farm buildings, fences, masts, walls 2 ( IL2 ) 1/500 10% 1.0 Normal structures and structures not in other importance levels. Hotels, offices, apartments 3 ( IL3 ) 1/1000 5% 1.3 Structures that may contain people in crowds or contents of high value to the community. Schools, emergency medical and other emergency facilities but not essential post-disaster healthcare facilities. 4 ( IL4 ) 1/2500 2% 1.8 Structures with special postdisaster functions. Designated civilian emergency facilities, medical emergency facilities with post disaster functions Structure Ductility Ductility is a measure of a building or its individual components ability to undergo sustainable inelastic displacements whilst maintaining sufficient residual strength to carry load. The term inelastic refers to actions beyond the base yield strength of the building or component being considered. The more ductile a building, the more energy it is able to dissipate. Since ductility inherently requires building structural components to be stressed beyond yield there will be some permanent damage associated with this form of energy dissipation. By considering available building ductility, the magnitude of the seismic forces for which the building is being assessed are able to be reduced to capture the effect of the energy dissipation. Structural ductility is highly dependent on the type of building and the individual member detailing. Highly ductile concrete members for example need to be well confined with closely spaced reinforcing ties in order to maintain their residual strength as they hinge or become damaged. Member detailing for ductility is a relatively modern concept. As such many older structures have little to no inherent ductility and are therefore considered elastic or nominally ductile and will not be expected to perform as well under higher levels of load. For the purpose of this assessment a structure ductility factor of 1.0 (elastic) has been adopted. This assumption is based on the primary lateral load carrying elements being Reidbrace RB Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-20

48 steel rod cross brace frames. Reidbrace does not comply with the Material Requirements for a ductile system (Category 1, 2 and 3) as outlined in Table 12.4 in the NZ Steel Structures Standard NZS3404:1997 [3]. The Reidbrace steel rod bracing system is not considered a ductile system and needs to be designed for elastic forces or be protected from elastic forces using capacity design principles in another ductile system. We were not able to identify a ductile system in the building that is capable of protecting these braces from elastic forces through capacity design Material Strengths Properties were calculated from a largely complete set of original drawings. Concrete compressive strength was typically specified on the drawings as 30 MPa. For analysis purposes a strength of 45 MPa (1.5 times original compressive strength) was assumed for calculations for general concrete strength increase over time. For concrete reinforcing steel, there were two different types specified in the original structural drawings. Regular deformed bars (denoted D ) have a probable yield strength of 325 MPa. High strength deformed bars (denoted HD ) have a probable yield strength of 550 MPa. For the purposes of evaluating existing buildings the probable yield strengths are allowed to be used instead of the normally used lower characteristic value. This equates to approximately an 8% increase in the yield strength from their lower characteristic yield strength Modelling Assumptions The seismic evaluation utilises a lumped mass model based on the equivalent static method set out in NZS1170.5:2004 to simulate the effects of horizontal earthquake forces. This model is developed using information from the original structural drawings of the building and properties of materials used at the time of construction. For the seismic load case the amplitude of the acceleration is dictated by the fundamental period of vibration of the building along its two principal axes. Tall flexible structures have long periods, whilst short stiff buildings have short periods. As can be seen in Figure 4-12 below, the longer the period of a structure is, the lower the corresponding horizontal acceleration. For a building period of 0.4 seconds the corresponding horizontal ground acceleration is 0.83g, compared to a building period of 2.0 seconds where the horizontal acceleration is approximately 0.23g. The building s fundamental period was estimated using the Raleigh Method which is an acceptable method proposed by NZS1170.5:2004. The period in both directions was calculated to be less than 0.4 seconds Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-21

49 NZS1170 Spectra, Z=0.27, Soil Class C, Ductility = 1, Sp = 1 NZS4203 Spectra, Z=1.2, Soil Category b, Ductility = 1, Sp = 0.67 Building Fundamental Periods Acceleration (g) Period (Seconds) Figure 4-12: Example Seismic Response Spectra Estimation of Building Strength As part of this review, hand calculations and 2D elastic computer models were used to calculate the actions in the load resisting elements. Hand calculations were used to estimate the capacity of the steel cross braced frames and concrete walls. The loads from the equivalent static model were followed through the structure with calculations of the % NBS strength estimated for a number of the load resisting elements. The philosophy of the design was based on elastic loads unless a system capable of reliable ductility allowed a reduction in the loading. We were not able to show that any ductile mechanism in the building is activated in advance of braced frames reaching their capacities Transverse Direction analysis In the transverse direction steel rod (Reidbrace, RB ) bracing in the top and bottom chord truss levels distributes the lateral loads to the vertical lateral load resisting systems. The capacity of the steel rod bracing in the roof was estimated to be approximately 100% NBS. The lateral load from the roof is transferred into the vertical lateral load resisting systems. The vertical lateral load resisting systems in the transverse direction consist of 4 vertical elements. These consist of two steel rod braced frames either side of the void and two reinforced concrete shear walls one at each extreme end of the building as shown in Figure 4-13 The roof diaphragm is considered to be a flexible because it has large deflections relative to the load resisting system. It is appropriate for flexible diaphragms to distribute the seismic weights of the roof/floor according to tributary areas. This means that the steel rod braced frames carry a large portion of the roof seismic weight relative to the reinforced concrete shear walls Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-22

50 Figure 4-13: Plan view of Southern extension showing transverse lateral load resisting elements The steel braced frames (RB25) capacity were calculated by simple hand calculations to be approximately 30% NBS. We note that the Reidbrace rods used in these frames have not performed well in the Canterbury earthquakes. The Reidbrace system was found to have failed at the connector in some instances rather than through tension yielding of the rod. This is a brittle failure mechanism and hence why ductility cannot be considered for this element. Refer to Figure 4-14 for a photo of the brittle failure of the connector. Figure 4-14: Photos showing Reidbrace proprietary connectors which failed in the Canterbury earthquakes The reinforced concrete shearwalls, supporting the lateral loads at each end of the building, have between 80%-100% NBS capacity. As these elements are located in the extreme ends of the building it is difficult to improve the building s performance by trying to drag more lateral load out to these walls. The piles that support the transverse lateral load resisting systems have been found to have a capacity of approximately 30%NBS. This capacity is based on the design loads provided on the structural drawings Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-23

51 Longitudinal Direction Analysis In the longitudinal direction steel rod (Reidbrace) bracing in the top and bottom chord truss levels distributes the lateral loads to the vertical lateral load resisting systems. The capacity of the steel rod bracing in the roof was estimated to be approximately 100% NBS. The lateral load from the roof is transferred into the vertical lateral load resisting systems. The vertical lateral load resisting systems in the longitudinal direction consist of 6 vertical elements. These consist of two steel rod braced frames at the northern end and four steel rod braced frames around the southern perimeter as shown in Figure 4-15 Figure 4-15: Plan view of Southern extension showing longitudinal lateral load resisting elements The roof diaphragm is considered to be a flexible because it has large deflections relative to the load resisting system. It is appropriate for flexible diaphragms to distribute the seismic weights of the roof/floor according to tributary areas. Hand calculations indicated that the braced frames forming the primary lateral load resisting system are likely to have an Ultimate Limit State capacity in the order of 25% NBS for an Importance Level 3 building. This is limited by the two Reidbrace steel rod braced (RB20) frames along the Northern side of the building Geotechnical Considerations The draft geotechnical report for the proposed Northern Extension building has identified potential liquefaction and lateral spreading issues for the site. As the Southern Extension building occupies the same site it is likely to be subject to that same issue. Lateral spreading and liquefaction can cause the building s foundations to differentially displace which can result in significant damage to and/or collapse of the building. The draft geotechnical report has identified the trigger event for the liquefaction to be approximately a 1 in 200 year event Trafalgar Centre Seismic Evaluation Report Northern extension.doc 4-24