Mediterranean forest ecosystems resilience

Transcription

1 Expert Group Meeting on Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals with Water- Food-Ecosystem Resilience in the Mid-Latitude Region (MLR) November 2016, Seoul, Republic of Korea Mediterranean forest ecosystems resilience Abdelhamid Khaldi President of International Association for Mediterranean Forests (

2 Mediterranean Geographical context Biodiversity in Mediterranean Forest ecosystems in Mediterranean CC and Mediterranean forest ecosystem Mediterranean forest resilience Regional initiatives Conclusion

3

4 Mare nostrum

5 The Mediterranean was the cradle of various civilizations: Egyptian, Greek, Carthaginian, Roman, Byzantine, Arabic,...

6 A popular tourist destination

7 Mediterranean cilmate Not only in Mediterranean bas

8 The Mediterranean climate is characterized by dry summers and mild, moist winters. Mediterranean climate

9 Different Mediterranean bioclimates

10

11 > 1500 mm/yr < 75 mm/yr

12 Biodiversity in Mediterranean region

13 The Mediterranean basin : an important "hotspot" of biodiversity in the world

14 Biodiversity hotspots Source: P. Veyret/CRDP Versailles (2013)

15 The Mediterranean basin is a center of plant endemism, hosting 10 % of plants on about 1.6% of the planet's surface. The hotspot has approximately the same level of diversity (about 30,000 species) as tropical Africa Myers (1990) and Médail & Quézel (1999)

16 Olive tree potential map Source: Jose Oteros (2014)

17 Mediterranean forest distribution Source: Peter R. Dallman (1998)

18 Four main types of vegetation The oak wood: it can be made up of evergreen or deciduous oaks The pine forest: it is generally made up of Aleppo pine or stone pines. The maquis: growing on siliceous soils. The garrigue: growing on calcareous soils This vegetation is low and results from a degradation of the Mediterranean forest that preceded it.

19 Source: EUFORGEN (2009)

20 Source: EUFORGEN (2008)

21 Mediterranean forest is particularly threatened by drought and fires

22 CC and Mediterranean forest ecosystem

23 The climate is changing: Higher temperatures, drought, more frequent extreme phenomena rising sea levels, etc.

24 2016 will be the hottest year by far. Source: NASA (2016)

25 CC is a major factor in more frequent Mediterranean droughts (significantly drier winters during than the comparison period of ) Source: NOAA (2011)

26 Warming of the Mediterranean waters from 2 to 4 C Composite of sea surface temperature anomalies maxima (top) and minima (bottom) for the period (vs ). Source: Adloff, F., Somot, S., Sevault, F. et al. Clim Dyn (2015) 45: doi: /s

27 Rise in sea level in Mediterranean Yearly mean time series of thermosteric mean sea level anomalies (in cm) averaged over the Mediterranean basin for all the simulations (vs ). Source: Adloff, F., Somot, S., Sevault, F. et al. Clim Dyn (2015) 45: doi: /s

28 Impacts of CC on Mediterranean forests

29 Drought Increasing pathogen and insect damages More invasive species Storms (more frequency) More forest fire risk Species migrations

30 Examples Increasing incidence of oak declines such as Quercus ilex L., (holm oak) decline due to Phytophtora cinnamomi in the Iberian peninsula (Resco de Dios; 2007) Thaumetopoea pytiocampa (Pine tent caterpillar) could increase its defoliation effects on Spanish Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) populations with climatic warming, causing increased mortality (Ho dar et al.; 2003)

31 Climate change is expected to worsen the world s invasive species problems (Dukes and Mooney 1999), because ecosystems are more vulnerable to invasion when they are disturbed (Hobbs 1991; Hobbs and Huenneke 1992)

32 Increasing the fire season, burned area by year, frequency of forest fires

33 Map of the changes in the number of days with extremes fire risk in the Mediterranean between and using regional climate model output data (1/1)

34 Mediterranean forest resilience

35 Terrestrial ecosystems on the Mediterranean have always had great potential of resilience facing the severity of the Mediterranean climate, human aggressions, forest fires, etc., but this resilience could be greatly reduced with CC

36 Mediterranean deciduous forests will unlikely be able to maintain their current stand structure, and total carbon sequestration and storage potential owing to increased drought and fire, and it is likely that these forests may change states considerably under climate change (Thompson et al. ; 2009)

37 Managing Mediterranean forest ecosystems to adapt them to CC

38 Case of FORCLIMADAPT project

39 Adaptation of Mediterranean forest areas to climate change

40 The project Financed by EU (Program MED. FEDER) The FOR CLIMADAPT project aims to encourage and to put in synergy the initiatives and the innovative experiments for an adapted management of the Mediterranean wooded ecosystems to the current and upcoming impacts of climate evolutions.

41 Partnership National Park of Vesuvius (Lead Partner) (Italy) North Aegean Region (Greece) International Association for Mediterranean Forests (France) Umbria Region (Italy) Andalucía Region (Spain) National Forestry (France) Association for preservation of the heritage of Mertola (Portugal) Forêt Méditerranéenne (France)

42

43 4 complementary approaches Development of systems for observing and monitoring changes in ecosystems Development of an "adaptive silviculture Development of methods for ecological restoration and reforestation of degraded lands Information, raising awareness of society and improving governance

44 For more details madapt/qse.pdf

45 The role of AIFM Emergence of the project and formation of the partnership General project methodology Facilitator of capitalization activities (Peer group) Communication

46 Key recommendations Adapt the management of forests to the expected changes, at the level of the stands, at the level of the massifs or on the regional scale Anticipating decline, preventing fires, combating erosion and restoring degraded lands Transferring Knowledge, Raising Society and Improving Participatory Governance in the Territories Details in the project's final report (AIFM website)

47 outcome Herculaneum Declaration, which aims to ensure the sustainability of the partnership. Integration with the MEDLAND 2020 Capitalization Project ( )

48 Case of FFEM Project

49 Project funded by the French Global Partnership Environment Facility (FFEM)

50 The project aims to promote sustainable management of forest ecosystems by optimizing the production of goods and services (including carbon sequestration). The main goal of the project, which is ambitious and innovative, is to explore REDD+ opportunities in the Mediterranean

51 The project focuses on five major components: Component 1: Production of data and development of tools to support decision and management of vulnerable Mediterranean forest ecosystems affected by climate change and the ability of these forest ecosystems to adapt to global change; Component 2: Evaluation of the economic and social value of goods and services provided by Mediterranean forest ecosystems in particular through the study of multiple issues related to environmental changes and their potential effects on the socio-economic development of Mediterranean territories; Component 3: Development of participatory and territorial approaches for forest governance in these Mediterranean forest ecosystems; Component 4: Optimization of environmental goods and services provided by the Mediterranean forests and valorization of these efforts of optimization (including carbon sequestration); Component 5: Support to the coordination and communication activities of the Collaborative Partnership on Mediterranean Forests (CPMF).

52 Pilot sites are selected for the implementation of the project: Algeria: Chrea, Djelfa/Senalba Lebanon: Jabal Moussa Morocco: Maarmora Tunisia: Barbara, Siliana Turkey: Duzlercami

53 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN PILOT SITES IN ALGERIA, LEBANON, MOROCCO, TUNISIA AND TURKEY FFEM PROJECT

54 For more details: Especially: An interesting Data base

55 Thank you for your attention Matthiola longipetala Brassicaceae Chgara