Evaluation of Timber Extraction Machines in Turkey

Transcription

1 American Journal of Environmental Sciences 1 (1): 8185, 2005 ISSN X Science Publications, 2005 Evaluation of Timber Extraction Machines in Turkey 1 Necmettin Senturk and 2 Tolga Ozturk 1 Department of Forest Construction and Transportation, Faculty of Forestry University of Istanbul, Bahcekoy, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Department of Forest Construction and Transportation, Faculty of Forestry University of Istanbul, Bahcekoy, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract: In forestry, like every kind of production, production works require a productive power. This productive power can be provided by both human power or animal and machines which are used by human beings. The production of wood raw material are formed various stages that continues from the productive place to market center. These work stages depend on each other like rings of a chain. Success and failures in each stage effect the next stage. However the increasing of forest product that is formed in our country recently, now hauling has been still made with old patterns, such as sliding, throwing, circling, transport with human, skidding with animals on direct ground. Besides special forest tractors and skylines are used in some areas. In this study researched technical features and work performances of MB Trac tractors and skylines in Turkey. Key words: Tractor, Skyline, Logging, Hauling, Forest Operation, Turkey INTRODUCTION The production of wood raw material are formed various stages that continues from the productive place to market center. These work stages depend on each other like rings of a chain. Success and failures in each stage effect the next stage. The transport of forestry products is realized in two stages. The first one is the primary transport stage which involves the haulage of timbers, while the second one is the secondary transport stage involving the main stage of transport of timbers, generally realized by trucks on forest roads [1]. However the increasing of forest products need that is formed in our country recently, now hauling has been still made with old patterns, such as sliding, throwing, circling, transport with human, skidding with animals on direct ground. Besides special forest tractors and skylines are used in some areas. The level of harvesting mechanization in developed countries is higher than Turkey. While mechanical harvesting is about percent 86 in Austria that is similar to Turkey, this ratio is about percent 9 in Turkey [2]. Protuctive forest are generally, found in mountainous areas which have %40 80 gradient in Turkey. Timber haulage studies are usually practised with tractor winches that have double or single drums. Timbers are skidded directly on the surface with the shape of cable hauling by tractor winches. Another way of timber haulage is to benefit from skylines. Tractors are used in areas wich have % 3055 slope gradient. But skylines are used in areas that have % 5575 slope gradient [3]. Koller K300, URUS MIII and Gantner skylines are used in East Blacksea forest areas. Special forest tractors like MB Trac and farm tractors. Like steyr 768, Ferguson are used in almost whole forest areas in Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Turkey, with 97% of its land in Asia and 3% in Europe continents, is located between 42 06' 35 51' N latitude and 25 40' 44 48' E longitudes. Turkey is surrounded with the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Marmara and the Aegean Sea, has an area of hectares [4]. As of the end of 2003, the total forest area in Turkey is hectares. This figure is 26.6% of Turkey s area. High quality forests and coppice forests spread over hectares account for 50.9% of the total forest area, coppice forests spread over hectares account for 49.1% of the total forest area. According to 2003 figures, the percent of coniferous forest in the total forest area is 53.9 and that of deciduous forest is Production capacities are approximately m³/year in high quality forests and m³/year in coppice forests, respectively [56]. Overall ratio of mechanization is relatively low. Approximately percentage of man power, animal power, machine power and skyline harvesting are 72%, 15%, 8% and 5%, respectively. The need for forest roads in total in Turkey was km and that km portion on which, corresponding to 66.25% constructed by end of al park at Forestry General Directorate in Turkey has been improved 187 MB Trac tractors, 68 farm tractors (adapted), 19 Koller K300 skyline, 15 URUS MIII skyline and 3 Gantner skyline machines as of 2004 as illustrated in Table 1. 81

2 American J. Environmental Sci., 1 (1): 8185, 2005 Table 1: Amount of Extraction Machines Used in Turkey (2004 Year) 4X4 Tractors Skylines MB MB MB MB Administration Trac Trac Trac Trac Flat M. Urus Koller Romork of forest Unimog Steyr Ford Fordson Ferguson Tumosan Universal MIII Gantner K300 K300 Total Adana 3 3 Adapazari Amasya Ankara Antalya Artvin Balikesir Bolu Bursa Canakkale Denizli Elazig 3 3 Erzurum Eskisehir Giresun Isparta Istanbul Izmir K.Maras 3 3 Kastamonu Konya 1 1 Kutahya Mersin Mugla Sinop Trabzon Zonguldak Total Gen. Total Table 2: Technical Features of MB Trac Tractors [8] Features MB Trac 800 MB Trac 900 MB Trac 1000 MB Trac 1100 Machine Power Weight Drawing Power Speed Cylinder Cylinder Capacity Cooling System Speed front back Vinch Mark Cable Diameter Cable Length Cable Speed 540 tour 1000 tour Lift up Power Depot Capacity Machine Type 75 HP (55 kw) 6000 kg 60 HP (44,2 kw) 4 cylinder 3780 cm³ km/hour 2000 dan 120 lt OM HP (63 kw) 6000 kg 72,9 HP (53,7 kw) 4 cylinder 3780 cm³ km/hour 2000 dan 120 lt OM HP (70 kw) 7000 kg 76 HP (56 kw) 6 cylinder 5675 cm³ km/hour 5000 dan 170 lt OM HP (81 kw) 9000 kg 89 HP (66 kw) 6 cylinder 5675 cm³ km/hour 5000 dan 170 lt OM352 Technical Features and Work Performance of Tractors: These tractors go into the yarder side with skidding roads and strips. In this areas tractors are used in two ways. The first way is; while tractors is staying on the road, to draw the product up to the road, which is found under the road or on the road, with the help of winch line. The second way is; to timber haulage the product directly on the surface, with skidding, while tractor is entering up to the yarder side. MB Trac tractor types are being used especially at mountain areas in Turkey. These tractors are showed technical features Table 2. In areas which has %3055 gradient, MB Trac forest tractors can work comfortably. But farm tractors can work generally in areas which has a gradient until %30. Weight and dimension of the product that is skidded by forest tractors, is more than the weight and dimension of the product that is skidded by farm tractors. And also the movement capacity of forest tractors is higher than the movement capacity of farm tractors. Forest tractors 82

3 American J. Environmental Sci., 1 (1): 8185, 2005 Table 3: Data of the MB Trac and Farm Tractors in Turkey Average Average Average Average Fuel Average Machines distance(m) output (m³ h 1 ) output (m³/day) consume (lt h 1 ) slope (%) Pulling with cable MB Trac ,336 66, MB Trac ,328 50, MB Trac ,813 70, Steyr ,382 35, Skidding on roads with tractors MB Trac ,813 30, M Ferguson 400 6,360 50, Table 4: Technical Features of Gantner, URUS MIII and Koller K300 Skylines [89] Technical features KOLLER K300 URUS MIII GANTNER Base Machine Power of machine Maximum cable speed Maximum skyline length Total weight Height of tower Brake type Maximum number of drums Carriage Cables (thickness x length) Skyline Main line Guyline Haulback line Auxiliary line Ford 1180 DTH 50 HP 300 m 1600 kg 7 m 2 Koller SKA 1 16 mm/300 m 16 mm/300 m 15 mm/3 X 30 m Mercedes 1500T trucks 70 HP 6 m sec m 8500 kg 8,7 m 4 Koller SKA 2,5 22 mm/600 m /600 m 16 mm/50 m /1200 m 10 mm/600 m 45 HP 7,5 m sec m 1420 kg 1 Koller SKA 2,5 24 mm/2000 m 16 mm/2000 m 15 mm/3 X 30 m Fig. 1: Tractor and Gantner Skyline have many axle height. Because of this they move more comfortably in skidding strips and roads. Yield vaules of work which had done with tractors and the study informations of machines are given in Table 3. Technical Features and Work Performance of Skylines: In Turkey, forest skylines are various types such as 1) Koller K300 skylines, 2) URUS MIII skylines, 3) Gantner skylines. Also, MB Trac tractor types are being used especially at mountain areas. If the distance of maximum 300 m, Koller K300 skyline makes a transport. If the distance is max. 600 m, we use URUS MIII skyline and if the distance is between 1500 and 2000 m, Gantner skyline is used for transport. Koller K300 skyline and Gantner skyline which is assembles to trailer, transport from below to above also above to below. Skylines types are being used especially at mountain areas in Turkey. These skylines are showed technical features Table 4. 83

4 American J. Environmental Sci., 1 (1): 8185, 2005 Table 5: Data of the Different Skylines in Turkey Average Average Average Average Fuel Average transporting Costs Skylines Distance (m) Output (m³ h 1 ) Output (m³/day) Consume (lt h 1 ) time(min) ($ m 2 ) Koller K ,889 23,114 2,5 11,58 4,49 Koller K ,012 80,096 2,5 6,10 3,48 URUS MIII , ,448 3,5 5,30 4,13 URUS MIII 350 7,906 63,248 3,0 17,13 5,24 Gantner 300 6,423 51,384 3,0 12,12 4,10 Gantner 800 2,234 37,032 3,0 15,28 5,06 Koller and URUS MIII skyline are mobile. Installation and uninstallation periods of these skylines are short. And also they are transported from a yarder side another very quickly. Assembly and dissembly periods of Gantner skylines are so long because of long institution and condition of lands. Koller and URUS skylines generally transport the product which is in the timber condition like this: One of the tip of product is transported surface and the other is in hook by these skylines. But Gantner skyline transports the timber completely in hook. In to posations, average times of timber haulage works and yields of machines are shown in Table 5. As it is show in the Tablo 5, URUS MIII skyline s hour product was found as 7,9 and 12,9 m³ when the distance is 250 and 350 m. Koller K300 skyline s hour product was found as 2,8 and 10,0 m³ when the distance is between 150 and 225 m. Gantner skyline s hour product was found as between 2,26,4 m³ when the distance is between m. Under these conditions, the fuel consumption of skylines change between 3 and 4 liters per hour. In skylines, average of 34 workers are worked according to land conditions of loading area, species of product which is timber haulaged and the intensity of work in the ramp. CONCLUSION al park at Forestry General Directorate in Turkey has been improved 187 MB Trac tractors Fig. 2: Koller K300 and URUS MIII Skyline (4X4 and assembled shovel) and skidding vinches, 68 farm tractors (adapted), 19 Koller K300 skyline, 15 URUS MIII skyline and 3 Gantner skyline machines at During the construction of forest roads, with the dependence of the length of road, the land between 1,0 2,0 ha is lost trees and plants. During the studies of road constructions in rocky lands and mountainous lands like the region of Turkey, big damages occur in stands which are remained under the road. During the construction studies, stones and rocks which roll to the bottom, damage to trees and plants that are under the road. Because of this, it is suitable that these lands are possibly opened with skylines and tractors, instead of being opened roads for only production. During the skidding of product with the help of tractors, treees and sapling which are found in the environment and also soil of forest can be damaged. Because of this, skidding strips and road must be opened in a place where the tractors are used. So, the roading in forest is increased but the drawing distance of tractors is decreased. Skidding roads and strips must be done in a definite plan. These plans must be definetly suitable for an area and also practices must be put in order according to these plans. A wrong way, which is followed in the stage of timber hauling, causes spending more power and more money and also spending more time in timber hauling. It also causes less amount and quality of 84

5 American J. Environmental Sci., 1 (1): 8185, 2005 product. In addition, it will be damaged the soil of forest and youth. In respect of this study, the skylines and tractors unit volume transport expenses are more less than the other hauling methods (hauling with human and animal power). If we produce forest product cheaper and high quality, the profit of Forest Districts will be too much. REFERENCES 1. Ozturk, T., T. Aykut and H.H. Acar, The Time Analyses on Koller K300 Mobile Skylines in Artvin Region. Workshop on New Trends in Wood Harvesting with Cable Systems for Sustainable Forest Management in the Mountains, Ossiach, Austria, pp: Aykut, T., H.H. Acar and N. Senturk, An Investigation on the Comparison of Koller K300, Urus MIII and Gantner Skylines Used for Extraction from Compartment in Artvin Region. Review of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey, Vol Bayoğlu, S., Forest Transportation Planning. University of Istanbul Paper No. 3941, ISBN , Istanbul, Turkey. 4. SIS, The Prime Ministry State Institute of Statistics (SIS) of The Republic of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey, 5. GDF, Turkish General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara, Turkey, 6. STO, The Prime Ministry State Planning Organization of The Republic of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey, 7. Demir, M. and T. Ozturk, The Evulation of Forest Roads in Turkey. International Conference Logistics of Wood Technical Production in the Carpathian Mountains, Zvolen, The Slovak Republic, pp: Ozturk, T., The Possibilities of Using Skyline Cranes in Artvin Forests in Turkey. I.U. Review of the Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul, Turkey, Vol Ozturk, T., The Time Analysis on Urus MIII Mobile Skylines in Artvin Region. Logistics of Wood Technical Production in the Carpathian Mountains, Zvolen, The Slovak Republic, pp: