Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc. August 2016

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1 Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc. August 2016

2 Current Impacts on Canada s Forests Observed impacts already occurring Increasing length of growing season 12 days between Mean Spring thaw date 13 days earlier Tree lines expanding upward in elevation drought event of unprecedented length and extent Increased fire incidence Mountain pine beetle infestation in BC interior Increasing severity of disturbance nation wide Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

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7 Extreme weather - climate change is projected to cause an increase in the frequency of extreme events 2012 Drought- Eastern Ontario 1998 Ice Storm Eastern Ontario 2004 Wind damage - Quetico 1-2 million hectares of forest storm damage in last 10-years, AFFM Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

8 Forests and woodlots help fight climate change at many levels Forests sequester carbon - Ontario s forests are projected to be a significant carbon sink in the 21 st century (live trees, downed woody debris, soils) Forest products store carbon, and provide material to substitute for highemission products (steel, concrete, plastics). Forest biomass provides renewable bio-energy widely used already in forest industry, reduces emissions by offsetting the use of fossil fuel Adaptation and Resiliency - Increasing forest cover on the landscape of southern Ontario will help restore ecosystem function and health making our environment more resilient to the effects of Climate Change Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

9 Sustainably managed forests contribute to mitigating climate change In the long term, a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks, while producing an annual sustained yield of timber, fibre, or energy from the forest, sustained will generate the largest mitigation benefit. (IPCC Climate Change 2007: Mitigation)

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11 Cavity Trees Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

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13 Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc. Cavity Trees Good Crowns 8 per ha Roost / nesting Feeding Escape

14 Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc. Leaf nests fine twigs and leaves/needles

15 Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc. Stick Nests Stick nest builders Eagles, ospreys, herons Broad-winged, Cooper s, goshawk, red-shouldered, red-tailed, sharp-shined hawks Crows, ravens Stick nest users Barred, great grey, great horned, long-eared owls Merlin

16 Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc. Cooper s hawk Red shouldered hawk Goshawk

17 Mast Trees 8 mast trees/ha 25+ cm dbh oak, beech, cherry, hickory, basswood, butternut, walnut, ironwood Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

18 Winter Cover blocks wind traps heat alters snow depth and density Browse plots Food source Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

19 Supercanopy Trees Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

20 Vernal Pools Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

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23 Landowner Requirements Minimum 1 hectare (2.5 acres) Landowner agrees to protect forest for 15 years Employ good forestry practises Apply for site visit online Contact a local plant partner- Westwind! Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

24 Assessing the Site! Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

25 Preparing the site Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

26 Species to Plant! Red Pine White Pine White Spruce Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

27 After the Plant! Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

28 Tending the trees Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

29 Property Signs Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

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31 Asian Long Horned Beetle Asian Long-horned Beetle found in Mississauga, Ontario Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

32 Beech Bark Disease Cryptococcus fagisuga & Nectria faginata

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34 Beech Bark Disease Causes death of American Beech trees Result from a combination of an insect-created wound and fungal infection Recently detected outbreak in Ontario Photo Credit: forestryimages.org Future beech will be stunted and deformed Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

35 The Insect Beech scale insect Forms in colonies on the bark of the tree Woolly white tufts Larva hatch on bark and crawl Find a suitable place on the bark and feed Photo Credit: D.K.B. Cheung Secrete woolly wax cover for protection Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

36 Symptoms Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

37 Effect on ecosystem Potential changes in food availability for wildlife Loss of habitat for cavity-nesting Beech may be eliminated Heavy root sprouting can occur around dead and dying trees, ensuring that beech remains in the stand, but these stems become infected and highly defective. Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

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39 Landowners Make keeping beech in your forest a priority Take note of any resistant tolerant trees Remove heavily infested canker trees Do not move wood Urban tree owners- removal of hazard trees Power wash off the scale insect Application of a dormant oil Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

40 Emerald Ash Borer Agrilus planipennis

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42 Appearance Adults: Dark metallic green Elongated bullet-shaped bodies 8.5mm long and 1.6mm wide Flat head with black eyes Larvae: Creamy-white 10 bell-shaped abdominal segments Four instars (stages of larvae) Fully-mature larvae are 26-32mm long Photo Credit: yourleaf.org Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

43 Impacts & Damage Larvae bore holes and tunnels and feed on new sapwood Distinctive D shaped holes when adults emerge Tree is girdled and will die Adult beetles feed on ash leaves Photo Credit: extension.iastate.edu Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

44 Signs and Symptoms of EAB Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

45 More Symptoms Candace Karandiuk

46 Managing ash forests enhancing tree species diversity Thin stands to remove ash component Remove defective or diseased trees Follow basal area guidelines (stocking) Promote regeneration of non-ash tree species Retain non-ash species Retain trees with significant wildlife value (e.g., cavity trees) Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

47 Hemlock Woolly Adelgid a native of Asia, 1/32 inch long reddish purple insect that lives within its own protective coating. White, woolly masses that shelter these sap-feeding insects are at the bases of hemlock needles along infested branches. The presence of these white sacs, which resemble tiny cotton balls, indicate that a tree is infested. Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc.

48 Invasive species, pests and disease Dog Strangling Vine As winters get warmer with climate change, the number of pests and diseases that survive the winter may increase, leading to greater outbreaks and infestations. Invasive species take advantage of disturbance regardless of its cause. Buckthorn Eastward march of Mountain Pine Beetle Garlic Mustard Steve Munro - 21 August Westwind Forest Stewardship Inc