Development Orthodoxy: Persistent policy failure in the Himalayas

Transcription

1 Development Orthodoxy: Persistent policy failure in the Himalayas Netra Chhetri Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes Arizona State University Fast Facts millions population (25.2% living below poverty) Ranked 157 th out of 187 countries (HDR, 2013) High juvenile malnutrition (47% under 5 are stunted and 36% underweight) 1/3 rd of working age male population migrate for work Agriculture is one of the largest contributors to national GDP (36%) Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 1 1

2 investment in agricultural development is crucial Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 2.struggle for agricultural development continues in mythical Shangri-La Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 3 2

3 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 4 Courtesy: M. Shrestha One of the unique features of Nepal s agriculture is its close coupling among crop, forest, rangeland & other common resources Courtesy: M. Shrestha Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5 3

4 Courtesy: M. Shrestha Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 6 Forms of agricultural development Bottom-up Top-down Generating income Managing risk Building capacity Confronting Livelihoods Large scale Clumsy Elegant Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 7 4

5 Forms of engagement Social mobilization Participatory Top-down Bilateral Small scale Large scale Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 8 Economic development activities Small and diverse Specific and targeted Livelihoods Market driven Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 9 5

6 Engagement and participation Courtesy: LI-BIRD Women in knowledge production Symbolic but changing Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 10 Capacity building Livelihoods focus Economic development Courtesy: LI-BIRD Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 11 6

7 Managing risk Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 12 Agro-biodiversity increases the system s resiliency Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 13 7

8 Confronting challenges Water harvesting Conservation farming Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 14 Funded by ADB, and implemented by the GON, the thrust of HIMALI project is the formation of commercially viable agribusinesses in the mountain region of Nepal Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 15 8

9 Attract investment in the production of highvalue agricultural products, value-added agribusiness that links producers to markets, and the packaging and marketing of processed agricultural products for both the domestic and export markets Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 16 Educate farmers for enterprise creation, expansion and marketing of the local products; Provide business plan and assist to grant applications with commercially viable business plans Gather input and output market information Develop agribusiness promotion and networking value chain linkages. Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 17 9

10 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 18 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 19 10

11 4 /Day = NRs 490 NRs 180/day NRs 50/day NRs 90/day Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 20 Courtesy: BB Tamang It is seen as development success Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 21 11

12 Farmer/entrepreneur Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 22 There is a constant supply of knowledge from outside Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 23 12

13 Jersey gets to eat the best Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 24 Farmers are even growing forage instead of food Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 25 13

14 Buckwheat is increasingly replaced by forage Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 26 There is market for milk Courtesy: BB Tamang Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 27 14

15 It is me - Lulu 3 L Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 28 Courtesy: BB Tamang No investment Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 29 15

16 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 30 NGO started operating in Nepal in LI-BIRD is committed to capitalizing on local initiatives for the sustainable management of renewable resources and to improving the livelihoods of resource-poor and marginalized people. It has been recognized as a center of excellence for its contribution for developing and promoting good practices for on-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity. Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 31 16

17 Participatory Plant Breeding Judi 582 Lumle 2 Mansara 5 Gulmi 2 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 32 Domain/Re gion Terai/inner Terai/Mid hill river basins Mid-hills High-hills Upland Judi 582, Barkhe 1027, Barkhe 1036 Medium land Barkhe 2014, Sunaulo Sugandha, Barkhe Mansara 4 Biramphul 3, Improved PJB Lumle 2 Lowland Barkhe 3004, Barkhe 3019 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 33 17

18 Community Seed Banks Local seed security through seed banks key to adaptation and mitigation using diverse crop varieties Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 34 Neglected and Underutilized Species Winter Bean Air potato Water Spinach Fit weed or Culantro Yam Rosella or Sorrell Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 35 18

19 Lease Based Farming Provide lease land to the vulnerable communities as source of income which increase their adaptive capacity. Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 36 Integrated Hedgerow Hedgerow technology for improving ecological stability of the sloping lands, reduce erosion and enhance carbon sequestration Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 37 19

20 Clumsy Solutions Multiple Outcomes Elegant solution to a problem Single outcome Community-based biodiversity fare Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 38 Orthodoxy around development in the Himalayas Livelihoods focus Economic development Participation Specialization Social mobilization Social exclusion Focus on local Top-down Co-creation Vulnerability focus External support Market driven Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 39 20

21 When good is not good enough Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 40 21