AD01CTS AD01CT S ADV AD A V NCED C NCED ONS

Transcription

1 AD01CTS ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES Alfrendo Satyanaga Lecture Course Outline Topic 1 Introduction ti & Steel Frame 2 Concrete Frame 3 Precast Concrete in Buildings 4 ServiceIntegration 5 Refurbishment eubs e tof Buildings 6 Sustainable Building Part 1 7 Sustainable Building Part 2 Exam preparation Class schedule: Tuesday 7 pm and Thursday 7 pm Objectives References Construction techniques for different building structures Service installation and service integration Refurbishment technologies Sustainability in construction of building 1

2 Assessment Construction Technology Examination (100 %) Exam: 3 hours Exam paper shall consist of 5 compulsory questions Passing criteria: 50 % Study of construction methods to build structures safely while maintaining their quality conforming to the required specifications, standards and codes. It includes selection of materials for frame, construction equipment and temporary works to facilitate t the construction ti process The modern trend is towards light construction and tall building which is always a big challenge Construction Technology Selection of Materials Good project management contributes to economy, quality, safety, speed and timely completion of a project The availability of materials and labour Cost Speed of construction Ability to standardize Size and nature of site Performance of requirements, i.e. fire resistance, sustainability The arrangement of frame Type of floor system 2

3 Structural Elements & Frames Materials used in Construction Rock materials (blocks of rocks and fragments of rocks) Binder materials (lime, plaster cement, etc) Concrete materials Ceramic materials (bricks, tiles, stoneware, etc) Other materials (steel, aluminium, copper, wood, plastic, glass, etc) Material Information Resources International Classification for Standards American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) British Standards Institution (BSI) Singapore Standards (SS) International classification for standards (ICS) used in the Singapore Standards catalogue: 91 Construction Materials & Building 93 Civil Engineering 3

4 Regulation Involved Lecture 1 Steel Frame Qualified Person (QP) who is a Professional Engineer (PE) in civil & structural or geotechnical, to prepare and submit structural plans for approval, apply for a permit to commence works and to supervise the works. Qualified Person (QP) who is a registered architect, to prepare and submit the building plans Building Control Act & Building Control Regulations Steel A building material that has been extensively used in various structures in Singapore. Synonymous with modern architecture. Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material Steel members have high strength per unit weight Being light, steel members can be conveniently handled and transported. Steel, being a ductile material, does not fail suddenly, but gives visible evidence of impending failure by large deflections 4

5 Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material The properties of steel mostly do not change with time. They can be erected at a fast rate. Steel has the highest scarp value amongst all building materials. Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material Steel structures when placed in exposed conditions are subjected to corrosion. Therefore, steel structure require frequent painting. Steel structures need fire proof treament, which increases cost. Uses of Structural Steel Material Factors on Selection of Structural Steel Speed of construction Less labour instensive Cleaner work site Economy Allow design flexibility due to excellent strength and predictable behavoir under loading Tensile and yield strength required Toughness, ductility and other properties required Availability and cost Arbitrary local conditions as may be imposed by specifications and codes of practise In Singapore, BCA Design Guides such BC1: 2008 and BC1: 2012 are useful documents for selection of structural steel materials for building and construction 5

6 Various Steel Products Factors Influencing Design of Steel The spans involved The vertical loading The horizontal loading The service loading The ground conditions Categories of Steel Building Construction Fabrication & Erection The majority of steel building fits within one of the following categories: Simple connection Quality welding should be done at the factory TYPE Bearing wall Steel frame Long span High rise MAIN USE Low rise, lightly loaded Wide variety of types and sizes of building Coverage of long column free areas Tall buildings, i.e. more than 20 storeys Bolting is preferred at the site Avoid expensive weld fillet weld is cheaper than butt weld Design joints based on calculated forces rather than section capacity 6

7 Structural steel members are erected, braced, and secured together to create a structural framework. In beam and column construction, beams and girders support floor and roof loads and distribute the loads to the vertical columns. In long span construction, long distances are spanned with built up structural steel girders and trusses. In wall bearing construction, horizontal steel beams and joists are supported by other construction materials such as masonry. 7

8 Pre engineered metal buildings consist of prefabricated structural steel members including beams, columns, girts, and trusses. Various types and grades of steel are used in structural steel construction. A variety of steel shapes are commonly used in structural steel construction. Standard abbreviations and designations are included on erection plans to indicate structural steel members. Columns are Columns are commonly constructed using M, S, or wideflange shapes. 8

9 A wide variety of structural steel shapes are joined together to form a truss. Common steel truss designs include the bowstring, flat, Howe, Pratt, scissors, and Warren.. Bridging and braces maintain alignment between structural steel columns, beams, and joists and increase resistance to loads. Tie rods are used to brace across long distances Composite Beam Primary and secondary beam in composite steel frames are connected to the floor slab using shear studs 9

10 Portal Frame For spanning large distances Used for warehouse, factory and other lowrise building with wide spans Trusses For spanning considerable distances Visually light and service is able to pass through Space Frames 3 D trusses; span in 2 directions Flat or curve Long Span Structures For large building services Troja bridge in Prague 10

11 Light Steel Frames Using cold channel section (C section) 1.6 to 3.2 mm thickness Galvanized steel Modular / Volumetric Construction Constructed in factory Using light steel section Proper bolt and nut installation is essential for proper structural fastener performance. Erection plan details are the primary reference for bolted connections. Ribbed bolts may be used where steel members are drawn tightly together before fastening. Highstrength hex head bolts are identified with markings on the bolt head. 11

12 Gas welding: Much less than arc welding, is still an important process and used quite widely for maintenance and repair work. It has some advantages for welding carbon and low alloy steels since the weld area can be preheated and post heated with ihthe flame to reduce the cooling rate and, thus, avoid the formation of brittle martensite. Gas welding: The flame temperature is lower than the temperature of an electric arc and the temperature gradients in the vicinity of a weld are also less. The filler metal to make the weld is obtained from a metal rod or wire fed into the flame by the welder and, generally, the filler rod is coated with a layer of flux. The flux melts and acts to dissolve surface oxides and form a protective layer over the weld. Arc welding Bare electrode wire and welding rods or coated electrodes Coating on a electrode is formulated to satisfy three objectives: (1) to form fusible slags; (2) to stabilise bl the arc; and (3) to generate an inert gas shield during the welding operation. Details provide information regarding welded connections. 12

13 The standard format used for weld symbols provides information regarding location, length, and type of welded joint. Steel members may be cut to length using an oxyacetylene cutting torch Metal floor decking, manufactured in a variety of designs and dimensions, is attached to the top of open web steel joists to create a floor platform. Roof decks may be formed of metal decking only or covered with waterproofing materials and insulation. 13

14 End plate beam to column connection Endplate connections have a single plate weded d to the end of the beam which is bolted to the column using two or more bolts arranged in pairs. Haunch beam to column connection For high h moment transfer Increase the effective depth of the section Using multiple pairs of bolts through endplate Common in portal frame Endplate beam to beam connection Similar to endplate beam to column connection, but the incoming beam must be notched Pinned tube connection The end tube is profiled and welded d or bolted using simple fin plates 14

15 Column base connection Casting bolts into the concrete Quicon TM connection Using special connector to eliminate i the need dfor onsite bolting Cladding Steel to concrete connection Using steel lbracket Cladding is a layer of a building frame structure and it mounted on the outer surface of a structure Provide an enclosure to the structure which will give the necessary protection against the elements 15

16 Cladding Requirement of material for Cladding Exploit dry construction methods where possible, including the use of off site prefabrication Impose the minimal additional dead load onto the frame Enhance the architectural concept/appearance of the building Strength and stability Compatibility with Integration with vertical and horizontal frame members/elements Weather resistance Durability Thermal insulation Fire requirements Sound insulation Aesthetic Cladding Cladding Strongback System Sub frame that supports thin cladding panels Materials: stone, coated stell and stainless steel Integral Panels From concrete Able to support own weight and resist wind load without additional frame 16

17 Cladding Cladding Stick System Consists of vertical and horizontal members to form a grid To restrain solid panel or glass Brick Attach to steel using shelf angles fitted to the slab edge Cladding Cladding Light steel cladding Build up system with liner sheet Build up system with liner trays Composite panel system Bolted glazing system Sophisticated bolted glazing system where glass panel can be attached to steel without additional frame 17

18 Fire Protection Fire Protection Intumescent Coating Brush or spray into steel Board System Forming rectangular encasements around steel member (i.e internal beam and column) Fire Protection Fire Protection Sprayed Materials Using cementitious materials and applied onto surface of steel Concrete Filled Structural Hollow Sections Structural hollow section can be fire protected by filling with reinforced concrete 18

19 Tutorial Questions Tutorial Questions 1. Steel has been extensively used as materials for major constructions in Singapore. What are advantages and disadvantages of steel as structural materials? There are certain requirements must be fulfilled in designing steel structure. Describe several factors affecting the structural design using steel. 2. Two types of steel are commonly used in construction, i.e. mild steel and high strength steel. Describe the differences between mild steel and high strength steel with respect to properties and their usage in construction. Tutorial Questions Tutorial Questions 3. Steel can be manufactured through different process. State 5 various types of steel products. Since steel is flexible and ductile, it can be formed into different shapes. State 5 different steel shapes that are commonly used in construction. 4. Steel frame is used as beam or column and it can be connected easily between steel materials or between steel and other materials in construction process. Describe 4 different type of connections either between steel to steel or between steel to other materials. 19

20 Tutorial Questions Tutorial Questions 5. Cladding is one important aspect that need to be considered when using steel as structural materials. What is cladding? Explain at least 4 different type of cladding. 6. Steel can be easily brittle due to fire attack. Therefore, fire protection is key aspect that need to fulfill upon completion of construction using steel frame. Explain 4 different methods for steel against fire hazard. THANK YOU 20