GUIDELINES FOR COUNTRY REPORTING

Transcription

1 Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010 GUIDELINES FOR COUNTRY REPORTING TO FRA 2010 F ROME,JANUARY, 2008 Forest Resources Assessment Programme Working Paper 143 Rome 2008

2 The Forest Resources Assessment Programme Sustainably managed forests have multiple environmental and socio-economic functions which are important at the global, national and local scales, and they play a vital part in sustainable development. Reliable and up-to-date information on the state of forest resources - not only on area and area change, but also on such variables as growing stock, wood and non-wood products, carbon, protected areas, use of forests for recreation and other services, biological diversity and forests contribution to national economies - is crucial to support decision-making for policies and programmes in forestry and sustainable development at all levels. FAO, at the request of its member countries, regularly monitors the world s forests and their management and uses through the Forest Resources Assessment Programme. The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 (FRA 2010) has been requested by the FAO Committee on Forestry in 2007 and will be based on a comprehensive country reporting process, complemented by a global remote sensing survey. The assessment will cover all seven thematic elements of sustainable forest management, including variables related to the policy, legal and institutional framework. FRA 2010 is also aimed at providing information to facilitate the assessment of progress towards the Global Objectives on Forests of the United Nations Forum on Forests and the 2010 Biodiversity Target of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Results are expected to be published in The Global Forest Resources Assessment process is coordinated by the Forestry Department at FAO headquarters in Rome. The contact person is: Mette Løyche Wilkie Senior Forestry Officer FAO Forestry Department Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome 00153, Italy Mette.LoycheWilkie@fao.org Readers can also use the following address: fra@fao.org More information on the Global Forest Resources Assessment can be found at: DISCLAIMER The Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) Working Paper Series is designed to reflect the activities and progress of the FRA Programme of FAO. Working Papers are not authoritative information sources they do not reflect the official position of FAO and should not be used for official purposes. Please refer to the FAO forestry website ( ) for access to official information. The FRA Working Paper Series provides an important forum for the rapid release of information related to the FRA programme. Should users find any errors in the documents or would like to provide comments for improving their quality they should contact fra@fao.org.. ii

3 Table of Contents 1 HOW TO READ AND USE THIS DOCUMENT GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENTS COUNTRY REPORTING TO FRA GENERAL GUIDELINES TABLE SPECIFIC GUIDELINES T 1 EXTENT OF FOREST AND OTHER WOODED LAND T 2 FOREST OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT RIGHTS T 3 FOREST DESIGNATION AND MANAGEMENT T4 FOREST CHARACTERISTICS T5 FOREST ESTABLISHMENT AND REFORESTATION T 6 GROWING STOCK T7 BIOMASS STOCK T8 CARBON STOCK T9 FOREST FIRES T10 OTHER DISTURBANCES AFFECTING FOREST HEALTH AND VITALITY T11 WOOD REMOVALS AND VALUE OF REMOVALS T12 NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS REMOVALS AND VALUE OF REMOVALS T13 EMPLOYMENT NATIONAL REPORTING TABLES: T14 T T 14 Policy and legal framework T 15 Institutional framework T 16 Education and research T 17 Public revenue collection and expenditure CONTACT INFORMATION FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF COUNTRY REPORTING FOR TABLE 1 APPENDIX 2 LIST OF UN OFFICIAL COUNTRY AREAS APPENDIX 3 INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD AND WOODFUEL PRODUCTION APPENDIX 4 GENERAL WEIGHT AND VOLUME CONVERSION FACTORS APPENDIX 5 DEFAULT VALUES AND CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ESTIMATING BIOMASS AND CARBON 3

4 Abbreviations AG C&I CBD COFO CPF CSD FAO FAOSTAT FRA GPG IFF IPCC IPF ISCED ISIC ITTO IUCN JFSQ LULUCF MDG NWFP OWL OWLTC PFE SOFO SFM UNCCD UNCSD UNECE UNEP UNFF UNFCCC Advisory Group to FRA Criteria and Indicators (for Sustainable Forest Management) Convention on Biological Diversity Committee on Forestry Collaborative Partnership on Forests United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Statistical Databases Global Forest Resources Assessment Good Practice Guidance Intergovernmental Forum on Forests International Panel on Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Forests International Standard of Classification of Education International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities International Tropical Timber Organization The World Conservation Union Joint Forest Sector Questionnaire Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Millennium Development Goals Non-Wood Forest Products Other Wooded Land Other Wooded Land With Tree Cover Permanent Forest Estate State of the World s Forests Sustainable Forest Management United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Forum on Forests United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 4

5 1 How to read and use this document This document contains guidelines for the National Correspondents (NC) on how to prepare the Country Reports to FRA It explains both the general methodology that should be applied and gives specific guidance for the completion of each of the 17 National Reporting Tables. Together with the Specification of National Reporting Tables and Terms and Definitions documents, it constitutes the main reference documentation for the FRA 2010 reporting process. Chapter 2 outlines the background and history of FAOs Global forest resources assessments. Chapter 3 outlines the country reporting process and the time schedule and deadlines. Chapter 4 General Guidelines the instructions given in this chapter are generic and should be read carefully. The chapter contains detailed instructions on how to select data sources, document references to the data sources, and how to process and document national data in order to fill in the National Reporting Tables. The chapter also provides guidance on how to proceed when data are incomplete or missing, etc. Chapter 5 contains guidelines to the specific reporting tables. It contains direction on how to handle particular cases related to specific tables and aims at facilitating reporting and improving the understanding on how to interpret the definitions and categories set out in the document Specification of National Reporting Tables. Appendices contain reference information and a wide variety of default values, conversion and expansion factors: Appendix 1 Complete example of country reporting for table T1 Appendix 2 List of UN official country areas Appendix 3 Industrial roundwood and woodfuel production Appendix 4 General weight and volume conversion factors Appendix 5 Default values and conversion factors for estimating biomass and carbon 5

6 2 Global forest resources assessments Background At the request of its member countries, FAO has been carrying out global forest resources assessments since 1946, practically since FAO was formed. The mandate to carry out these assessments stems both from the basic statues of FAO and the Committee on Forestry (COFO). Global forest resources assessment reports have been published at periodic intervals. The latest of these reports, FRA 2005, was published in More than 800 people were involved in the process including 172 National Correspondents and their teams. Objectives The main objectives of the global forest resources assessment are: to provide consistent, high-quality information on the status and trends of forest resources worldwide, to facilitate improved policies related to forests and forest management; to provide validated information required for other forest related international conventions and processes. For example, the reporting tables on biomass and carbon follow the reporting requirements established by IPCC. Similarly, the FRA 2010 reporting now includes several indicators related to international processes on biodiversity, Criteria & Indicators for sustainable forest management, etc. FRA 2010 will provide information to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) on forest-related indicators for the 2010 Biodiversity Target; to help countries view their forest sector within regional and global environmental and socioeconomic contexts; to provide data that can be used in technical studies and in support of investment decisions and private-sector development; to present relevant information on forests to wider communities, including other sectors, non governmental organizations and the general public. FAO s global assessments also contribute to the improvement of concepts, definitions and methods related to forest resources assessments. Efforts are made to harmonize and streamline reporting with other international forest-related processes within the framework of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF), as well as to harmonize forest related definitions. The assessment is thus expected to help reduce the reporting burden on countries by providing information required by regional and international processes and agreements. The FRA process is closely coordinated with other global reporting processes related to forests and implemented by FAO, such as the Joint Forest Sector Questionnaire (JFSQ) that annually collects information on forest production and trade, and to the national forest programme (nfp) updates that collect detailed information on the policy, legal and institutional framework related to forests. FAO subject specialists have been closely involved in the development of the FRA 2010 reporting framework and will participate in the analysis of the data. 6

7 The FRA process also works closely with regional reporting processes related to forests. In particular, the UNECE/FAO Timber Section in Geneva plays an instrumental role for the coordination of the FRA reporting process, for Europe. Implementation (FRA 2010) The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 (FRA 2010) consists of four main components: - A country reporting process, where the countries are requested to submit country reports to FAO, following a standardized reporting format and methodology. - A complementary remote sensing assessment, aiming at providing information of forest change processes/dynamics over the last 30 years on global, regional and biome level, which will allow for a better understanding of the extent and causes of deforestation, forest degradation and fragmentation. - A series of special studies on important topics and emerging issues where limited quantitative information is available. - Information provided by external data providers, including information on threatened species, ratification of international agreements, etc. This document focuses only on the country reporting process. Separate guidance will be given for the remote sensing assessment. For more details regarding the Global Forest Resources Assessment, please visit the FAO Website at: 7

8 3 Country reporting to FRA 2010 The main activities of the country reporting process for FRA 2010 are outlined below to give an overview of the process and the deadlines. Activity Tentative date Comment/output Global meeting of National Correspondents (Rome) 3-7 March 2008 Launch of the FRA 2010 country reporting process. Training of National Correspondents and work on national reporting tables. Regional and sub-regional April 2008 Further training of national correspondents, technical workshops Deadline for submission of draft country reports Deadline for submission of final country reports Validation of final country reports Launch of FRA 2010 Key Findings Launch of FRA 2010 Main report December 2008 March 2009 May 2009 July-August 2009 April 2010 December 2010 assistance and review of draft country reports. Countries are strongly encouraged to submit draft reports well in advance of the deadline. Official request for validation of the final country reports will be sent to countries. The Global Forest Resources Assessment relies on information provided by countries. FAO has established a framework for national reporting and conducts training and provides guidance to the National Correspondents where needed in order to ensure that the information provided is complete and, as far as possible, compatible with the specifications of the FRA reporting tables. National Correspondents are requested to submit their country reports following a standardized format in order to facilitate the publication and the compilation of data. Most countries will receive a partially pre-filled document where the FRA secretariat has inserted information from the FRA 2005 country reports wherever applicable. This pre-filled report should be used as the base for further editing and amendments. In case where no information is available (e.g. newly independent states or new reporting units), countries will receive an empty report template. The country reports should be submitted to FAO (preferably by or on diskette/cd- ROM) before the end of March The FRA team will review the report and ask for clarifications and amendments if needed. Once the review is completed, countries will be asked for an official validation before publishing. Note that FAO does not require National Correspondents to obtain official approval before submitting the draft report. The country reports should be written in English, French or Spanish and will after validation be made publicly available on the Internet. The reporting tables for FRA 2010 are comprehensive, and in many cases it will be necessary to form a multidisciplinary team in order to cover all aspects of the report. It may also take some time to identify and locate national data; it is therefore recommended that National Correspondents carry out the necessary steps for getting started with the process as soon as possible in order not to delay the submission of the country report. The National Correspondents are strongly encouraged to submit their reports well in advance of the deadline. This gives more time for the review and for making adjustments or amendments to the reports when necessary. Please note that countries may submit a partial draft report at an 8

9 early stage for a first review of the key tables by the FRA-team. This approach may save time when compiling the report as many tables build on each other. Table 1. Overview of the National Reporting Tables Table Title Reporting unit Reporting year T1 Extent of forest and other wooded land 1000 hectares x x x x T2a Forest ownership 1000 hectares x x x T2b Holder of management rights of public forests 1000 hectares x x x T3a Primary designated function 1000 hectares x x x x T3b Special designation and management categories 1000 hectares x x x x T4a Characteristics 1000 hectares x x x x T4b Special categories 1000 hectares x x x x T5 Forest establishment and reforestation 1000 hectares x x x T6a Growing stock Million m 3 x x x x T6b Growing stock of the 10 most common species Million m 3 x x x T7 Biomass stock Million metric tonnes x x x x T8 Carbon stock Million metric tonnes x x x x T9a Forest fires Number of fires and area (1000 hectares) x x x T9b Proportion of planned fires and wildfires in forest Percent x x x T10a Other disturbances affecting forest health and vitality 1000 hectares x x x T10b Major outbreaks of insects and diseases affecting forest health and vitality 1000 hectares Year of latest outbreak T10c Area of forest affected by woody invasive species 1000 hectares x T11 Wood removals and value of removals 1000 m 3 and value x x x T12 T13 Non-wood forest products removals and value of removals Employment Quantity and value 1000 years full-time equivalents x x x x T14 Policy and legal framework Not applicable x T15a Institutions Not applicable x T15b Human resources Number of persons and percent female x x x T16 Education and research Number of persons x x x T17a Forest revenues Value x x T17b Public expenditure in forest sector by funding source Value x x Note: Shaded cells means that the reported values correspond to an average for a five year period. 9

10 4 General guidelines Introduction These guidelines have been developed in order to facilitate the preparation of the FRA 2010 country reports. They explain the methodology that should be applied when compiling the country report in order to ensure complete, consistent and transparent reports where all reported figures can be traced back to the original data and data source. The preparation of the country report for FRA is an important task. The data provided in the country report will be compiled and published by FAO and will be widely used as a reference information regarding the world s forests. Once the country reports have been officially validated, the reports will be made publicly available online. National Correspondents are encouraged to contact the FRA team for advice if they are in doubt on how to proceed when available data do not allow for compiling the information requested! Pre-filled reports In order to facilitate the country reporting, the FRA secretariat has, whenever applicable, prefilled the country reports with the information submitted to FRA It should be noted that the reports are only partially pre-filled and must therefore be thoroughly revised and amended. When the pre-filled information in a reporting table corresponds to the most recent and best available data, the table could be completed by just making the forecast for year Should a country prefer to start from the beginning with their country report without using the prefilled report provided, an empty country report template can be used. If new and better data are available, the new data sources must be documented as well as the new data. The entire table must then be revised, as the new data may affect estimated trends. Consequently, the historical figures reported to FRA 2005 (1990, 2000 and 2005) can also be affected. Whenever previously reported (FRA 2005) figures are changed, the reason for the change must be documented in the country report under Other general comments. Filling-in the tables When filling-in a reporting table no fields must be left blank. If an entire table is not reported upon, all fields can be left blank and the reason for not reporting should be noted in the Other general comments field e.g. No data available for reporting on this table. When filling in a reporting table for a category where national data are missing or so weak that they cannot be used for generating some of the requested information, countries may write n.a. (not available) in corresponding fields in the reporting table. Knowing that no national data are available is in itself very important information and should be documented in the country report. 10

11 Note that n.a. is not allowed for the categories in table T1 Extent of forest and other wooded land, T2a Forest ownership, T3a Primary designated function, and T4a Characteristics with the exception of the sub-categories beginning with...of which.... Further note that some tables may contain categories which are not applicable for all countries (e.g. T4b Special categories which include: rubber plantations, mangroves and bamboo). In these cases, zero (0) should be used to fill in the table and Not applicable added in the comments. Expert estimates When documented national data are weak or missing, countries can make expert estimates to fill in the requested information, as long as it is clearly documented in the country report in the respective field under Comments related to data, definitions, etc. In particular, the countries are encouraged to make expert estimates in the following cases: - in order to make time series complete - in order to make categories add up to a total Five-year averages For reporting tables T5 Forest establishment and reforestation, T9a Forest fires, T10a Other disturbances affecting forest health and vitality and T11 Wood removals and value of removals. The reported figures for the reporting years should be based on averages for the five-year periods , and If data are not available to produce five year average this should be documented along with information on how the value for the reporting year(s) was reached. It could be the actual value for the reference year, if available, but preferably it should be an average value of two or more years. Please note that all original data used for the averages must be properly documented under original data. Formatting The structure of the reporting tables may not be altered in any way. Do not insert any rows or columns or change the order of categories and reporting years. The specified measurement unit (1000 ha, Million m 3, etc.) must be respected even for very small or very large numbers. Values may be reported with or without decimals. As a rule of thumb, small values (less than 100) should be reported with decimals so the value has at least three (3) significant digits (e.g. 1.23). When reporting decimals, the dot (.) should be used as separator. Numbers larger than 1000 may use a blank space to separate the thousands (groups of three digits). No other separators should be used. The selection in the Tick boxes in tables T2a Forest ownership, T14 Policy and legal framework, T15a Institutions and T17a Forest revenues: should be marked with an X. 11

12 These formatting rules are very important as the entire tables will be inserted into the FAO database, and a proper formatting reduces the risk for errors. Comment fields The comment fields are very important for the understanding of reported data and for the further processing and analysis of data. Countries are strongly encouraged to document any relevant comments in appropriate comment field. For all reporting tables (except tables T14- T17) three comment fields are provided for countries to insert comments. Countries are encouraged to keep comments short and concise. 1. Comments related to data, definitions, etc.: Relevant information related to data, definitions, data sources, data quality, etc should be made in this field. 2. Comments on reported trend: All comments related to the understanding and correct interpretation of reported trends. 3. Other general comments: Space for documentation of any general information related to the reporting table. Reporting methodology The standard methodology to be applied to all reporting tables is a process that consists of several steps as outlined below and further explained in the following sections. 1. Identification, selection and documentation of data sources. 2. Documentation of national classes and definitions used and original data for each dataset. 3. Analysis of national data (usually includes three steps). Step 1 Calibration (applicable only to area-related tables). Step 2 Estimation and forecasting to FRA reporting years. Step 3 Reclassification of national data to FRA categories. Identification, selection and documentation of data sources Based on the requirements of each specific reporting table, the NC should identify all potentially useful data sources and evaluate the data sources according to content, completeness, quality and compliance with FRA definitions. The selected data sources, their references and the corresponding data should be documented, following the structure outlined in the country report template (see example 1, next page). 12

13 The documentation of each data source should cover the following: Full reference: Author(s), year of publication (if published) and title. Quality assessment, according to the following classes: o o o High quality Medium quality Low quality Reference year(s) for the data. Note that the reference year is the year that the data refer to, not the year of publication. Coverage (complete national coverage or partial coverage) Example 1. Documentation of data sources References to sources of Quality Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments information (H/M/L) a) Smith, B National Pine forest and mangrove inventory. Hypothetical country M 1 Land use, Forest cover, Growing stock 1986 National inventory of pine and mangrove forests covering the whole country, using remote sensing. 1 Assessed as Medium quality M. The source document provides information based on remote sensing without field sample plots. Documentation of national definitions and original data Countries should document the original national data that constitute the basis for the estimates in the table. Countries should further clearly document the national definitions for each data source. Note that only the original data relevant for each specific reporting table and used for the further analysis need to be documented. This might be done in one or several tables, depending on the complexity of the data. There is no predefined format for these tables, as data structures may vary between countries. It is very important to report also when no data or information are available (see also sections Filling-in the tables and Expert estimates). Analysis of national data The analysis of national data comprises three steps that may or may not be necessary to carry out, depending on the nature of the national data. These include: Calibration Estimation and forecasting Reclassification The order in which these steps are carried out may vary depending on the structure of data. Calibration is usually carried out first on all national datasets, thereby adjusting the datasets to the official land area. If the national datasets use the same national classes, it is recommended to then make the estimation and forecasting and conclude with the reclassification to FRA classes. This approach ensures that the trends according to the national classes can be properly documented. 13

14 Sometimes the national datasets use different classes and cannot be directly compared. In these cases it is recommended to first make the reclassification of each data set into the FRA categories and then perform the estimation and forecasting of the FRA categories. When aggregating (adding) sub-national data with different reference years the different estimates should first be brought to a common reference year before the sub-national figures are added up. If the definitions/classifications differ between different sub-national data sets then a harmonization of national classes or reclassification to the FRA categories is necessary prior to adding the various estimates. All assessments should be based on the most accurate information available, not simply a repetition of a previous estimates or the result of an old inventory/assessment. Where a time series is available, the estimates can be calculated by simple interpolation. If the latest inventory is considered more accurate than earlier inventories, then this should be taken into account and an attempt made to project the results back in time. If time series indicate trends that, according to the professional judgment of the NC and/or other specialists taking part of the FRA reporting process, do not reflect the real situation, this must be documented in the country report. In such cases, countries should make an adjustment of the estimated / forecasted data, and clearly document and justify this in the country report. As a general rule, the documentation in the country report should follow the order in which the activities were carried out. Calibration Calibration is carried out in order to ensure that the reported area and area-related quantitative figures are consistent. E.g. for table T1, the total land area/country area must match the official UN statistics in FAOSTAT. For tables T2 T4, calibration may be needed to make total area of forest match the corresponding figures in table T1. For other tables, calibration by area may sometimes be needed, particularly in cases when available data are partial. 14

15 Example 2. Calibration National category 1000 hectares Forest Bushland Agriculture Swamp 850 Urban land 100 Other 850 TOTAL land area Calculating the calibration factor Total land area according to FAOSTAT Calibration factor (= 15000/14800) Calibrated national data will then be as follows National category 1000 hectares Forest Bushland Agriculture Swamp 861 Urban land 101 Other 861 TOTAL land area Estimation and forecasting The estimation and forecasting of values is often necessary in order to report national data for the FRA reference years (1990, 2000, 2005 and 2010). The estimation is the process of interpolation between observations and forecasting is the extrapolation of values to the future. In order do decide whether estimation and/or forecasting are necessary, the following general principles apply: If the country has data sources that provide observed data for the requested reporting years these data can be used directly without any estimation. If available data sets do not correspond to the requested reporting years, estimation and/or forecasting is required. Data for 2010 will always be forecasts. Forecasts may also be necessary for reference years 1990, 2000 and/or 2005 if the latest data set is older than the reference year. The following examples show how estimation and forecasting can be carried out: 15

16 Example 3. Estimation and forecasting using linear interpolation Original data Growing stock (million m 3 ) National class Forest Bushland Calculation of differences Δx ( ) 13 (time between observations) Δy forest ( ) -80 (difference between observed values) Δy bush ( ) 30 (difference between observed values) Δy forest / Δx (difference per year) Δy bush / Δx (difference per year) Estimations Growing stock (million m 3 ) National class Forest (value number of years after 1988 x Δy forest / Δx) Bushland (value number of years after 1988 x Δy bush / Δx) Example 4. Forecasting using linear extrapolation Original data Growing stock (million m 3 ) National class Forest Other wooded land Calculation of differences Δx ( ) 9 (time between observations) Δy forest ( ) -40 (difference between observed values) Δy owl ( ) 20 (difference between observed values) Δy forest / Δx (difference per year) Δy owl / Δx (difference per year) Forecasting Growing stock (million m 3 ) National class Forest (value number of years after 1997 x Δy forest / Δx) Other wooded land (value number of years after 1997 x Δy owl / Δx) Estimation and forecasting can obviously be made using other methods than linear inter- or extrapolation as shown in the example above. Sometimes trends are not linear, and curvilinear relationships or several linear relationships (for different segments of the time series) can be applied. It is important to stress that estimation and forecasting is not only an issue of making mathematical calculations. It is equally or even more important to assess whether the 16

17 estimated/forecasted figures reflect reality. Many times there may be particular reasons why data from different years vary, and such variations do not necessary imply that there is a trend that can be used for estimation and forecasting. For EXCEL users, note that EXCEL has a built-in function for estimation and forecasting that can facilitate the calculations. See the EXCEL help on the function FORECAST for further information. Reclassification The reclassification is made in order to make national data correspond to the categories defined for FRA. In some cases, when the national classes are identical to the FRA categories or when countries have National Forest Inventories that permit the direct calculation of data according to the FRA categories and definitions, the reclassification can be omitted. Reclassification is usually carried out using a reclassification matrix, in which each national class is assigned a percentage that applies to each FRA category (see example 5). Example 5. Reclassification matrix FRA category 1 FRA category 2 FRA category 3 TOTAL National class 1 70% 20% 10% 100% National class 2 30% 50% 20% 100% For each reporting table, the National Correspondent must decide whether reclassification is needed and if so, elaborate a reclassification matrix, taking into account the different national classes and the FRA categories according to the table specifications. This is usually a subjective assessment (expert estimate), but if there is information available that supports this reclassification it should be documented. Also, if it is only based on expert estimates, this should be noted in the country report. 17

18 Example 6. Reclassification In the reclassification matrix below for table T1, the national classes and their respective area are listed on the left hand side. On the right hand side the FRA categories are found. For each national class, the percentage that belongs to each FRA category is assessed, making sure that the sum equals 100%. In the particular case of table T1, the category Other land with tree cover (OLWTC) is a subcategory of Other land and included therein, hence it has been put outside the total, and the percentages in this column refers to the percentage of the area under Other land. Reclassification matrix FRA Categories National classes 1000 ha Forest OWL 1 Other land Total OLWTC 2 Productive forest land % 100% Swamp % 70% 100% Agriculture land % 100% 5% National parks % 20% 15% 100% Urban land % 100% 10% TOTAL Not applicable Result of reclassification FRA Categories National classes 1000 ha Forest OWL 1 Other land Total OLWTC 2 Productive forest land Swamp Agriculture land National parks Urban land TOTAL OWL = Other wooded land 2 OLWTC = Other land with tree cover. This is is a sub-category of Other land, hence the percentage given in this reclassification matrix refers to the percentage of the area of Other land that has tree Reclassification should be applied for each reporting year. Many times, the same reclassification matrix can be used for all reporting years, however, sometimes it might be necessary to make separate reclassification matrices for different years as the national data may come from different sources with different categories and definitions. The output from the reclassification is the country data transformed to the FRA categories and if input data correspond to the FRA reporting years, the resulting data can be directly inserted in the relevant table in the country report. 18

19 5 Table specific guidelines This chapter contains guidelines on how to handle particular cases related to specific reporting tables and aims at facilitating the reporting and improving the understanding on how to interpret the definitions and categories set out in the document Specification of National Reporting Tables. 5.1 T 1 Extent of forest and other wooded land Introduction This table is one of the core tables for FRA The area of forest as presented in this table constitutes the basis for reporting in many of the other reporting tables (T2a, T3a and T4a) and derivations of variables: for example, growing stock per hectare which is derived from growing stock and forest area. Strong efforts should be made to provide as reliable figures as possible. This table also constitutes the basis for the estimate of changes in global forest area, which always attracts much interest from the international community. It is a key indicator in various international reporting processes, conventions and other instruments, such as the Millennium Development Goals, Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Forum on Forest, Criteria and Indicator processes, etc. Data sources The FRA 2010 categories for this table are based on both land cover and land use. Countries may need to combine land cover and land use data in order to provide information for this reporting table. For table T1, data sources are likely to include (but not restricted to) the following: Data and maps from vegetation mapping surveys Data and maps from land use planning Forest cover maps Agricultural maps Data and maps from national forest inventories Special considerations for reporting The countries must report areas on the four main categories Forest, Other wooded land, Other land and Inland water. The sub-category Other land with tree cover (OLWTC) forms a sub-category of Other land and its area is thus included in Other land and should not be counted double when adding the areas. 19

20 If there is no information on area of Other land, but good estimates of areas of Forest and Other wooded land, the area of Other land can be estimated by using Total land area and subtracting the area of Forest and Other wooded land. It is important that all international reporting maintain the same data on area of country/territory, land area and inland water area. When compiling country data for table T1, these figures must match with the latest official UN statistics as maintained by FAO (See FAOSTAT, The official area figures according to FAOSTAT can be found in Appendix 2. In the case that area figures do not match, a calibration should be performed as explained in Chapter 4, Example 2. When performing the calibration, it is generally recommended to use total land area as the basis. Area of inland water can then be taken directly from Appendix 2. The area estimates for all years should be based on the current borders and area of the country/territory as of FAOSTAT Should borders and country/territory area have changed during the period of reporting or the country/territory did not exist at the time of an earlier reporting year, then reported figures should be calibrated to correspond to actual borders. Should the area figures generally accepted by your country be different from those maintained by UN Statistics Division and/or FAOSTAT, the competent authority in your country should make sure that an official request is made to UN Statistics Division (for total country area) and to FAOSTAT (for land area and inland water area) to change the official figures. Once an official request is done, the updated figures may be used even if they are still not reflected in the on-line databases. Please note in the report that a request has been sent to FAOSTAT@fao.org and/or Statistics@un.org in order to change the official figures of country area and/or land area. Specific cases: If areas with meadows and pastures are difficult to classify (whether they should belong to Forest/Other wooded land or to Other land), the country should explain the criteria used and how this classification is done. The general rule is to include the forest pastures in the area of Forest/Other wooded land, unless the grazing is so intensive that it becomes the predominant land use, in which case the land should be classified as Other land and as Other land with tree cover. The general definition of Forest to be used for FRA 2010 is Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use and this should be the basis for country reporting whenever it is possible to derive this figure from national data sources. However, sometimes the national data sources do not allow making estimates with exactly the threshold specified in the definition. In such cases the countries should report to whatever threshold that is available and clearly document the threshold used in the comments to the table. The same threshold value must be used for all reporting years. Appendix 1 contains a complete example of National Reporting Table T1. Although it addresses some specific issues for table T1, it also serves as a general example for reporting. 20

21 5.2 T 2 Forest ownership and management rights Introduction The allocation of forest ownership and management rights defines who exercises control over which forest resources, for how long, and under what conditions. Thus, the information on this variable is important for policy, institutional and management purposes. This table has been changed and amended in relation to the reporting table for FRA First, ownership now refers to the forest resource (the trees) and not to the land. Second, private ownership has been further subdivided into several sub-categories, and third, a new table on management rights of public forests has been added. Data sources For table T2, data sources are likely to include (but not be restricted to) the following: NFI data, if information on ownership is collected National forestry statistics Register of land titles Maps on land ownership Registers of concessions granted FRA 2005 Thematic study on forest ownership and resource tenure ( ) Special considerations for reporting It is important to recall that information on ownership only is requested for land that is classified as Forest. If national data on ownership is not specifically available for the forest area then the ownership categories must be distributed on the forest area as reported in table T1. Many countries may have data on public ownership but limited data on private ownership. Notwithstanding, countries are encouraged to provide at least an expert estimate for the main category of Private ownership but if there are no basis for further breaking it down into subcategories, countries may leave these with n.a.. If a country is reporting data under the category Other types of ownership the country should also specify and describe the particular kind of ownership that applies to the area reported under this category. Regarding management rights of public forests, it may sometimes be difficult to decide whether a specific type of arrangement should be included or not. The key criterion for inclusion is that the arrangement should be long-term and also include the responsibility for management of the forest (not only for harvesting). There is no established specific threshold value for long-term, as this concept may vary between countries. In some cases, there may also be an overlap between management rights, e.g. a NWFP concession may overlap a timber concession. In such cases, areas should not be double counted. 21

22 5.3 T 3 Forest designation and management Introduction This table is a complement to table T1, as it further breaks down the Forest area according to primary designated function; it describes how the forest is intended to be managed and used. Compared to FRA 2005, the table has been simplified in that it now only covers forest and the reporting on Total area with function has been removed. Furthermore, the table T3b on special designation and management categories has been added. Special considerations for reporting Table T3a Primary designated functions are exclusive and should only be counted once consequently the total area of Forest must match the corresponding figure in table T1. Functions can be designated at different levels. As a general rule, the lowest level of designation should be used, i.e. management unit level. Specific cases: When parts of a forest area is designated for a particular use such as picnic areas and walking paths, one option to estimate the area of forest designated for recreation (part of social services) is to multiply the number of sites with an estimated average number of hectares per site. Countries using this option should indicate the assumptions in respective comment field to the table. Table T3b The Permanent Forest Estate (PFE) refers to forest land designated to be retained as forest and which may not be converted to other land uses. Countries vary in the way in which they define the degree of permanence. Some countries may have a PFE designated by the state and accorded a considerable degree of protection under the law. The PFE may contain both forest and non forest areas, note that the reported figures should refer only to the forest area within the PFE. The concept of state-designated PFEs may not exist in some countries. In such instances, and in other cases where the degree of permanence is unclear, a judgement (expert estimate) has to be made about how much forest can be considered as designated as permanent forest. Forest area under sustainable forest management refers to the national definition or description of sustainable forest management. Countries are asked to document in the country report the definition, as well as the criteria and the process applied for estimating the area under sustainable forest management. 22

23 The process applied for estimating the area under sustainable forest management may involve: Expert estimates by National Correspondent Expert estimates by National Correspondent through stakeholder consultation Specific study(ies) Information obtained from NFI/annual reports from forest owners and managers. Etc. If no national definition or criteria exist, National Correspondents may use their own or the following criteria (ITTO, 2006): Forest areas that fulfil any of the following conditions: i. have been independently certified or in which progress towards certification is being made; ii. have fully developed, long-term (ten years or more) forest management plans with firm information that these plans are being implemented effectively; iii. are considered as model forest units in their country and information is available on the quality of management; iv. are community-based forest management units with secure tenure for which the quality of management is known to be of high standard; v. are protected areas with secure boundaries and a management plan that are generally considered in the country and by other observers to be well managed and that are not under significant threat from destructive agents. 23

24 T 4 Forest characteristics Introduction Table T4a intends to characterize the structure and composition of forest ecosystems and the degree of human impact on these. The categories represent a continuum from undisturbed primary forests to planted forests with introduced tree species. Compared with FRA 2005 the table on forest characteristics has undergone several changes in order to make it clearer and easier to report on. The concept of planted forests is introduced instead of forest plantations. Planted forest is a wider concept also covering the planted forest of native species that were considered semi-natural in FRA Further, the modified natural forests and the naturally regenerated component of the semi-natural forests are now merged into one new category other naturally regenerated forests. Data sources Table T4a The FRA 2005 Thematic study on planted forest ( ) Table T4b The FRA 2005 Thematic studies bamboo and mangroves. The FRA 2005 Thematic study on bamboo is available in English at The study contains detailed information on the bamboo resources for the 22 countries which participated in the FRA 2005 Thematic study on bamboo. The FRA 2005 Thematic study on mangroves available at contains five regional working papers on The world s mangroves The working papers provide detailed information on the mangroves in the 124 countries and areas in which they are found, in the official language of correspondence with each country (English, French or Spanish). Special considerations for reporting The division into different categories of characteristics involves a number of criteria: regeneration methods, knowledge/visibility of human activities and predominance of native and/or introduced species. The distinction between Planted forest and Other naturally regenerated forest is based on the regeneration method. If it is known or clearly visible that the forest land was regenerated through planting/seeding then it should be classified as Planted forest. If the forest is 24

25 established by natural regeneration, or if the regeneration method is unknown, it should be classified as Other naturally regenerating forest. In the specific case of coppice, the distinction between Planted forest and Other naturally regenerated forest is based on whether the coppice is from trees were originally planted/seeded or established through natural regeneration. The distinction between Primary and Other naturally regenerated forest is based on the degree of human impact. In order to classify a forest as Primary there should be no clearly visible indications/signs of human activities. Furthermore, primary forests should show natural forest dynamics, such as natural tree species composition, occurrence of dead wood, natural age structure and natural regeneration processes. Whenever possible, the Planted forest and Other naturally regenerated forest should be further divided into the sub-category...of which of introduced species based on inventory data or expert estimates. T 5 Forest establishment and reforestation Introduction Information on forest establishment and reforestation is essential to monitor the progress towards sustainable forest management and the global objectives on forests of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF). Special considerations for reporting The terms Afforestation and Reforestation refers to the establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding. The distinction between Afforestation and Reforestation is based on whether the land on which the establishment takes place is classified as forest or not. Re-forestation does not imply any change of land use (e.g. re-establishment of forest), whereas Afforestation implies a change from other land use to forest. It should be noted that natural regeneration of forest is only included in the specific case of natural expansion of forest which implies a change of land use from non-forest to forest. 25

26 5.4 T 6 Growing stock Table T6a Growing stock Introduction The growing stock of Forest and of Other wooded land forms one of the fundamental tables of the FRA 2010 report. Generally the growing stock figures also constitute the basis for the calculation of Biomass and Carbon stocks. This table is closely related to tables 6b, T7 and T8 and it is suggested that the estimations of Growing stock be undertaken first, as this may save time and efforts. The compilation of growing stock by species in table 6b may also facilitate estimating biomass in table T7 as wood densities can vary considerably between individual species. New in FRA 2010 is the fact that Commercial growing stock has been replaced with Growing stock of commercial species. The reason for this change is that the new variable does not involve any assumptions on areas legally, technically and economically available for wood supply. Special considerations for reporting Growing stock If a country has only partial inventories, a decision has to be made on how the inventory data can be expanded to a national estimate. One approach is to divide the total area of Forest and Other wooded land into broad classes of forest types or into eco-regions, and then use available inventory data to estimate per-hectare figures of growing stock for each of these broad classes. The totals for each class are then calculated (multiplication with respective area) and added together to obtain the requested estimates for Forest and Other wooded land (see example 7, next page). In some cases, countries may have inventory data that does not directly include tree volume, but rather basal area or number of trees in different diameter classes. In those cases, countries will need to convert basal area or number of trees to volume. This can be done in several ways depending on the inventory data and any available complementary information, but it is difficult to provide any general guidance on how to perform these conversions. National correspondents must provide a description in the country report on how the calculations of growing stock were made and what volume equations or other factors were used. In some cases biomass data may be available but no growing stock data. In such cases, growing stock may be estimated from biomass, using the default values for biomass expansion factors and wood densities listed in Appendix 5. 26

27 Example 7. Growing stock estimates when only partial inventory data are available The following area estimates are available (1000 hectares) Total Forest area: Tropical moist forests: Pine plantations Eucalyptus plantations: 500 Total Area of OWL Inventory data give the following estimates: Tropical moist forests: 95 m3/ha Pine plantations 130 m3/ha Eucalyptus plantations: 150 m3/ha Furthermore, for Other wooded land there is an expert estimate: Other wooded land 20 m3/ha Total growing stock can then be calculated as follows: Forest: (( ) + ( ) + ( )) 1000 = million m 3. OWL: ( ) 1000 = 70 million m 3 If it is difficult for a country to provide good estimates for Forest and Other wooded land separately, while there are good figures for these two areas together, a country may report for these as a group, as long as this is clearly documented in the country report under Comments related to data, definitions, etc.. However, countries are strongly encouraged to use expert estimates for separating growing stock on Forest and Other wooded land. Whenever possible, the total growing stock should be further divided into coniferous and broadleaved species based on inventory data or expert estimates. Growing stock of commercial species The Growing stock of commercial species is a sub-set of the total growing stock. In order to calculate the Growing stock of commercial species, the country must select a sub-set of data according to the following: Commercial species that are currently being commercialized for domestic and/or international markets. Include all trees of commercial species within the threshold limits given for growing stock, regardless whether they have reached commercial dimensions or not and regardless of whether or not they are growing on areas available for wood supply. Once these selections have been made, inventory data can be used to obtain new estimates. In the case of partial inventories, the same procedure as outlined in the example above can be used. Apart from these calculations, calibration and estimation/forecasting may also be needed in order to obtain figures for the requested reporting years and consistent with the areas of Forest and Other wooded land reported in table T1. These procedures are described in detail in chapter 4. 27

28 Table T6b - Growing stock composition In this table, countries are requested to report the Growing stock of the ten most common species plus remaining species. Note that the figures in this table only apply to land classified as Forest in table T1. The reference year for compiling the species list and the order of the species is The ranking of species is according to volume The totals of growing stock for year 1990, 2000 and 2005 must match corresponding values for forest Growing stock in table 6a. Each species should be identified in the reporting table by both scientific name and common name. In special cases countries may report on genera instead of species if their inventory data do not allow the distinction of individual species within certain species groups and clearly document this in the relevant field under Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Table T6c - Specification of threshold values Countries are requested to document the specification of the threshold values that are used for the definition of growing stock. It is very important to report these values as they will be needed in order to harmonize data between countries for global reporting. These values are: Minimum diameter at breast height of trees included in growing stock (cm) Minimum diameter at the top end of stem for calculation of growing stock (cm) Minimum diameter of branches included in growing stock (cm). If branches are NOT included in growing stock, write -1. Volume refers to Above ground or Above stump? The threshold values applied must be the same for all reporting years. 28

29 T 7 Biomass stock Introduction The information on biomass stock of Forest and Other wooded land is essential to assess the amount of carbon in the woody vegetation. This information is directly linked to international reporting on greenhouse gases and climate change. The information on biomass stock is also of interest from a wood energy point of view. This table is closely related to tables T6a, T6b, and T8 and when countries base the estimates of biomass and carbon on growing stock figures, it suggested that tables T6a and T6b are completed first as this will save time and efforts and facilitate consistency between the tables. For estimations of Biomass and Carbon stocks, the FRA process relies on the methodological framework developed by the IPCC and documented in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4, chapters 2 and 4. This document is available at: Relevant tables with default values and conversion and expansion factors are presented in Appendix 5. Special considerations for reporting General methodological aspects For any biomass calculation, irrespective of whether for Above-ground biomass, Belowground biomass or Dead wood, the choice of method is determined by available data and country-specific biomass estimation methods. The following list indicates some choices, starting with the method that provides the most precise estimates. 1. If a country has developed biomass functions for directly estimating biomass from forest inventory data or has established country-specific factors for converting growing stock to biomass, using these should be the first choice. 2. The second choice is to use other biomass functions and/or conversion factors that are considered to give better estimates than the default regional/biome-specific conversion factors published by IPCC (e.g. functions and/or factors from neighbouring countries). 3. The third choice is to use the IPCC default factors and values as presented in Appendix 5. These have been improved since the 2003 Good Practice Guidance and are now available for different geographical regions and ecological zones. Note that since the default factors and values have improved since FRA 2005, countries should not simply repeat the biomass estimates made for FRA When Biomass is estimated based on Growing stock data, countries should document the methodology and conversion factors used, but the calculations can be simplified by using the estimated Growing stock for the reference years from table T6a (and T6b if applicable) as input. Hence, no further calibration or reclassification is necessary. 29

30 Estimation of Above-ground and Below-ground biomass If no specific biomass functions are available, the following general formulas should be used for calculating biomass from growing stock figures: Box 1. Formula for calculating Above-ground and Below-ground biomass AGB = GS BCEF (1a) or AGB = GS WD BEF (1b) BGB = AGB R (2) Where: AGB = Above-ground biomass (tonnes) BGB = Below-ground biomass (tonnes) GS = Growing stock (Volume, m 3 over bark) WD = Basic wood density (Dry weight / green volume expressed in tonnes/m 3 ) BCEF = Biomass conversion and expansion factor (Above ground biomass / growing stock, (tonnes/m 3 )) BEF = Biomass expansion factor (Above ground biomass / stem biomass) R = Root-shoot ratio (Below-ground biomass / Above-ground biomass) As seen in the Box above, there are two options to calculate Above-ground biomass, either by directly applying biomass conversion and expansion factors (BCEF) to the Growing stock figures or by using basic Wood Density (WD) to estimate stem biomass and then apply a Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF). The 2006 IPCC guidelines suggest using the BCEF found in Table However, countries may also choose to use WD (Tables 5.6 and 5.7) and BEF (Table 5.8) as in FRA The latter may be particularly useful if the growing stock distribution by species is well known and the basic wood densities of the dominating species are significantly different from the regional average. Table 5.4 on biomass conversion and expansion factors may require some specific explanation. The entry points are climatic zone, forest type and growing stock level in m 3 /ha. The growing stock per hectare actually refers to stand/compartment stock level, however for most countries such information is not available. Countries should instead estimate (if possible) the Growing stock and area of each forest type and from this calculate an average growing stock per hectare and subsequently determine the BCEF to apply for each forest type. The BCEFs in table 5.4 is given as an average default value and, within parenthesis, a range. Within this range, lower values apply if Growing stock definition includes branches, stem tops and cull trees; upper values apply if branches and tops are not part of Growing stock, minimum top diameters in the definition of Growing stock are large, inventories volume falls near the lower category limit or basic wood densities are relatively high. When it is not possible to determine the Growing stock and area by forest type, the National Correspondent must decide which BCEF to apply or, alternatively, use Wood Density and 1 The table references in this chapter all refer to Appendix 5. 30

31 Biomass Expansion Factors instead. The decision should take into account a rough expert estimate of distribution by forest types and average growing stock per hectare. Once the Above-ground biomass is estimated, Below-ground biomass can be estimated by multiplying the Above-ground biomass by the Root-shoot ratio (R) (Table 5.6). In this table, the entry points are ecological zone and Above-ground biomass per hectare. Unfortunately, it does not contain the same forest types as the table for BCEF. In the specific case of conifers in tropical and sub-tropical areas, it is recommended to use the entries for conifers in temperate forests. Example 8. Above-ground and Below-ground biomass calculations. The example refers to tropical forests. Forest area (1) 3000 (1000 ha) from T1 (all forests are broadleaved) (2) 450 (million m 3 ) from T6 Growing stock (3) 150 (m 3 /ha) (2) / (1) * 1000 BCEF (broadleaved) (4) 1.3 (tonnes / m 3 ) from table 5.4 Root-shoot ratio (5) 0.24 from table 5.3 Above-ground biomass (6) 585 (million tonnes) (2) * (4) Below-ground biomass (7) 140 (million tonnes) (5) * (6) Dead wood (8) n.a. (million tonnes) IPCC default value not available Total n.a. (million tonnes) (6)+(7)+(8) Note: Total is listed as n.a. as the Dead wood component is unknown. Calculation of dead wood dry matter If national estimates based on country-specific data and/or conversion factors are available, these estimates should be reported. If no national data on dead wood biomass are available, countries should report n.a. In FRA 2005, default factors for dead wood as a percentage of living biomass were used, but in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines these were removed as they were considered to be too weak. 31

32 T 8 Carbon stock Introduction The information on Carbon stock indicates the contribution of Forest and Other wooded land to the carbon cycle. This information is used by international processes that monitor greenhouse gases and climate change. This table is closely related to tables T6a, T6b, and T7 and when countries base the estimates of carbon on biomass and growing stock figures, it suggested that tables T6a, T6b and 7 are completed first as this will save time and efforts and facilitate consistency between the tables. For estimations of Biomass and Carbon stocks, the FRA process relies on the methodological framework developed by the IPCC and documented in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4, chapters 2 and 4. This document is available at: Relevant tables with default values and conversion and expansion factors are presented in Appendix 5. Special considerations for reporting General methodological aspects In most cases the estimation of the Carbon stock of living biomass and Dead wood will be based on the biomass data compiled in table T7. When converting the Biomass stock to Carbon stock the Biomass is multiplied by the carbon fraction. The default global carbon fraction recommended by IPCC is 0.47 (see Appendix 5, Table 5.2). Note, if national estimates of carbon stock are available and these are considered to be more accurate than those obtained by applying the IPCC default carbon fraction to the biomass figures, the national estimates as well as the methods and conversion factors used should be reported. Carbon in living biomass If national data on Carbon in living biomass are available, these should be used for reporting. If not, the Carbon stock in living biomass can be estimated by multiplying the IPCC default carbon fraction with the reported values on Above-ground and Below-ground biomass respectively. Carbon in dead wood If national data on Carbon in dead wood or Dead wood biomass are available, these should be used for reporting. If no national data on Carbon in dead wood or Dead wood biomass are available, countries should report n.a.. When converting from Dead wood biomass to Carbon in dead wood, the default global carbon fraction of 0.47 can be used. 32

33 Carbon stock in litter If national data on Carbon in litter are available, these should be used for reporting. If no national or regional data are available, countries may choose to estimate Carbon in litter by multiplying the IPCC default value per hectare with total area of Forest and Other wooded land respectively (see Appendix 5, table 5.9). Please note, however, that the IPCC default values exclude the fine woody debris which by definition forms part of the litter. Soil carbon If national data on Soil carbon are available, these should be used for reporting. Note that countries should specify the soil depth that is used for the soil carbon stock estimates. If no national or regional data are available, countries may choose to estimate Soil carbon by multiplying the IPCC default value per hectare with total area (see Appendix 5, table 5.10). If the IPCC default values are used, a soil depth of 30 cm should be reported. Example 9. Calculation of Carbon stock (The example refers to broadleaved forest in a moist tropical area.) Forest area (1) 3000 (1000 ha) from T1 (all forests are broadleaved) Above-ground biomass (2) 585 (million tonnes) from T7 Below-ground biomass (3) 140 (million tonnes) from T7 Carbon fraction (4) 0.47 from table 5.2 Carbon content in litter (5) 2.1 (t C ha -1 ) from table 5.9 Carbon content in soil (6) 65 (t C ha -1 ) From table 5.10, assuming LAC soils Carbon in above-ground biomass (7) 275 (million tonnes) (2) * (4) Carbon in below-ground biomass (8) 65.8 (million tonnes) (3) * (4) Carbon in dead wood (9) n.a. (million tonnes) IPCC default value not available Carbon in litter (10) 6.30 (million tonnes) (1) * (5) / 1000 Soil carbon (11) 195 (million tonnes) (1) * (6) / 1000 Total n.a. (million tonnes) (7)+(8)+(9)+(10)+(11) Note: Total is listed as n.a. as the Carbon in dead wood component is unknown. Countries are encouraged to report on litter and soil when ABG and BGB are reported upon. 33

34 T 9 Forest fires Introduction In many ecosystems, natural fires are essential to maintain ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity and productivity. But fire can also cause damage to forests, woodlands and other vegetation. Knowledge about the extent, causes and damages caused by fires is important for planning prevention and suppression measures and for monitoring the effect of such measures. Data sources National Correspondents are encouraged to look at the FRA 2005 Thematic study on wildland fires. The study is available at Special considerations for reporting Forest fires do not usually follow regular patterns and there may be considerable variations over the years. The countries are therefore requested to report a five-year average for affected area and number of fires (e.g. the figures for the reporting years refer to the averages for the five-year periods: , and respectively). Data reported in table T9a refer to all land area affected by fire, while table T9b only refers to the forest area. In table T9a, Total area affected by fire is the main estimate and should be supported by national data whenever possible. The further breakdown of the area into Forest, Other wooded land and Other land can be rough expert estimates if no data are available. Likewise, the proportions to be reported in table T9b can be expert estimates if no data are available. 34

35 T 10 Other disturbances affecting forest health and vitality Introduction Disturbance caused by biotic agents or abiotic factors affect the health and vitality of the forest resources. Information about the type, magnitude and periodicity of such disturbances is essential in order to develop appropriate management regimes to control and mitigate their impact on forest health and vitality. Special considerations for reporting Table T10a - Disturbances The reporting table covers four different disturbance categories and the total area affected by these disturbances. The categories are Insects, Diseases, Other biotic agents (such as physical damage caused by animals) and Abiotic factors (such as flooding, wind, drought, etc.). Countries are encouraged to specify any significant disturbances in the comments to the table. Forest fires should not be accounted for as a disturbance in this table as it is separately reported on in table T9a and T9b, neither should this table include disturbances which are direct results of human activities such as logging damages, over-exploitation, refugee camps, etc. In some cases, areas have been affected by different disturbances simultaneously, each of which is contributing to reducing the health and vitality of the ecosystem. For example, there are areas affected by storm and then insects, or flooding and then diseases. In such cases the areas should be reported for each relevant disturbance category. The total area affected by disturbances is not necessarily the sum of the individual disturbance categories as these may be partially overlapping. It may sometimes be difficult to define whether a disturbance should be considered to adversely affect the vigour and productivity of the forest and thus be included in this reporting table. Countries are encouraged to report what criteria they have used for including and/or excluding certain disturbances. However, generally a disturbance should cover an area of at least 0.5 hectares and generate an impact that significantly affects the health and vitality of the forest. Disturbances do not usually follow regular patterns and there may be considerable variations over the years. The countries are therefore requested to report the annually affected area calculated as a five-year average (e.g. the figures for the reporting years refer to the averages of annually affected areas for the five-year periods , and respectively. If availability of national data does not allow calculation of five year averages countries may use fewer years in order to calculate the average but this should be noted in appropriate comment field. 35

36 Table T10b Major outbreaks of insects and diseases affecting forest health and vitality In this table countries should list the major outbreaks of insects and diseases that have occurred since Provide the scientific name of the agent (insect or disease), the name of tree species or genera affected, the year (or period of years) of the latest outbreak, the total area affected during the latest outbreak and if the outbreak is of cyclic nature the approximate interval between outbreaks. Table T10c Area of forest affected by woody invasive species In this table, countries should list the scientific name of the five most important woody invasive species that constitute, or are expected to constitute, a problem for forest ecosystem health and vitality. 36

37 T 11 Wood removals and value of removals Introduction This table deals with Wood removals and value of wood removals from Forest, Other wooded land and Other land. Removals should not be confused with consumption or harvesting / felling. The consumption refers to national domestic production plus net imports and less exports. Harvesting/felling is the national production plus the quantity of the product left in the forest. The wood is considered to be removed when it leaves the forest, so wood harvested and stored on landings in the forest should not be considered as removed until it leaves the landing. Data sources Wood removals To estimate wood removals, there are two basic options. Each country should choose the option that their national experts consider will provide the most reliable estimates. 1. Base the estimate on figures on wood removals already reported to international organizations. Information on wood removals reported to EUROSTAT/ FAO/ ITTO/ UNECE can be found in Appendix Direct estimation based on available national data, following the general methodology as outlined in chapter 4. In any case, underlying national data should be documented and presented according to methodology as outlined in chapter 4. Countries are strongly encouraged to ensure consistency in reporting on wood removals to different reporting processes. Special considerations for reporting Note that there are two fundamental differences between what is to be reported to FRA 2010 and what countries are reporting for the FAO/ITTO/UNECE Joint Forest Sector Questionnaire (JFSQ). FRA 2010 requests information on wood removal as volume over bark while the JFSQ and corresponding figures in Appendix 3 refer to volume under bark. FRA 2010 aims at identifying the long term trends and therefore asks for data as fiveyear averages, while the JFSQ requests annual data. In order to use data from Appendix 3 to make estimations for table T11, the figures must be converted to volume over bark. This is done by applying a bark factor. Due to considerable regional variations, it is recommended that countries establish national bark factors and use these for the calculations. If no national bark factor can be established, a global default conversion factor of 1.15 can be used as a last resort for converting volume under bark to volume over bark. 37

38 If no or limited Woodfuel data is available and Woodfuel for subsistence represents a major wood removal component, the removal can be estimated on basis of population and studies on woodfuel consumption per capita. Estimations can also be made by converting the volume of products produced in the country to the volume of roundwood required to produce that volume (roundwood equivalent). Example 10. Use of conversion factors 1. National statistics may give woodfuel figures in tonnes; the conversion factor from tonnes to round wood cubic meters should be documented. E.g. 1 metric ton woodfuel = 1.38 cubic meter round wood. (Source: FAO Yearbook of Forest Products). 2. The volume of roundwood used in charcoal production, can be estimated by using a factor of 6.0 to convert from the weight (MT) of charcoal produced to the solid volume m 3 of roundwood used in production (gives figure under bark). (Source: FAO Yearbook of Forest Products). For further forest product measures etc., see Appendix 4. Value of wood removals Note that the value should correspond to the market value of the wood at the border of the forest when it is at a roadside landing, loaded on a truck for road transport, or otherwise ready to be transported away from the forest. The value of wood removals should not be confused with the value in Joint Forest Sector Questionnaire which only refers to the export value in US Dollars. One method to estimate the value of wood removals is to estimate per unit values (prices) for Industrial roundwood and Woodfuel and then multiply this value with the respective quantity. In order to make this estimate, countries should be aware of the following: Each category (Industrial roundwood and Woodfuel) may be composed of different species or types of raw material that have different market values. In such a case, a weighted average value for the whole category must be estimated. If there is no good information on market value at the border of the forest, a market value can usually be established further down the production chain (at industry gate, at consumer centres, etc.). In this case, transport costs from the forest to the place where the market value is assessed should be deducted. If any further processing has taken place before the value is assessed, processing costs should be deducted and necessary conversions must be made in order to account for processing losses. The assessment should also include wood that is removed for subsistence use with the value calculated on the basis of local market prices (estimated at forest roadside). 38

39 T 12 Non-wood forest products removals and value of removals Introduction The information on removals and value of non-wood forest products (NWFP) demonstrates the potential of forests to provide NWFP, both as important commodities for national and international markets, and for the livelihood of local and indigenous people dependent on them. This information is important in order to show that NWFP will often deserve a higher priority in the development of national policies and forest management strategies. Compared to FRA 2005, the table on NWFP has been redesigned. Countries are now requested to report on the removed quantity and value of the ten most important (in terms of value) NWFP. Data sources National statistics of forest products, minor forest products, etc Special studies Agricultural products statistics Special considerations for reporting It is generally acknowledged that the availability of information on NWFP is low in many countries and for this reason some flexibility is allowed when reporting on NWFPs. The rationale of the table is to capture the ten most important (in terms of value) NWFP. National Correspondents are encouraged to focus on quantity and values of commercial products as it is more likely that reliable data is available for these products. When reliable estimates based on the subsistence value of NWFP exist, countries may report these estimates but it must be clearly documented in the comments to the table when a subsistence value is reported. It is recognized that it may be difficult to make a distinction on whether the collected product originates from areas classified as Forest. In such cases, countries should, if possible, assess and report the share collected in Forest. If countries are unable to derive the share collected in Forest countries are encouraged report total quantity and provide a comment in appropriate comment section (e.g reported figure refers to Forest and Other wooded land combined). Similarly the value of NWFP refers to the market value of the raw material at the site of collection or forest border (e.g. before various stages of processing). However, it is accepted that for a multitude of NWFP, this value may be difficult to obtain or derive as only the value of commercialised NWFPs may be available. In these cases, countries are encouraged to estimate the value at the site of collection. If countries are unable to make this estimate they are encouraged to report whatever value is available and provide a comment in appropriate comment section (e.g. the value refers to processed product). As a general rule of thumb countries are encouraged to report and whenever reported figures deviate from the specification of the table comments should be provided. The National 39

40 Correspondent may also choose to report values even though it is believed to underestimate or overestimate the true value if no other reliable estimate exists. In this case a comment should be added to appropriate comment field (e.g. reported figure is based on subsistence value and is believed to be an under- or overestimate of the true value but no other reliable estimate exists). Special cases Note that bamboo should always be included, even when used for making traditional wood products such as: flooring, fibre, pulp, paper, etc. In general, all plantations of tree crops managed primarily for NWFPs are excluded with the exception of rubber, bamboo and rattan. 40

41 T 13 Employment Introduction The information on employment in forestry is useful in identifying trends, especially in the context of public expectations, government policies, industry development and the socioeconomic importance of forests. Reporting on employment in forestry activities was introduced in FRA In FRA 2010 it has changed in the sense that the category on Employment in primary production of goods now also includes self-employment. Furthermore, the FRA 2005 category Employment for provision of services has been removed and replaced by Employment in management of protected areas. Data sources Some possible data sources are: - National statistics on employment (e.g. Labour Force Service) - Statistics from national forestry authorities and organizations - Special studies Special considerations for reporting The unit Full-time equivalents (FTE) corresponds to one person working full time years FTE corresponds to 1000 persons working full-time during one year, or 2000 persons working half time during one year. The definition of the category Employment in primary production of goods has considered, to the extent possible, the definition used by ISIC/NACE Rev. 4 under Activity A02 in order to make it compatible with national employment statistics. The deviations from ISIC/NACE are explained in a footnote to the definitions in the document Specifications of National Reporting Tables for FRA In many cases, it is difficult to draw a clear line between Employment in primary production of goods and related activities such as wildlife management. Often one person works with production of both goods and services. How to handle such issues must be decided on a case by case basis, but a general rule is to use national statistics data when a consistent time series is available and then mention in the comments to the table how national data differ from the FRA definitions. 41

42 5.5 National reporting tables: T14 T17 Introduction The national reporting tables T14-T17 are new. The requested information is limited to variables with global relevance, most of which are quantifiable or simple yes/no questions. National Correspondents from countries which have established a partnership agreement with the national forest programme (nfp) Facility are encouraged to contact their national forestry program (nfp) focal point (see for a list of the nfp focal points). National Correspondents are encouraged to contact the FRA team for further clarification or advice if they are in doubt on how to proceed when available data do not allow for compiling the information requested T 14 Policy and legal framework Introduction The national policy and the legal framework related to forests provide the fundamental basis for sustainable forest management. Information requested on national forest programmes indicates the status of integration of the forest sector into society. Additional information is requested from countries that have decentralised all or part of the responsibility for forest policy and/or forest law-making to regions/states/provinces. Special considerations for reporting Some countries may not have a specific forest policy statement. The forest policy can be contained in a national long term plan, a series of directives or a ministerial declaration. In this case, please indicate NO in the box and provide references to the documents where the main elements of the forest policy are indicated. Many of the documents related to national laws on forests are available in the FAOLEX database. The National Correspondents are invited to check the availability of relevant legal documents on the FAO website ( and to help update this database. 42

43 T 15 Institutional framework Introduction Effective forest policy formulation and implementation depends on the institutional capacity of national and sub-national forest agencies. Many such agencies are also responsible for the enforcement of forest laws and regulations. This table provides information about the managerial and technical capacities of the main forest-related public institutions in the country. Information provided includes the number and qualification of staff as well the breakdown by gender. Special considerations for reporting Table 15a. Other public forest agencies are those that are involved in forest operations such as public forest management or planting, timber harvesting or trade but not in charge of forest policy formulation and of forest law enforcement. Institutions responsible for forest law enforcement: If the forest administration shares or does not carry the responsibility of enforcing the forest law; please provide names of the institutions sharing or in charge of that responsibility. For example, in some countries the environment police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs take part or full responsibility for forest law enforcement. Note that information on title of Head of forestry and the main forestry agency are not reported in this table as this information is already available at: National Correspondents are encouraged to check that the information is correct and report any inconsistencies to your FRA focal point T 16 Education and research Introduction To achieve sustainable forest management, forest research and education capacities and programmes are needed. This table aims to provide gender disaggregated time series of the number and qualification of graduated forest students and researchers. Special considerations for reporting Most of the figures requested to fill this table are available in ministries in charge of education and research. Collaboration with specific ministries and departments is, in many cases, needed to obtain the relevant information. 43

44 5.5.3 T 17 Public revenue collection and expenditure Introduction Revenue collected from the forest sector is an indication of the contribution of the sector to government finances and, conversely, public sector expenditure on forests is an indication of government support for the forest sector. There is little information available about the financial flows between the forest sector and governments and, in particular, the expenditure of governments in support of sustainable forest management. This table will provide information about the total amount of money collected by governments from the forest sector and total public expenditure on forest activities. Total government expenditure includes expenditure on forest activities of all relevant institutions (except publicly owned business entities) 2 and is divided into operational expenditure and transfer payments (payments to support non-governmental and private sector forest related activities, e.g. as grants and subsidies). Both of these types of expenditure are further subdivided by source of funding (domestic or external). Information is collected for 2000 and 2005 to indicate trends in the total amount and structure of government expenditure on forest sector. 2 Where it is impossible or inappropriate to separate the activities of publicly owned business entities from other public sector activities in forest sector, this should be noted and both income and expenditure of the entities should be included in the tables. 44

45 6 Contact information for technical support The FRA team of professional staff is available to answer questions and give technical support to countries. Countries are also welcome to take direct contact with the Forestry Officers at the FAO regional and sub-regional offices in matters related to FRA General address and contact information for FRA: Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Forestry Department, FAO Rome, Italy Contact persons at the FRA secretariat: Ms. Mette Løyche Wilkie (FRA coordinator) Senior Forestry Officer Tel: Fax: Ms. Laura Russo (Africa) Forestry Officer Tel: Fax: Ms. Monica Garzuglia (Asia) Consultant Tel: Fax: Mr. Lars Gunnar Marklund (Latin America and the Caribbean) Forestry Officer Tel: Fax: Mr. Örjan Jonsson (Europe and the Pacific) Forestry Officer Tel: Fax: Mr. Arvydas Lebedys (Russian speaking countries) Forestry Officer Tel: Fax:

46 Contact persons at the FAO Regional and sub-regional offices: Regional Office for Africa (RAF) Mr. Eduardo Mansur, Senior Forestry Officer Gamul Abdul Nasser Road PO Box GP 1628 Accra, Ghana Tel: +233 (0) Sub-Regional Office for West Africa (SFW) Mr. Fernando Salinas, Forestry Officer Gamul Abdul Nasser Road PO Box GP 1628 Accra, Ghana Tel: +233 (0) Sub-Regional Office for Southern Africa (SFS) Mr. Edward Kilawe, Forestry Officer P.O. Box 3730, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel: +263 (0) Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa (SFE) Mr. Michel Laverdiere, Forestry Officer Kirkos Sub City, Kebele 01, House No. 126, Bole Road, Addis Ababa, Etiopía Tel: +251 (0) Sub-Regional Office for Central Africa (SFC) Mr. Jean-Claude Nguinguiri, Forestry Officer P.O. Box 2643, Libreville, Gabon Tel: +241 (0) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) Mr. Masakazu Kashio, Forest Resources Officer 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200, Thailand Tel: +66 (0) Sub-Regional Office for Central Asia (SEC) Mr. Dominique Reeb, Senior Forestry Officer Ivedik Cad. No. 55, Ankara, Turkey Tel: +90 (0)

47 Sub-Regional Office for the Pacific Islands (SAPA) Mr. Aru Mathias, Forestry Officer Private Mail Bag Apia, Samoa Tel: +685 (0) Regional office for Latin America and the Caribbean (RLC) Mr. Mario Mengarelli, Forestry Officer Avenida Dag Hammarskjold, 3241, Vitacura Casilla Santiago, Chile Tel: (+56 2) Sub-Regional Office for the Caribbean (SLAC) Mr. Claus Eckelmann, Forestry Officer PO Box 631-C Bridgetown, Barbados Tel: UNECE/FAO Timber Section in Geneva Mr. Christopher Prins, Senior Forestry Officer Timber Section Palais des Nations CH Geneva 10 Tel.: Fax: Claus.Eckelmann@fao.org Christopher.Prins@fao.org Sub-Regional Office for Central and Eastern Europe (SEUR) Mr. Volker Sasse, Forestry Officer Volker.Sasse@fao.org Benczúr utca 34 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36 (0) Regional Office for the Near East (RNE) Mr. Pape. Kone, Senior Forestry Officer P.O. Box , El Eslah El Zerai Street Dokki, Cairo, Egypt Tel: +20 (0) Pape.Kone@fao.org 47

48 Appendix 1 Example of country reporting for table T1 The following example illustrates country reporting for table T1, following the structure proposed in the Template for Country Reporting. The example shows how the standard methodology can be applied when completing a reporting table. The data in this example are entirely hypothetical and do not correspond to any specific country. Table T1 Extent of Forest and Other wooded land FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Category Forest Other wooded land Other land Other land with tree cover (Subordinated to Other land ) Inland water bodies Definition Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Land not classified as Forest, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. All land that is not classified as Forest or Other wooded land. Land classified as Other land, spanning more than 0.5 hectares with a canopy cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity. Inland water bodies generally include major rivers, lakes and water reservoirs. National data Data sources References to sources of Quality Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments information (H/M/L) a) Smith, B National Pine forest and mangrove inventory. Hypothetical country M 1 Land use, Forest cover, Growing stock 1986 National inventory of pine and mangrove forests covering the whole country, using remote sensing and field sample plots. b) Grove 2000, N. Forestry national report on state of the forest to the year 2000 for Hypothetical country. M 1 Forest cover 1992 Analysis of forest cover based on satellite images. 1 Assessed as Medium quality M. The source document provides information based on remote sensing without field sample plots. 1

49 Classification and definitions National class Coppice forest Pine forest Wetlands Forest land Non-forest land Definition The coppice hardwood forests are native forests of various hardwood species such as buttonwood, mahogany, gum elemi, rat wood, black ebony, braziletto, horseflesh and red cedar. Pine forests of Pinus caribaea. Land that includes the mangrove forest ecosystems which occurs predominantly on the shores of the country covering the 80 percent of the total wetland. It also includes swamps, and low lands. Includes all land classified as Coppice forest, Pine forest and Wetlands. Includes all land not classified as forest land. Information on threshold values (canopy cover, tree height, etc.) used for defining Forest and Other wooded land in FRA 2010 is not defined in national definitions. For that reason, based on local expert advice, it is assumed that national definitions of "pine forests", "coppice forest" and "mangrove forest" correspond with the FRA 2010 thresholds for classifying them as "Forest". Original data National class ha 1000 ha Pine forest Coppice forest Wetland Total forest land Non-forest land Total land area ) Estimated from original data as: Total forest land area - area of pine forest area of wetland 2) Estimated from original data as: Total land area Total forest land area Note that national data does not provide any assessment of the area of Coppice forest. Additionally, the inventory of the mangrove forests (Smith, 1988) showed that of the wetlands, 80% of the area was covered by mangrove forests and the remaining 20% were swamps. Analysis and processing of national data Calibration Source Total land area (1000 hectares) National data 1000 FAOSTAT 1007 Calibration factor 1,007 2

50 Estimation and forecasting Area 1000 hectares National classes Pine forest Coppice forest Wetlands Total forest land area Non-forest land area Total land area There has been no change in the categories of Coppice forest and Wetland forest as these are under protection since the year (Forestry Department 2008) 2 Calibrated national data (a calibration factor of 1,007 was used). 3 Data for the year 1990 was estimated using linear interpolation of the calibrated data from 1986 and Similarly, data for years 2000, 2005 and 2010 were forecasted using the same linear trend. Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories National classes Forest OWL Other land Total OLWTC Pine forest 1 100% 100% n.a. Coppice forest 1 100% 100% n.a. Wetlands 2 80% 20% 100% n.a. Non-forest land area 1 20% 80% 100% n.a. 1 Assessment based on expert knowledge. 2 Inventory of mangrove forest (Smith, 1988). Data for Table T1 FRA 2010 categories Area (1000 hectares) Forest Other wooded land Other land of which with tree cover n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Inland water bodies TOTAL

51 Comments to Table T1 Variable / category Forest Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Comments on the reported trend Other wooded land Other land Other land with tree cover Inland water bodies Data on area of inland water bodies from FAOSTAT Other general comments to the table The main weakness in the existing national data is the lack of information on the Coppice forest. Another weakness is that there is no national information available on Other land, and particularly the part of Other land that has a tree cover. Expected year for completion of ongoing/planned national forest inventory and/or RS survey / mapping Field inventory Remote sensing survey / mapping 4

52 Appendix 2 List of UN official country areas Table 2.1 Country area, Land area and Inland water area (1000 ha) Year 2005 Country Country area Land area Inland water Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan, Republic of Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem Republic of Congo, Republic of Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Is (Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Islands Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon Gambia FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division January *=Source Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) The World Factbook 1

53 Table 2.1 Country area, Land area and Inland water area (1000 ha) Year 2005 Country Country area Land area Inland water Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala *Guernsey 7.8 Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti *Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep of Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan *Jersey 11.6 Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem People's Rep Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia,The Fmr Yug Rp Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia,Fed States of Moldova, Republic of *Monaco Mongolia *Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Is FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division January *=Source Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) The World Factbook 2

54 Table 2.1 Country area, Land area and Inland water area (1000 ha) Year 2005 Country Country area Land area Inland water Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine, Occupied Tr Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Islands Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda *Saint Barthelemy 2.1 Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia *Saint Martin 5.44 Saint Pierre & Miquelon Saint Vincent/Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal *Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname *Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands 6102 Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania, United Rep of Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Is Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay US Virgin Islands Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela,Bolivar Rep of Viet Nam Wallis and Futuna Is Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division January *=Source Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) The World Factbook 3

55 Appendix 3 Industrial roundwood and Woodfuel production Table 3.1 Production of industrial roundwood (1000 m 3 under bark) Table 3.1 Production of industrial roundwood (1000 m 3 under bark) Year Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan, Republic of Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem Republic of Congo, Republic of Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Islands Finland France French Guiana FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division January

56 Table 3.1 Production of industrial roundwood (1000 m3 under bark) Year Country Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guadeloupe Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep of Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Dem People's Rep Korea, Republic of Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia,The FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nepal FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division January

57 Table 3.1 Production of industrial roundwood (1000 m3 under bark) Year Country Netherlands New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Réunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Sierra Leone Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania, United Rep of Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay USSR Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela,Bolivar Rep of Viet Nam Yugoslavia SFR Zambia Zimbabwe FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division January

58 Table 3.2 Production of woodfuel (1000 m 3 under bark) Table 3.2 Production of woodfuel (1000 m 3 under bark) Year Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan, Republic of Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo, Dem Republic of Congo, Republic of Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Islands Finland France French Guiana FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division January

59 Table 3.2 Production of woodfuel (1000 m3 under bark) Year Country Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guadeloupe Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep of Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, DPR Korea, Republic of Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia,The FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nepal FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division January

60 Table 3.2 Production of woodfuel (1000 m3 under bark) Year Country Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Réunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Sierra Leone Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania, United Rep of Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom USA Uruguay USSR Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela,Bolivar Rep of Viet Nam Yemen Yugoslavia SFR Zambia Zimbabwe FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division January

61 Appendix 4 General weight and volume conversion factors Units Metric Equivalents 1 Inch = 25.4 millimetres 1 Square foot = square metre 1 Cubic foot = square metre 1 Short ton = metric ton 1 Long ton = metric ton Table Approximate Equivalents for Forest Measures Product and Unit Cubic Meters (u.b.) Cubic Feet (u.b.) Sawlogs & veneer logs Solid volume without bark 1000 board/super feet Pulpwood round and split 1 stere cord Woodfuel 1 stere cord stacked cubic feet Table Weight and Volume Kg/CUM CUM/MT Product G C NC G C NC Woodfuel, incl. wood for charcoal Wood charcoal 167 Sawlogs and Veneer logs Tropical Other Pulpwood, round and split Other industrial roundwood Sawnwood Veneer sheets Plywood Particle board Hard board Medium density fibreboard (MDF) 2 Insulating board Note: G = General; C = Coniferous; NC = Non-coniferous Source: FAO forestry statistics Series 171 (pub. 2001). 1

62 Appendix 5 Default values and conversion factors for estimating biomass and carbon. The tables in this Appendix (except Table 5.8) are extracted from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4, chapters 2 and 4. For further details on the tables, see the source document which is available for download at: Table 5.8 is extracted from the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry, This Appendix contains the following tables: Table 5.1 Climate domains, climate regions, and ecological zones... 2 Table 5.2 Carbon fraction of aboveground forest biomass... 4 Table 5.3 Ratio of below-ground biomass to above-ground biomass... 5 Table 5.4 Default biomass conversion and expansion factors... 6 Table 5.5 Above-ground biomass in forest plantations... 7 Table 5.6 Basic wood density of tropical tree species... 9 Table 5.7 Basic wood density of selected temperate and boreal tree taxa Table 5.8 Default biomass expansion factors Table 5.9 Default values for litter and dead wood carbon stocks Table 5.10 Default reference soil organic C stocks for mineral soils

63 TABLE CLIMATE DOMAINS (FAO, 2001), CLIMATE REGIONS (CHAPTER 3), AND ECOLOGICAL ZONES (FAO, 2001) Domain Tropical Climate domain Domain criteria all months without frost; in marine areas, temperature >18 C Climate region Tropical wet Tropical rain forest TAr Tropical moist Tropical dry Ecological zone Zone Code Zone criteria Tropical moist deciduous forest Tropical dry forest Tropical shrubland TAwa TAWb TBSh wet: 3 months dry, during winter mainly wet: 3-5 months dry, during winter mainly dry: 5-8 months dry, during winter semi-arid: evaporation > precipitation Tropical desert TBWh arid: all months dry Subtropical Temperate Boreal Polar 8 months at a temperature >10 C 4-8 months at a temperature >10 C 3 months at a temperature >10 C all months <10 C Tropical montane Warm temperate moist Warm temperate dry Warm temperate moist or dry Cool temperate moist Cool temperate dry Cool temperate moist or dry Tropical mountain systems TM altitudes approximately >1000 m, with local variations Subtropical humid forest SCf humid: no dry season Subtropical dry forest Subtropical steppe SCs SBSh seasonally dry: winter rains, dry summer semi-arid: evaporation >precipitation Subtropical desert SBWh arid: all months dry Subtropical mountain systems Temperate oceanic forest Temperate continental forest Temperate steppe Temperate desert Temperate mountain systems SM TeDo TeDc TeBSk TeBW k TeM altitudes approximately 800 m m oceanic climate: coldest month >0 C continental climate: coldest month <0 C semi-arid: evaporation > precipitation arid: all months dry altitudes approximately >800 m Boreal moist Boreal coniferous forest Ba coniferous dense forest dominant Boreal dry Boreal tundra woodland Bb Boreal moist or dry Polar moist or dry woodland and sparse forest dominant Boreal mountain systems BM altitudes approximately >600 m Polar P all months <10 C Climate domain: Area of relatively homogenous temperature regime, equivalent to the Köppen-Trewartha climate groups (Köppen, 1931). Climate region: Areas of similar climate defined in Chapter 3 for reporting across different carbon pools. Ecological zone: Area with broad, yet relatively homogeneous natural vegetation formations that are similar, but not necessarily identical, in physiognomy. Dry month: A month in which Total Precipitation (mm) 2 x Mean Temperature (ºC). 2

64