Baling of residual forest biomass. Antti Asikainen Finnish Forest Research Institute

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2 Baling of residual forest biomass Antti Asikainen Finnish Forest Research Institute

3 3 Storyline Densification of residual forest biomass Development of baling/bundling technologies Productivity of biomass bundling Costs of bundling based systems SWOT analysis of bundlers/balers

4 4 Densification of residual forest biomass Transport of air is expensive Logging residues Whole trees Wood chips Baled residues Round wood

5 5 Development of bundling technologies Principle was introduced in 1980 s in Garpenberg, Sweden Fiberpac and Woodpac prototypes were constructed in 1990 s in Sweden In 2000 s Timberjack bought product rights of Fiberpac and started production About 50 bundlers were built

6 6 Bundlers for logging residues

7 7 Bundler for young forest 2004 first prototype was introduced felling-buching of trees, slow feeding 2009 second version More efficient engine, stroke feeding head 2012 FX 15a was introduced Nisula s cutting head with blades Improved productivity

8 8 Harvesting with Whole-tree Bundler Fixteri FX15a Small whole trees are the most important forest fuel source in Finland Density of whole trees is low -> high transport costs Bundling increases density and makes loading/unloading faster Smaller area for road-side storage is needed A joint study of Metla, Skogforsk and Fixteri Oy in 2013 (Björheden & Nuutinen 2013)

9 9 Work conditions in young forests Young dense rich undergrowth Young dense no undergrowth Normal first thinning Before cutting 4033 trees/ha years 2836 trees/ha years 1999 trees/ha years Removal, whole trees After cutting Pine/Spruce/Birch 3216 trees/ha 2019 trees/ha 1266 trees/ha 27 dm 3 44 dm 3 84 dm trees/ha 57 dm 3 73/2/ trees/ha 45 dm 3 100/0/0 733 trees/ha 76 dm 3 86/5/9

10 10 Productivity of bundling 9.7 m 3 /E 0 -h in the young dense rich undergrowth 11.9 m 3 /E 0 -h young dense no undergrowth m 3 /E 0 -h first thinning

11 11 DELIVERY CHAIN COSTS ON-SITE CRUSHING In the on-site crushing chain, the costs of the Fixteri concept remain lower than the delivery price in all average yield volumes examined. The Fixteri concept is the most cost-competitive at sites with small tree stock where the difference between the costs for stem and whole tree is significant. EUR/m 3 Whole tree Stem Fixteri bale Average factory price for forest chips Improvement of young stands First thinnings The costs refer to solid cubic meters Average yield volume, dm³ SIPILÄ, E:, PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMY OF FIXTERI BAILING TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL BIOENERGY CONFERENCE, SEPTEMBER , HELSINKI 11

12 12 DELIVERY CHAIN COSTS ROAD-SIDE CHIPPING In the road-side chipping chain, the costs of the Fixteri concept remain below the delivery price when the average yield volume is approximately 40 dm³ or larger. The Fixteri concept is the most cost-competitive in sites with small tree stock, but the difference with the costs for whole tree is small. EUR/m 3 Stem Whole tree Fixteri bale Average factory price for forest chips Improvement of young stands First thinnings The costs refer to solid cubic meters Average yield volume, dm³ SIPILÄ, E:, PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMY OF FIXTERI BAILING TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL BIOENERGY CONFERENCE, SEPTEMBER , HELSINKI 12

13 13 SWOT of bundling Strengths Transport density increases, lower forwarding and truck transport costs Smaller storage area needed Cost competitive in early thinnings Weaknesses High initial investment for bundler Very limited stand conditions, where competitive Purpose built machine that can not be used for other works

14 14 SWOT of bundling Opportunities Plenty of early thinnings in Finland and also elsewhere in Europe Cost competitiveness of the concept can be further increased Threaths Bundling of fresh trees leads to nutrient losses Trend towards bigger energy trees and delimbing of stems

15 15 Naarva felling head, Catalonia, Spain Source: Lopez, Rodriguez & Navarro, 2014

16 16 Cost structure of machinery Labor cost Capital cost Fuel & maintenance chipper excavator large forwarder forwarder harvester Share of total costs, % Source:Laitila & al 2010

17 Diesel electric hybrid chipper, case Kesla Visedo super capacitor for energy storage Smaller diesel engine Lower noice and emissions Lower fuel consumption 17

18 18 Thank you :: Gracias Antti Asikainen Finnish Forest Research Institute The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ ) under grant agreement nº