Improving the Cost-Efficiency of Small-diameter Energy Wood Harvesting from Early Thinnings in Finland

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1 Improving the Cost-Efficiency of Small-diameter Energy Wood Harvesting from Early Thinnings in Finland Kalle Kärhä, Aaron Petty & Heikki Pajuoja Metsäteho Oy Tore Högnäs, Metsähallitus Arto Mutikainen, TTS Research Improving the...formec

2 Use of Wood-based Fuels in Finland, and Target for Use of wood-based fuels (TWh) Biofuels & Pellets Small combustion of wood Forest chips Industrial wood residues and by-products Black liquor Sources: Pekkarinen 2010, Statistics Finland 2010 Improving the...formec

3 Logging Residues Small-diameter Wood Stumps Large-sized (rotten) Roundwood Kalle Kalle Kalle Kärhä Kärhä: / Metsäteollisuuden Kärhä: / Puubiomassan Improving / Suomen Bioenergia Forest the metsäenergiapotentiaalit hyödyntäminen Chip puuperäiset missä...formec Production mennään jätteet energian 2011 tällä & in Metsäenergiapuu hetkellä? Finland tuotannossa Kalle Kärhä 3

4 Use of Forest Chips in Finland Use of forest chips, TWh TWh 0.5 mill. m Small-sized dwellings Other Large-sized (rotten) roundwood Stump wood Logging residues Small-sized whole trees Source: Ylitalo 2011 Improving the...formec

5 Use of forest chips in heating and power plants in Finland, 2010 Affecto Finland Oy, Licence L8010/09. Source: Ylitalo 2011 Improving the...formec

6 Use of forest chips in heating and power plants in Finland, Share, % > 200 GWh , , ,9 2 9,9 1 1,9 < 1 0 Of number of plants Of energy content used Source: Ylitalo 2011 Improving the...formec

7 Potential (TWh) Use of Forest Chips vs. Potentials in Finland Stump wood Logging Residues Small-sized thinning wood 10 /t CO2 20 /t CO2 30 /t CO2 40 /t CO2 Theoretical Technoecological Techno-economical Domestic industrial roundwood cuttings were 57 mill. m 3 and the subsidy for chips from small-diameter thinning wood from young stands 4 /MWh. Sources: Kärhä et al. 2009, Ylitalo 2010 Improving the...formec

8 Supply Chains of Forest Chips 2010 in Finland Source: Kärhä 2011 Improving the...formec

9 Harvesting Methods of Small-sized Thinning Wood Improving the...formec

10 Optional Harvesting Methods for Young Stands I) Separate Wood Harvesting Methods: Separate harvesting of roundwood (i.e. pulpwood) with single tree cutting Separate harvesting of roundwood (i.e. pulpwood) with multi-stem handling Separate harvesting of energy wood (whole trees) Separate harvesting of energy wood (delimbed stemwood). II) Integrated Wood Harvesting Methods: Integrated harvesting of roundwood (i.e. pulpwood) and energy wood (i.e. whole trees) Integrated harvesting of roundwood (i.e. pulpwood) and energy wood (i.e. delimbed stemwood). Improving the...formec

11 Separate Harvesting of Whole Trees for Energy Harvesting only energy wood (whole trees) from the site. Whole trees are bucked for the length of forest haulage. Drawing: Juha Varhi Improving the...formec

12 Separate Harvesting of Whole Trees for Energy Crane Scale Measuring Improving the...formec 2011 Drawings: Juha Varhi 12

13 Crane Scale Measuring Devices LoadMaster Multi Forest Ponsse LoadOptimazer Bluescale XW 50L Tamtron TBS 200 Valmet John Deere Improving the...formec

14 Separate Harvesting of Whole Trees for Energy Recovering also energy wood from stand. High removals. Multiple-tree handling. Stem processing as little as possible. High cutting productivity. Low cutting costs. Small load size in forest haulage. High forwarding costs. Careful selection of harvesting sites (e.g. spruce-dominated stands, infertile soils, and terrains with poor carrying capacity are problematic). Burning of pulpwood. Improving the...formec

15 Separate Harvesting of Delimbedstem Wood for Energy Harvesting only energy wood (delimbed stemwood) from the site. Trees harvested are delimbed and bucked for the length of forest haulage. Drawing: Juha Varhi Improving the...formec

16 Separate Harvesting of Delimbed Stemwood for Energy Crane Scale Measuring Drawings: Juha Varhi Improving the...formec

17 Separate Harvesting of Delimbed Stemwood for Energy Multiple-tree processing. Larger load size than with whole trees. Low forwarding costs. No risk for nutrient loss. Spruce-dominated stands, infertile soils, and terrains with poor carrying capacity. High-quality fuel chips, i.e. higher price for chips. Timber truck optional for road transportation. Optional crushing at the plant. No recovering all possible energy wood fraction. Lower removals than in wholetree harvesting. Felling heads in cutting. Lower cutting productivity than with whole trees. Higher cutting and harvesting costs than with whole trees. Burning of pulpwood. Improving the...formec

18 Integrated Harvesting of Pulpwood and Energy Wood (Whole Trees) Energy wood fraction (whole trees) for energy generation. Pulpwood fraction for pulping. Industrial roundwood and energy wood (whole trees) harvested from the logging area are stacked in the cutting phase into two separate piles. Drawing: Juha Varhi Improving the...formec

19 Energy Wood, Softwood Pulpwood and Hardwood Pulpwood Stacked into Separate Piles Softwood Pulpwood Hardwood Pulpwood Energy Wood (Whole Trees) Improving the...formec Kärhä, 2011 Högnäs, Kumpare, Kovettu & Mutikainen 19

20 Multiple-tree Processed Softwood Pulpwood Improving the...formec Kärhä, 2011 Högnäs, Kumpare, Kovettu & Mutikainen 20

21 Moipu 400ES Ponsse H53e >> MTH >> Feeding John Deere H412 Timberjack H Improving the...formec

22 Integrated Harvesting of Pulpwood and Energy Wood (Whole Trees) Grapple Scale Measuring Drawings: Juha Varhi Improving the...formec

23 Integrated Harvesting of Pulpwood and Energy Wood (Whole Trees) High total removals. Multiple-tree handling. Cutting productivity almost at the same level than in whole-tree cutting. Low cutting costs. Flexibility (changes in top diameter of pulpwood poles). Good quality of multi-stem processed pulpwood. No burning of pulpwood. Felling heads in cutting. Small load size with whole trees. High forwarding costs with whole-tree fraction. Careful selection of harvesting sites (e.g. spruce-dominated stands, infertile soils, and terrains with poor carrying capacity are problematic). Improving the...formec

24 Integrated Harvesting of Pulpwood and Energy Wood (Delimbed Stemwood) Energy wood fraction (delimbed stem wood) for energy generation. Pulpwood fraction for pulping. Industrial roundwood and energy wood (delimbed stemwood) harvested from the logging area are stacked in the cutting phase into two separate piles. Drawing: Juha Varhi Cost-efficient Small-sized Improving the Energy...FORMEC Wood Harvesting 2011 Methods... 24

25 Integrated Harvesting of Pulpwood and Energy Wood (Delimbed Stemwood) Crane Scale Measuring Drawings: Juha Varhi Improving the...formec

26 Integrated Harvesting of Pulpwood and Energy Wood (Delimbed Stemwood) Multiple-tree processing. Low forwarding costs. Quality of multi-stem processed pulpwood. No risk for nutrient loss. Spruce stands, infertile soils, and terrains with poor carrying capacity. High-quality fuel chips, i.e. higher price for chips. Timber truck optional. Optional crushing ath the plant. No burning of pulpwood. No recovering all possible energy wood fraction. Lower total removals. Felling heads in cutting. Lower cutting productivity. Higher cutting and harvesting costs. Improving the...formec

27 One cost calculation The Best Method? Separate pulpwood Separate whole trees (Roadside) Separate whole trees (Plant) Separate delimbed wood (Roadside) Separate delimbed wood (Plant) Integrated pulpwood and whole trees (Roadside) Integrated pulpwood and whole trees (Plant) Integrated pulpwood and delimbed wood (Roadside) Integrated pulpwood and delimbed wood (Plant) Profit ( /ha) Improving the...formec

28 One cost calculation The Best Method? Separate pulpwood Separate whole trees (Roadside) Separate whole trees (Plant) Separate delimbed wood (Roadside) Separate delimbed wood (Plant) Integrated pulpwood and whole trees (Roadside) Integrated pulpwood and whole trees (Plant) Integrated pulpwood and delimbed wood (Roadside) Integrated pulpwood and delimbed wood (Plant) Profit ( /ha) Improving the...formec

29 +Demand for energy wood Impacts of Market Situation on Selection of Harvesting Method Separate Energy Wood Harvesting Integrated Energy Wood and Pulpwood Harvesting Demand for pulpwood + Separate Pulpwood Harvesting Source: Kärhä & Mutikainen 2009 Improving the...formec

30 Impacts of Harvesting Conditions on Selection of Harvesting Method Separate Whole-tree Harvesting Integrated Delimbed Stemwood and Pulpwood Harvesting Separate Pulpwood Harvesting Stem size of removal Source: Kärhä 2010 Improving the...formec

31 Thank you! Improving the...formec