Introduction to Outcome-Based Energy Codes. New Buildings Institute

Transcription

1 Introduction to Outcome-Based Energy Codes Mark Frankel Mark Frankel New Buildings Institute

2 Definitions Prescriptive Specific discrete components or features required (R-values, system efficiency ratings, LPD) Modeled Performance Energy modeling to predict energy consumption not to exceed theoretical code baseline Outcome-Based Regulates actual metered building energy use 2

3 Performance Policy vs. Goals Outcome and Outcomes Individual building outcome is highly variable 100 Individual Buildings 50 Codes/Policy

4 Glazing performance building orientation cooling efficiency infiltration operating hours climate weather occupant density heating efficiency duct design fan size window area HVACcontrol sophistication building mass interiorshading occupant habits data centers kitchen equipment lighting power density filter condition wall color lighting controls furniture configuration exterior vegetation operable window use insolation glazing orientation wall insulation ventilation rate exposed interior surface characteristics domestic hot water use number of computers copiers and printers elevators exterior lighting occupant gender ratio elevation photovoltaics development d l density register location cooling distribution ib i system roof insulation building manager training cool roof building surface to volume ratio building use type janitorial services metering strategies commissioning structural system acoustic treatment slab edge detailing night setback temperature ground water temperature humidity occupant dress code lamp replacement strategy roof slope daylight yg controls sensor calibration corporate culture lease terms utility meter characteristics parking garage ventilation HVAC system capacity number of separate tenants retail space age of equipment ceiling height heating fuel transformer capacity window mullion pattern terms ofmaintenance contract wall thickness building height lighting fixture layout overhangs thermostat location exit lighting private offices refrigerators solar hot water utility meter load diversity

5 Glazing performance building orientation cooling efficiency infiltration operating hours climate weather occupant density heating efficiency duct design fan size window area HVACcontrol sophistication building mass interiorshading occupant habits data centers kitchen equipment lighting power density filter condition wall color lighting controls furniture configuration exterior vegetation operable window use insolation glazing orientation wall insulation ventilation rate exposed interior surface characteristics domestic hot water use number of computers copiers and printers elevators exterior lighting occupant gender ratio elevation photovoltaics development d l density register location cooling distribution ib i system roof insulation building manager training cool roof building surface to volume ratio building use type janitorial services metering strategies commissioning structural system acoustic treatment slab edge detailing night setback temperature ground water temperature humidity occupant dress code lamp replacement strategy roof slope daylight yg controls sensor calibration corporate culture lease terms utility meter characteristics parking garage ventilation HVAC system capacity number of separate tenants retail space age of equipment ceiling height heating fuel transformer capacity window mullion pattern terms ofmaintenance contract wall thickness building height lighting fixture layout overhangs thermostat location exit lighting private offices refrigerators solar hot water utility meter load diversity

6 actual vs modeled performance Measured EUI (kbtu/ /sf) All of these buildings meet code requirements Design EUI (kbtu/sf) From NBI, 2007; comparison of modeled dt data from 76 buildings to actual energy use outcome

7 Range of Energy Performance Outcome OCCUPANT BEHAVIOR SCHEDULE AND USE ACTUAL SYSTEM OPERATION (Cx) MODELED SYSTEM OPERATION Use Energy

8 Glazing performance building orientation cooling efficiency infiltration operating hours climate weather occupant density heating efficiency duct design fan size window area HVACcontrol sophistication building mass interiorshading occupant habits data centers kitchen equipment lighting power density filter condition wall color lighting controls furniture configuration exterior vegetation operable window use insolation glazing orientation wall insulation ventilation rate exposed interior surface characteristics domestic hot water use number of computers copiers and printers elevators exterior lighting occupant gender ratio elevation photovoltaics development d l density register location cooling distribution ib i system roof insulation building manager training cool roof building surface to volume ratio building use type janitorial services metering strategies commissioning structural system acoustic treatment slab edge detailing night setback temperature ground water temperature humidity occupant dress code lamp replacement strategy roof slope daylight yg controls sensor calibration corporate culture lease terms utility meter characteristics parking garage ventilation HVAC system capacity number of separate tenants retail space age of equipment ceiling height heating fuel transformer capacity window mullion pattern terms ofmaintenance contract wall thickness building height lighting fixture layout overhangs thermostat location exit lighting private offices refrigerators solar hot water utility meter load diversity

9 Glazing performance building orientation cooling efficiency infiltration operating hours climate weather occupant density heating efficiency duct design fan size window area HVACcontrol sophistication building mass interiorshading occupant habits data centers kitchen equipment lighting power density filter condition wall color lighting controls furniture configuration exterior vegetation operable window use insolation glazing orientation wall insulation ventilation rate exposed interior surface characteristics domestic hot water use number of computers copiers and printers elevators exterior lighting occupant gender ratio elevation photovoltaics development d l density register location cooling distribution ib i system roof insulation building manager training cool roof building surface to volume ratio building use type janitorial services metering strategies commissioning structural system acoustic treatment slab edge detailing night setback temperature ground water temperature humidity occupant dress code lamp replacement strategy roof slope daylight yg controls sensor calibration corporate culture lease terms utility meter characteristics parking garage ventilation HVAC system capacity number of separate tenants retail space age of equipment ceiling height heating fuel transformer capacity window mullion pattern terms ofmaintenance contract wall thickness building height lighting fixture layout overhangs thermostat location exit lighting private offices refrigerators solar hot water utility meter load diversity

10 Modeling and Code Limitations Modeled d versus actual energy use highly hl variable for individual buildings. Percent better than code metric is not meaningful in terms of total building energy use Code has a tenuous relationship to actual building performance outcome, and no relationship to longterm building performance Policy goals are not within the realm of potential code improvement For existing buildings, code may focus on the wrong aspects of performance 10

11 What Drives Building Performance? Tenants Computers and Equipment Schedule Habits Staffing Controls Maintenance Commissioning Operation Design Layout Integration Installation Components and Features

12 How does code handle building operation? Installed efficient equipment may not work as intended it fails or is disabled it is not controlled properly Codes assume that equipment works as intended. From Small HVAC System Design Guide by Pete Jacobs 12

13 IECC - commissioning Requirements for testing and commissioning of mechanical systems Performance testing of lighting controls Measures are written to ensure that building features more likely to deliver actual energy performance 13 Seventh Generation Headquarters photo by Gary Hall Photography

14 How does code address tenants? Metering/feedback capabilities enable informed tenant behavior Residential Commercial Tenant Space % Savings

15 What about our existing building stock? 15 11/24/2010

16 What performance can we expect? E UI (kbtu/sf) pre EUI by Age of Building and Year of Study Year Constructed Year of Study Existing buildings perform comparably to new buildings Age is not a predictor of performance CBECS EUI by Vintage 16

17 The road to outcome-based codes Effective Commissioning Metering/Feedback Disclosure and Comparison Enforcement Mechanisms Performance bonds Utility Rate Acceleration Tax/Appraisal Structure Annual Inspection Outcome Requirements

18 Performance Disclosure Policies

19 Reversing the Scale; Lower is Better All policies can be aligned with Architecture 2030 goals } Based on CBECS 2003 Average for ALL buildings. CEUS could be used as needed to supplement the CBECS data. Codes can calibrate to specific policy outcome 19 } Zero is absolute. Scale is used to measure how far a building deviates from zero netenergy. from Rethinking Percent Savings by Charles Eley

20 progress IGCC City of Seattle City of Vancouver, BC The Buzz

21 resources Related white papers Outcome-Based Codes The Future of Codes NEEA, NBI and friends Towards a Future Model Code for Existing and Historic Buildings NBI and NTHP Rethinking Percent Savings AEC for SCE 21

22 Introduction to Outcome-Based Energy Codes Mark Frankel Mark Frankel New Buildings Institute