Drivers of Change Affecting Myanmar Forests: Towards formulation of GMS action plans

Transcription

1 Drivers of Change Affecting Myanmar Forests: Towards formulation of GMS action plans Maung Maung Than, Independent Consultant 1 Manila, Phillipine

2 Outlines of Presentation I. Forest Cover Status of Myanmar II. III. IV. Drivers on Forest Drivers on Biodiversity PAMs of Forest Department V. Other PAMs VI. Intervention Suggestion 2

3 Forest Cover Status of Myanmar using 2010 Satellite data (FRA 2015 Draft) Area (,000 ha) % of total country area Closed forest Open forest Total forest Other Wooded land Others Water body Total FRA 2015 Source Data

4 Change Forest Cover using FRA reports Forest Cover Changes Myanmar 60% 50% 57.97% 51.54% 49.25% 46.96% 42.92% 40% 30% 20% Closed forest Open forest Forest 10% 0% Closed forest 45.65% 34.74% 27.31% 19.87% 21.56% Open forest 12.32% 16.80% 21.94% 27.09% 21.37% Forest 57.97% 51.54% 49.25% 46.96% 42.92% 4

5 Major drivers of deforestation DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION IN FORESTRY SECTOR Over-exploitation of forest: timber (legal-illegal) Unstable or pioneering shifting cultivation (Not permanent conversion of forest into agricultural land) Over-harvesting of fuel wood and charcoal Over-grazing Forest fires Storms DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION IN OUTSIDE FORESTRY Pests SECTOR Expansion of Agriculture (Subsistence and Commercial) Mining Hydro-power Development Infrastructure (road, pipeline, Special economic zones, power lines) Military settlements Urbanization and resettlement Development of aquaculture

6 Illegal Timber at Chinese Border 6

7 Cross border trade

8 Poverty The main drivers on Biodiversity Economic growth and increasing consumption Capacity Constraints Lack of Environmental Safeguards Lack of Comprehensive Land-use Policies and Planning Undervaluation of biodiversity 8

9 The main drivers on Biodiversity (continued) Lack of Grassroots Support for Conservation Climate change Illegal wildlife hunting and trade Invasive Species 9

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11 Area Thousand Hectare Agricultural Land Area by Year ( to ) Hectare Fiscal Year 11

12 35% 30% 25% Changes of Type of Land (Legal) (1990/1991 and 2010/2011) 26.48% 32.88% 23.10% 24.93% 24.34% 20% 17.77% 18.11% 15% 10% 14.99% 12.04% 14.86% 12.34% 7.97% % 0% Reserved forests 2.83% 0.34% Current fallows Net area Sown Occupied Area Culturable Waste Other than Fallows Other Wood Land Others 12

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14 Mining Problems Official data must be requested from FD People are using exploration rights as authority for mining gold and other minerals Penalties are just 5,000,000 kyats (5,000 US$ per contract) while the disclosure of mine sites cost over 10,000 US$ per site, they choose the penalties. 14

15 Mining in Forest Reserve Area for Gold 15

16 Jade Mining

17 Jade Mining

18 Developing Hotels in Inlay Forest Protected area 18

19 Impacts 19

20 Flooding in Myanmar(2015)

21 Flooding in Myanmar(2015)

22 Flooding in Myanmar(2015)

23 Above gold mines - Lower sediment covering motorcycle in current flood

24 The flood left such mud plains on the agricultural areas; the crops failed although farmers rtied to replant

25 Normal assessment of Forest Department Performance 25

26 thousand hectares % of Total land Permanent Forest Estate Area percent to Total Land 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, % 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% PFE area % of Total Land Area 26

27 80% Forest Department s Expenditure on Distinguished Purposes (%) 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Natural Regeneration Forest Plantation Forestry Research Forestry Training Wildlife Conservation Administration 10% 0% 27

28 K y a t s m i l l i o n s Expenditure of Forest Department With CPI Adjustment Natural Regeneration Forest Plantation Forestry Research Forestry Training Wildlife Conservation Administration Total Year 28

29 PAMs of Forest Department FLEGT REDD Land Use Policy Formulations Community Forestry 29

30 Objectives: Develop Myanmar s REDD+ Readiness Roadmap through a multi-stakeholder participation process Raise awareness about REDD+ The Roadmap Development Process TIMELINE July 2012 Scoping mission December 2012 National WS forming 3 TWG 1) Drivers and Strategies, 2) Stakeholders and Safeguards and 3) MRV) May 2013 Initial National Consultation WS June 2013 Four Regional Consultation WS (Bago Reg, Shan State, Ayeyarwady Reg, Sagaing Reg) July-August 2013 Submission to MOECAF, Adoption and preparing proposal for financial support

31 . Update on Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) Process ( Intended Duration of Preparation Phase :2014 Nov-2015 Oct) July 2013: Workshop of " Challenges and Opportunities for Forestry Sector in Myanmar", jointly organized by EU/EFI (European Forest Institute) and FD, MOECAF March 2014: Acknowledgement of EU delegation office to participate in the VPA process through the Preparation Phase of VPA July 2014: Video Conference between EC and FD, MOECAF 20 th Oct 2014: Expert Mission to FD, MOECAF, led by DG, Env. From EC

32 Land Use Policy Formulation Process Land Use Allocation and Scrutinizing Committee (LUASC) was formed with the Presidential order. LUASC is chaired by the Union Minister for MOECAF and consists of 25 members. Members are representatives from concerned Government Ministries and agencies to formulate Land Use Policy; Series of working group meetings and stakeholder consultation meetings were held to draw Land Use Policy (Draft). Sixth draft of the Land Use Policy has been developed with the participation of multiple stakeholders. 32

33 Other PAMs responsible-tourism-policy_myanmar (Notified) Energy Master Plan THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF CONCENTRATED DECENTRALIZATION 33

34 National Urban Development Strategy THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF CONCENTRATED DECENTRALIZATION Capital City (Administrative, Transport & Logistic Hub ) National Economic Growth Centre (SEZ, Port, Int. Airport, Trading, Financial ) Secondary Regional Growth center Other Growth center Town with more then inhabitants Main Corridor Emerging Corridor Major Communication Axis Hlaing Maw Oo (alias) Maw Oo Hock Ministry of Construction, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar

35 Drivers of sustainable forest management, forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation No specific influences that have driven actual positive outcomes in forestry (e.g. reduced deforestation, degradation and other elements included in the definition of REDD+) were found during efforts made as a part of this study, which included interviews with forest officers and heads of NGOs and CSOs, and reviews and assessments of literature and data, including spatial data. 35

36 Intervention Suggestion (i) Detailed forest resources mapping including ecosystem value assessment to aid understanding of status and trends in forest resources; (ii) A decision support tool for the policy makers; and (iii)strategic Environmental Assessment for the forestry sector. 36

37 Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is a systematic decision support process, aiming to ensure that environmental and possibly other sustainability aspects are considered effectively in policy, plan and programme making. In this context, following Fischer (2007)[1] SEA may be seen as: a structured, rigorous, participative, open and transparent environmental impact assessment (EIA) based process, applied particularly to plans and programmes, prepared by public planning authorities and at times private bodies, a participative, open and transparent,possibly non-eia-based process, applied in a more flexible manner to policies, prepared by public planning authorities and at times private bodies, or a flexible non-eia based process,applied to legislative proposals and other policies, plans and programmes in political/cabinet decision-making. 37

38 Current discussion for Forestry Sector Reform All current activities are ineffective Reform must be not only in Forestry Sector, it must include all sectors of pressure and drivers to be in sustainable management Current forest ecosystems should be preserved at all costs A detailed inventory assessment is essential Past rules and regulations cannot be used again Climate change adaptation should be in ecosystem based approach EbA. 38

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