Environmental control of growth variation in Norway spruce (and Scots pine) in Finland. Harri Mäkinen

Transcription

1 Environmental control of growth variation in Norway spruce (and Scots pine) in Finland Harri Mäkinen

2 Outline Annual growth variation Transect from northern Finland to Estonia European view Intra-annual increment Drought Soil frost Nutrient availability Provenance Effects of climate change? Ongoing / future activities

3 Annual growth variation Future? Past Present

4 Sampling: ring-widths from old trees, sensitive sites

5 Correlation Day of Year Correlation Day of Year Annual growth variation: latitudinal transect Temperature sum, 21 days Soil water availability, 21 days Henttonen et al Agric. For. Meteorol

6 Annual growth variation: European view

7 Correlation Correlation European view: Correlations with temperature Mean temperature, C Mean temperature, C Mean temperature, C Mäkinen et al. 23. Trees 17

8 Correlation Correlation European view: Correlations with precipitation Mean precipitation, mm Mean precipitation, mm Mean precipitation, mm Mäkinen et al. 23. Trees 17

9 Correlation Correlation European view: Correlations with precipitation Annual growth variation Factor limiting growth depends on geographical location, altitude, site properties, etc. In the North; temperature enhances tree growth In the South; mixed effect of several factors, including precipitation Mean temperature, C Mean temperature, C Mean temperature, C Mäkinen et al. 23. Trees 17

10 Intra-annual increment

11 Radius increase, mm Water availability Norway spruce, central Finland Mäkinen et al Metsätiet. Aikakauskirja 4/212 May June July August

12 Microcoring

13 Preparation of the samples in the lab: - dehydration of the samples in ascending ethanol series - clearance by Tissue-Clear, immersion into liquid paraffin - embedding into parafin blocks - sectioning of the samples with microtome - staining (safranin and alcian blue), mounting into Canada balsam - measurement using microscope and image analysis system

14 Dynamic wood formation Enlargement Mature Cell division Spruce 28 Cell enlargement Cell wall deposition Wall Formation Mature cells Total Date Figure: Saranpää & Piispanen

15 Drought stress and fertilisation Sahalahti Heinola

16 Number of tracheids / year Drought stress and fertilisation Norway spruce, southern Finland D D1 F F1 1 Drought Kuivuus stress Fertilisation Lannoitus Jyske et al. 21. Tree Physiol. 3

17 Wall thickness (µm) Tracheid diameter (µm) Drought stress and fertilisation D D1 F F Drought reduced tracheid formation rate Kuivuus no effect on tracheid size Lannoitus Fertilisation increased tracheid formation rate no effect on tracheid size D1 D F F1 2 Drought Kuivuus stress Fertilisation Lannoitus

18 Artificial soil frost Norway spruce stand in eastern Finland (47 yrs) 3 treatments (3 plots each): Control (CTRL) Snow clearing (CLEAR) Snow clearing + insulation (INSUL) Jyske et al Trees 26

19 Cell no Artificial soil frost Date Date CTRL CLEAR INSUL Deep soil frost and delayed thawing minor delay in the onset of tracheid formation reduced tracheid formation rate no clear effect on the cessation of tracheid formation no effect on tracheid size Jyske et al Trees 26

20 Nutrient availability An unfertilised control plot (left) and a stand subjected to optimised fertilisation for 2 years (right). Norway spruce in northern Sweden (5 yrs) 2 treatments: control optimal nutrition + irrigation

21 Nutrient availability MAIN EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT OPTIMISATION Drastic increase in volume production > 3% slightly earlier onset and later cessation of tracheid formation higher tracheid formation rate, especially in late summer slightly wider tracheids Kalliokoski et al Tree Physiol. 33

22 Provenance trial

23 Cumulative no. of tracheids Cumulative no. of tracheids Cumulative no. of tracheids Provenance trial Year 24 Year 25 Year 26 24: Total cell no 25: Total cell no 26: Total cell no Southern Finnish Northern Finnish Hungarian German Southern Finnish Northern Finnish Hungarian German Southern Finnish Northern Finnish Hungarian German Julian day Julian day Julian day Cumulative no. of tracheids Year 24 Southern Finnish Northern Finnish Hungarian German Cumulative no. of tracheids Year 25 Southern Finnish Northern Finnish Hungarian German Cumulative no. of tracheids Year 26 Southern Finnish Northern Finnish Hungarian German Julian day Julian day Julian day Kalliokoski et al Trees 26

24 Cumulative no. of tracheids Cumulative no. of tracheids Provenance trial Cumulative no. of tracheids Cumulative no. of tracheids Year 27 Year 28 27: Total cell no 28: Total cell no 1 1 Southern Finnish Southern Finnish Northern Finnish Northern Finnish 8 8 Hungarian Hungarian German German 6 6 The 4 German and Hungarian provenances 4 seemed to initiate the cambial growth slightly later than the Finnish ones 2 The total no. of tracheids in German and Hungarian provenances was somewhat smaller Julian than day in Finnish ones 27: Total cell no 28: Total cell no 1 1 Southern Finnish 9 formation 9 is high compared with the provenance effect Northern Finnish Hungarian 7 6 German Southern Finnish 3 3 Northern Finnish 2 2 Hungarian 1 1 German Julian day Julian day Between-tree and between-year variation in the timing of tracheid Julian day

25 Effects of climate change? Increasing temperature enhances tree growth, especially in the north Drought may reduce growth; spruce, sensitive sites Trees capable for adapting to changing conditions No major changes in wood properties

26 Ongoing activities Quantification of the possible causes behind the increased increment Changes in stand structure / density Changes in the age structure of forests Drainage of peatlands N deposition Climate change Analyses based on data of the successive NFIs

27 Future activities Increment variation of Norway spruce along a latitudinal gradient Soil water availability using various models Detailed soil description required (BioSoil, ForestFocus) Intra-annual increment Relationship between primary and secondary growth Wood formation from dendrometer measurements

28 Thanks to Metla: Pekka Nöjd, Helena Henttonen, Tuula Jyske, Tuomo Kalliokoski, Kari Mielikäinen, Tapani Repo, Mikko Peltoniemi, Ari Laurén, Ilari Lumme U Freiburg: Heinrich Spiecker, Hans-Peter Kahle U Dresden: Heinz Röhle, Ulrich Neumann SLU: Sune Linder NFRI: Björn Tveite EMÜ: Maris Hordo

29 Thank you