Our comments are focusing on a methodology used for the small-scale A/R CDM project activities applied especially in intertidal zones.

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1 The Charman and the Members of the CDM Executve Board c/o UNFCCC Secretarat P. O. Box D Bonn Germany 14 May 2007 Dear Madam or Sr, RE: Comments on Smplfed Baselne and Montorng Methodologes for Small-scale CDM Afforestaton or Reforestaton Project actvtes Appled on Wetlands (Especally on Intertdal zones) We welcome efforts made by the AR Workng Group and the Executve Board to develop smplfed baselne and montorng methodologes for small-scale afforestaton and reforestaton project actvtes under the clean development mechansm appled on wetlands and settlement. To respond to call for publc nput, we would lke to make comments on the smplfed baselne and montorng methodologes for small-scale A/R CDM project actvtes appled on wetlands. Our comments are focusng on a methodology used for the small-scale A/R CDM project actvtes appled especally n ntertdal zones. Afforestaton or reforestaton n ntertdal zones should be promoted because t has beneft not only of GHG removals but also of adaptaton. We beleve that an A/R CDM project n ntertdal zones s one of the most effectve tools to promote adaptaton wth economc ncentves, and ths s one of the few mechansms to encourage nvolvement of low ncome communtes. The processes of GHG removals/emssons related to afforestaton or reforestaton n ntertdal zones are complcated, therefore, t has been takng much tme to complete the methodologes. In vew of promotng A/R CDM project actvtes n ntertdal zones and encouragng use of the methodologes, we propose mnmum requrements to smplfy methodologes for small-scall A/R CDM project actvtes appled on wetlands. Our submsson s focused on project emssons from A/R CDM project actvtes n ntertdal zones whch could reduce removals acheved by the project actvtes, however, ths s not to encourage strct and detaled rules for the same. Instead, we propose ths based on assumptons that GHGs emssons from project actvtes s one of the barrers hamperng the development of the methodologes and solvng ths would move thngs forward. Exstng smplfed baselne and montorng methodologes for small-scale CDM afforestaton or reforestaton project actvtes are appled on grassland and cropland. As to a methodology appled on ntertdal zones, we propose to revse the extng baselne and montorng methodologes as follows: (a) To dentfy CO 2 and N 2 O emssons from desccaton of sol due to sedmentaton by afforestaton or reforestaton on ntertdal zones as the project emssons, and (b) To add sze of the desccated project area as an tem to be montored. 1

2 Our proposals are based on the followng consderaton of dfference between afforestaton or reforestaton on ntertdal zones and grassland/cropland n terms of GHG emssons/removals. (a) To dentfy CO 2 and N 2 O emssons from desccaton of sol due to sedmentaton by afforestaton or reforestaton on ntertdal zones as the project emssons If afforestaton or reforestaton takes place on ntertdal zones, sedments such as leaves, twgs and branches would be accumulated n the project ste trapped n roots and stems of the trees. It wll lead to ncrease the elevaton of the land and desccate the sol n the project ste. When the project ste s elevated wth sedmentaton and dred, CO 2 and N 2 O could be emtted from the desccated sol. Therefore, we propose to dentfy them as project emssons. Whle the proposed project ste s submerged, GHGs could be emtted from the sol n the proposed project ste, however, ths happens wth or wthout the proposed project actvty. In other words, GHGs could be emtted from the submerged sol n the proposed project ste n both baselne scenrao and project scenaro. Therefore, we consder that t s not necessary to regard these emssons as the project emssons. The methods to estmate CO 2 and N 2 O emssons from the desccated sol are as follows: ( EFdran _ C * 44 /12 EFdran _ N *(44 / 28)*310 /1000) Adran( t) N + E = * N E(t) = GHG emssons from desccaton of sol at tme t under the project scenaro (t CO 2-e /yr) EF dran_c = C emsson from desccaton of sol (t-c/ha/yr) EF dran_n = N emsson as N 2 O from desccaton of sol (kg-n 2 O-N/ha/yr) A dran(t) = Desccated project actvty area at tme t under the project scenaro (ha) 44/12 = Converson factor from ton C to ton CO 2 equvalent (t CO 2 /t C) 44/28 = Converson factor from ton N to ton N 2 O equvalent (t N 2 O/t N) 310 = GWP for N 2 O (t CO 2 /t N 2 O) Documented local values for EF dran_c and EF dran_n should be used. In the absence of such values, natonal default values should be used. If natonal values are also not avalable, the values should be obtaned from table and table 3a.2.1 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. (b) To add sze of the desccated project area as an tem to be montored As dscussed n the tem (a) above, CO 2 and N 2 O wll be emtted from the desccated sol. For the ex post estmaton of them, the sze of the desccated project area should be montored. Therefore, we propose to add sze of the desccated project area as an tem to be montored. At the same tme, we propose that the desccated area s defned as the area whch s not submerged even durng hgh tde except n the event of typhoons or hurrcanes. Ths defnton s proposed n order to smplfy the procedure to determne the desccated area as ths s the methodologes for small scale A/R CDM project actvtes whch are developed by low ncome communtes. Draft methodologes for small-scale A/R CDM project actvtes on ntertdal zones are attached to ths submsson as a reference. The revsed paragraphs from the extng methodologes are hghlghted n the attached draft methodologes. 2

3 We would greatly apprecate f the AR Workng Group and the CDM Executve Board could consder abovementoned comments at ther next meetngs. Sncerely yours, Kazuko YAMAGUCHI Tatsush HEMMI Global Envronment Department, Pacfc Consultants Co., Ltd. In collaboraton wth Mr. Namo TANI, Tash Desgn Offce These comments are based on the results of the feasblty study conducted on a small-scale A/R CDM project n an ntertdal zone as a part of the "CDM/JI Feasblty Study Programme" funded by the Mnstry of the Envronment, Japan. 3

4 Revsed smplfed baselne and montorng methodologes for selected small-scale afforestaton and reforestaton project actvtes under the clean development mechansm I. Introducton 1. Ths document contans smplfed baselne and montorng methodologes for selected small-scale afforestaton and reforestaton (A/R) clean development mechansm (CDM) project actvtes. Specfcally t covers: (a) A smplfed baselne methodology and default factors for small-scale A/R project actvtes mplemented n ntertdal zones (wetlands); (b) A smplfed montorng methodology, based on approprate statstcal methods, to estmate, measure and montor the actual net greenhouse gas (GHG) removals by snks and leakage. 2. The most lkely baselne scenaro of the small-scale A/R CDM project actvty mplemented n ntertdal zones s consdered to be the land-use pror to the mplementaton of the project actvty. 3. These smplfed baselne and montorng methodologes are not applcable to ntertdal zones that have been ploughed before the plantaton s establshed. Also, they do not apply to project actvtes where the dsplacement of households or actvtes, due to the mplementaton of the A/R CDM project actvty, s estmated to be larger than 50 per cent. 4. In accordance wth decson 14/CP.10, project partcpants may propose new smplfed methodologes or amendments to these smplfed montorng methodologes for project actvtes for whch these would not be applcable. Such proposed new methodologes would be submtted to the CDM Executve Board for consderaton and approval. 5. Before usng smplfed methodologes, project partcpants shall demonstrate whether: (a) The land of the project actvty s elgble, usng procedures for the demonstraton of land elgblty contaned n appendx A; (b) The project actvty s addtonal, usng the procedures for the assessment of addtonalty contaned n appendx B. II. General gudance 6. Carbon pools to be consdered by these methodologes are above-ground bomass, below-ground bomass and sol organc carbon. Herenafter, above-ground bomass and below-ground bomass are referred to collectvely as lvng bomass pool. Values chosen for parameters to estmate changes n carbon stocks n the baselne and montorng methodologes, as well as the choce of approach, shall be justfed and documented (ncludng sources and references) n the clean development mechansm small-scale afforestaton and reforestaton project desgn document (CDM-SSC-AR-PDD). The choce of equatons and values for parameters shall be conservatve,.e., the net anthropogenc GHG removals by snks shall not be overestmated. Ref_1

5 III. Smplfed baselne methodologes for small-scale afforestaton and reforestaton project actvtes under the clean development mechansm 7. Smplfed methodologes for estmatng the baselne net GHG removals by snks are based on the baselne approach specfed by paragraph 22 (a) of the modaltes and procedures for afforestaton and reforestaton project actvtes under the clean development mechansm: Exstng or hstorcal, as applcable, changes n carbon stock n the carbon pools wthn the project boundary. 8. Accordng to decson 14/CP.10, annex, appendx B, paragraphs 2 and 3: If project partcpants can provde relevant nformaton that ndcates that, n the absence of the small-scale afforestaton or reforestaton project actvty under the CDM, no sgnfcant changes n the carbon stocks wthn the project boundary would have occurred, they shall assess the exstng carbon stocks pror to the mplementaton of the project actvty. The exstng carbon stocks shall be consdered as the baselne and shall be assumed to be constant throughout the credtng perod. If sgnfcant changes n the carbon stocks wthn the project boundary would be expected to occur n the absence of the small-scale afforestaton or reforestaton project actvty, project partcpants shall use the smplfed baselne methodology contaned n ths document. 9. In order to assess f sgnfcant changes n the baselne carbon stocks wthn the project boundary would have occurred n absence of the project actvty, project partcpants shall assess whether changes n carbon stocks n the baselne land-use type (wetlands), n partcular the lvng bomass pool of woody perennals 1 and the below-ground bomass of wetlands, are expected to be sgnfcant. They shall provde documentaton to prove ths, for example, by ncludng expert judgment, and proceed as follows: (a) If sgnfcant changes n the carbon stocks, n partcular the lvng bomass pool of woody perennals and the below-ground bomass of wetlands, are not expected to occur n the absence of the project actvty, the changes n carbon stocks shall be assumed to be zero; (b) If the carbon stock n the lvng bomass pool of woody perennals or n below-ground bomass of grasslands s expected to decrease n the absence of the project actvty, the baselne net GHG removals by snks shall be assumed to be zero. In the above case, the baselne carbon stocks n the carbons pools s constant at the level of the exstng carbon stock measured at the start of the project actvty; (c) Otherwse, baselne net GHG removals by snks shall be equal to the changes n carbon stocks from the lvng bomass pool of woody perennals or from below-ground bomass of wetlands that are expected to occur n the absence of the project actvty and shall be estmated usng the methodology n secton III.A below. A. Estmatng baselne net greenhouse gas removals by snks 10. Baselne net GHG removals by snks wll be determned by the equaton: t) I ( BA( t) BB( t) B ( = + )* A (1) 1 Woody perennals refers to the non-tree vegetaton (for example coffee, tea, rubber or ol palm) and shrubs that are present n croplands and grasslands below the thresholds (of canopy cover, mnmum area and tree heght) used to defne forests. Ref_2

6 B (t) = carbon stocks n the lvng bomass pools wthn the project boundary at tme t n the absence of the project actvty (t C) B A(t) = carbon stocks n above-ground bomass at tme t of stratum n the absence of the project actvty (t C/ha) B B(t) = carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t of stratum n the absence of the project actvty (t C/ha) A = project actvty area of stratum (ha) = stratum (I = total number of strata) 11. Stratfcaton of the project actvty for the purposes of estmatng the baselne net GHG removals by snks shall proceed n accordance wth secton of the Good Practce Gudance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry of the Intergovernmental Panel on Clmate Change (IPCC) (herenafter referred to as the IPCC GPG for LULUCF). For each stratum, the followng calculatons shall be performed as shown below. For above-ground bomass 12. B A(t) s calculated per stratum as follows: B = M *0.5 (2) A B A(t) = carbon stocks n above-ground bomass at tme t n the absence of the project actvty (t C/ha) M (t) = above-ground bomass at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) = carbon fracton of dry matter (t C/t dry matter) Values for M (t) shall be estmated usng average bomass stock and growth rates specfc to the regon usng the followng equaton, takng nto account the provsons of paragraph If lvng bomass carbon pools are expected to be constant accordng to paragraph 9.a and 9.b, the average above-ground bomass stock s estmated as the above-ground bomass stock n grass and woody perennals: M (3) ( t= 0) = M = M grass + M woody( t= 0) M (t) M grass M woody(t) = above-ground bomass at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) = above-ground bomass n grass on grassland at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) = above-ground woody bomass of woody perennals at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) If lvng bomass carbon pools are expected to ncrease accordng to paragraph 9.c, the average bomass stock s estmated as the above-ground bomass stock n grass plus the age-dependent above-ground bomass stock n woody vegetaton: 2 dm = dry matter Ref_3

7 M (4) ( t= 0) = M grass + M woody( t= 0) f: M woody( t= n 1) + g * Δt < M woody _ max then M ( t= n) = M grass + M woody( t= n 1) + g * Δt (5) f: M woody( t= n 1) + g * Δt M woody _ max then M = = M + M (6) ( t n) grass woody _ max M (t) = above-ground bomass at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) M grass = above-ground bomass n grass on grassland at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) M woody (t) = above-ground woody bomass of woody perennals at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) M woody_max = maxmal above-ground woody perennals at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) g = annual bomass growth rate of woody perennals (t dm/ha/year) Δt n = tme ncrement = 1 (year) = runnng varable that ncreases by Δt = 1 for each teratve step, representng the number of years elapsed snce the project start (years) 14. Documented local values for g should be used. In the absence of such values, natonal default values should be used. If natonal values are also not avalable, the values should be obtaned from table of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. 15. Documented local values for M woody_max should be used. In the absence of such values, natonal default values should be used. If natonal values are also not avalable, the values should be obtaned from table 3A.1.8 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. For below-ground bomass 16. B B(t) s calculated per stratum as follows: If lvng bomass carbon pools are expected to be constant accordng to paragraph 9.a and 9.b, the average below-ground carbon stock s estmated as the below-ground carbon stock n grass and n woody bomass: ( M * R M R ) B = * (7) B( t= 0) BB( t) = 0.5* grass grass + woody( t= 0) woody B B(t) = carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) M grass = above-ground bomass n grass on grassland at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) M woody (t) = above-ground woody bomass at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) R woody = root to shoot rato of woody perennals (t dm/t dm) = root to shoot rato for grassland (t dm/t dm) R grass If lvng bomass carbon pools are expected to ncrease accordng to paragraph 9.c, the average Ref_4

8 below-ground carbon stock s estmated as the above-ground carbon stock n grass plus the age-dependent above-ground carbon stock n woody vegetaton: ( M * R M R ) B = * (8) B( t= 0) 0.5* grass grass + woody( t= 0) woody f: f: M = + g Δt < M then woody( t n 1) * woody _ max [ M * R + ( M + g * t) R ] B = * (9) B( t n) = 0.5* grass grass woody( t= n 1) Δ M woody( t= n 1) + g * Δt M woody _ max then B = ( M * R M * R ) (10) B( t n) = 0.5* grass grass + woody _ max woody woody B B(t) = carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) M grass = above-ground bomass n grass on grassland at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) M woody (t) = above-ground woody bomass of woody perennals at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t dm/ha) R woody = root to shoot rato for woody perennal (t dm/t dm) R grass = root to shoot rato for grassland (t dm/t dm) g = annual bomass growth rate of woody perennals (t dm/ha/year) Δt = tme ncrement = 1 (year) n = runnng varable that ncreases by Δt = 1 year for each teratve step, representng the number of years elapsed snce the project start (years) 0.5 = carbon fracton of dry matter (t C/t dm) 17. Documented local values for R grass and R woody should be used. In the absence of such values, natonal default values should be used. If natonal values are also not avalable, the values should be obtaned from table of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. B. Actual net greenhouse gas removals by snks 18. Actual net GHG removals by snks consder the changes n lvng bomass pools and CO 2 and N 2 O emsson from desccaton of sol for the project scenaro. The stocks of carbon for the project scenaro at the startng date of the project actvty 3 (t=0) shall be the same as the baselne stocks of carbon at the startng date of the project (t=0). Therefore: N B (11) ( t = 0) = ( t = 0) For all other years, the carbon stocks wthn the project boundary at tme t (N (t) ) shall be calculated as follows: I ( N A( t) + N B( t) N = )* A (12) 3 The startng date of the project actvty should be the tme when the land s prepared for the ntaton of the afforestaton or reforestaton project actvty under the CDM. In accordance wth paragraph 23 of the modaltes and procedures for afforestaton and reforestaton project actvtes under the CDM, the credtng perod shall begn at the start of the afforestaton and reforestaton project actvty under the CDM (see UNFCCC web ste at < Ref_5

9 N (t) = total carbon stocks n bomass at tme t under the project scenaro (t C) N A(t) = carbon stocks n above-ground bomass at tme t of stratum under the project scenaro (t C/ha) N B(t) = carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t of stratum under the project scenaro (t C/ha) A = project actvty area of stratum (ha) = stratum (I = total number of strata) 19. GHG emssons from desccaton of sol shall be estmated through the followng equatons: ( EFdran _ C * 44/12 EFdran _ N *(44/ 28)*310/1000) Adran( t) N = + (13) E * N E(t) = GHG emssons from desccaton of sol at tme t under the project scenaro (t CO 2-e /yr) EF dran_c = C emsson from desccaton of sol (t-c/ha/yr) EF dran_n = N emsson as N 2 O from desccaton of sol (kg-n 2 O-N/ha/yr) A dran(t) = Desccated project actvty area at tme t under the project scenaro (ha) 44/12 = Converson factor from ton C to ton CO 2 equvalent (t CO 2 /t C) 44/28 = Converson factor from ton N to ton N 2 O equvalent (t N 2 O/t N) 310 = GWP for N 2 O (t CO 2 /t N 2 O) 20. Documented local values for EF dran_c and EF dran_n should be used. In the absence of such values, natonal default values should be used. If natonal values are also not avalable, the values should be obtaned from table and table 3a.2.1of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. 21. Stratfcaton for the project scenaro shall be undertaken n accordance wth secton of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. The calculatons shown below shall be performed for each stratum. For above-ground bomass 22. N A(t) s calculated per stratum as follows: N = T *0.5 (14) A N A(t) = carbon stocks n above-ground bomass at tme t under the project scenaro (t C/ha) T (t) = above-ground bomass at tme t under the project scenaro (t dm/ha) 0.5 = carbon fracton of dry matter (t C/t dm) T( t ) = SV( t) * BEF * WD (15) T (t) = above-ground bomass at tme t under the project scenaro (t dm/ha) SV (t) = stem volume at tme t for the project scenaro (m 3 /ha) BEF = bomass expanson factor (over bark) from stem volume to total volume (dmensonless) WD = basc wood densty (t dm/m 3 ) 23. Values for SV (t) shall be obtaned from natonal sources (such as standard yeld tables). Documented local values for BEF should be used. In the absence of such values, natonal default values should be used. If natonal values are also not avalable, the values should be obtaned from table 3A.1.10 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. Documented local values for WD should be used. In the absence of such values, natonal default values shall be consulted. If natonal default values are also not avalable, the Ref_6

10 values should be obtaned from table 3A.1.9 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. For below-ground bomass 24. N B(t) s calculated per stratum as follows: N B = T( t) * R *0.5 (16) N B(t) = carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t under the project scenaro (t C/ha) T (t) = above-ground bomass at tme t under the project scenaro (t dm/ha) R = root to shoot rato (dmensonless) 0.5 = carbon fracton of dry matter (t C/t dm) 25. Documented natonal values for R should be used. If natonal values are not avalable, approprate values should be obtaned from table 3A.1.8 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. C. Leakage 26. Accordng to decson 14/CP.10, annex, appendx B, paragraph 9: If project partcpants demonstrate that the small-scale afforestaton or reforestaton project actvty under the CDM does not result n the dsplacement of actvtes or people, or does not trgger actvtes outsde the project boundary, that would be attrbutable to the small-scale afforestaton or reforestaton project actvty under the CDM, such that an ncrease n greenhouse gas emssons by sources occurs, a leakage estmaton s not requred. In all other cases leakage estmaton s requred. 27. In regons where the lands surroundng the project actvty contan no sgnfcant bomass (.e. degraded land wth no or only a few trees or shrubs per hectare) and f evdence can be provded that these lands are lkely to receve the shfted actvtes wthout causng further actvty shftng, leakage can be consdered nsgnfcant. Such evdence can be provded e.g. by demonstratng based on experts judgment or scentfc lterature that these lands have the bophyscal potental to receve the shftng pre-project actvtes and that the legal status of these lands or local tradton allows ther use for shftng pre-project actvtes. 28. In all other cases, project partcpants should assess the possblty of leakage from the dsplacement of actvtes or people by consderng the followng ndcators: (a) Percentage of famles/households of the communty nvolved n or affected by the project actvty dsplaced due to the project actvty; (b) Percentage of total producton of the man produce wthn the project boundary dsplaced due to the project actvty; 29. If the value of each of these ndcators s lower than 10 per cent, then L 0 (17) = L (t) = leakage attrbutable to the project actvty wthn the project boundary at tme t (t C) 30. If the value of one of these ndcators s hgher than 10 per cent and less than or equal to 50 per cent, then leakage shall be equal to 15 per cent of the actual net GHG removals by snks, that s: Ref_7

11 L = N *0.15 (18) t L (t) = leakage attrbutable to the project actvty wthn the project boundary at tme t (t C) N (t) = carbon stocks n the lvng bomass pools wthn the project boundary at tme t under the project scenaro (t C) 31. As ndcated n paragraph 3 above, f the value of any of these ndcators s larger than 50 per cent, net anthropogenc removals by snks cannot be estmated. 32. If project partcpants consder that the use of fertlzers would be sgnfcant leakage of N 2 O (>10 per cent of the net anthropogenc GHG removals by snks) emssons should be estmated n accordance wth the IPCC Good Practce Gudance and Uncertanty Management n Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores (herenafter referred to as IPCC GPG). D. Ex ante estmaton of net anthropogenc greenhouse gas removals by snks 33. Net anthropogenc greenhouse gas removals by snks s the actual net GHG removals by snks mnus the baselne net GHG removals by snks mnus leakage. 34. The resultng temporary certfed emsson reductons (tcers) at the year of verfcaton tv are calculated as follows: tcer ( N( tv) B( tv) L( tv) ) N E( ) 44/12* tv = (19) f changes n carbon stock are consdered to be equal to zero, then B (tv) = B (t=0) and L = (f requred, see paragraph 30 above) (20) 0.15* N( tv) tcer (tv) = tcers emtted at year of verfcaton tv (t CO 2 ) N (tv) = carbon stocks n the lvng bomass pools wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv under project scenaro (t C) B (tv) = carbon stock n the lvng bomass pools wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t C) L (tv) = leakage attrbutable to the project actvty wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv (t C) N E(tv) = GHG emsson from desccaton of sol wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv under project scenaro (t CO 2-e ) tv = year of verfcaton 44/12 = converson factor from t C to t CO 2 equvalent (t CO 2 /t C) 35. The resultng long-term certfed emsson reductons (lcers) at the year of verfcaton tv are calculated as follows: lcer tv /12 [( N N( tv κ ) ) L( tv) ] ( N E( tv) ) tv κ ( N N ) = 44 (21) * L (f requred, see paragraph 30 above) (22) = 0.15* ( tv κ ) N κ N for the frst verfcaton (23) ( tv ) = ( t= 0) Ref_8

12 lcer (tv) = lcers emtted at year of verfcaton tv (t CO 2 ) N (tv) = carbon stocks n the lvng bomass pools wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv under project scenaro (t C) L (tv) = leakage attrbutable to the project actvty wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv (t C) N E(tv) = GHG emsson from desccaton of sol wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv under project scenaro (t CO 2-e ) tv = year of verfcaton κ = tme span between two verfcatons 44/12 = converson factor from t C to t CO 2 equvalent (t CO 2 /t C) 36. Project partcpants should provde n the CDM-SSC-AR-PDD a projecton of the net anthropogenc GHG removals as tcers or lcers for all credtng perods. IV. Smplfed montorng methodology for small-scale afforestaton and reforestaton projects under the clean development mechansm A. Ex post estmaton of the baselne net greenhouse gas removals by snks 37. In accordance wth decson 14/CP.10, appendx B, paragraph 6, no montorng of the baselne s requested. Baselne net GHG removals by snks for the montorng methodology wll be the same as usng the smplfed baselne methodology n secton III. A above. B. Ex post estmaton of the actual net greenhouse gas removals by snks 38. Before performng the samplng to determne any changes n carbon stocks, project partcpants need to measure and montor the area that has been planted. Ths can be performed through, for example, on-ste vsts, analyss of cadastral nformaton, aeral photographs or satellte magery of adequate resoluton. 39. Once project partcpants have selected the method to montor the area that has been planted, ths method should be used to montor the performance of the planted areas throughout the project actvty. If sgnfcant underperformance s detected, changes n carbon stocks from such areas shall be assessed as a separate stratum. 40. Carbon stocks shall be estmated through stratfed random samplng procedures and the followng equatons: I ( PA + PB P = )* A (24) P (t) = carbon stocks wthn the project boundary at tme t acheved by the project actvty (t C) P A(t) = carbon stocks n above-ground bomass at tme t of stratum acheved by the project actvty durng the montorng nterval (t C/ha) P B(t) = carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t of stratum acheved by the project actvty durng the montorng nterval (t C/ha) Ref_9

13 A = project actvty area of stratum (ha) = stratum (I = total number of strata) 41. GHG emssons from desccaton of sol shall be estmated through the followng equatons: ( EFdran _ C * 44 /12 EFdran _ N *(44 / 28)*310 /1000) Adran( t) P = + (25) E * P E(t) = GHG emssons from desccaton of sol at tme t by the project actvty (t CO 2-e /yr) EF dran_c = C emsson from desccaton of sol (t-c/ha/yr) EF dran_n = N emsson as N 2 O from desccaton of sol (kg-n 2 O-N/ha/yr) A dran(t) = Desccated project actvty area at tme t under the project scenaro (ha) 44/12 = Converson factor from ton C to ton CO 2 equvalent (t CO 2 /t C) 44/28 = Converson factor from ton N to ton N 2 O equvalent (t N 2 O/t N) 310 = GWP for N 2 O (t CO 2 /t N 2 O) 42. Stratfcaton for samplng shall be the same as the stratfcaton for the ex ante estmaton of the actual net GHG removals by snks (secton III.B above). The calculatons shown below wll be performed for each stratum. For above-ground bomass 43. P A(t) s calculated per stratum as follows: P = E *0.5 (26) A P A(t) = carbon stocks n above-ground bomass at tme t acheved by the project actvty durng the montorng nterval (t C/ha) E (t) = estmate of above-ground bomass at tme t acheved by the project actvty (t dm/ha) 0.5 = carbon fracton of dry matter (t C/t dm) 44. E (t) shall be estmated through the followng steps: (a) Step 1: Desgn a statstcally sound samplng procedure. Such procedures should be desgned accordng to the standard methods descrbed n secton of the IPCC GPG LULUCF. Addtonal strata should be consdered subsequently for areas affected by fres and pests. Ths procedure ncludes the specfcaton of the number, type and sze of permanent plots and should be descrbed n the CDM-SSC-AR-PDD. The allowed precson target for montorng shall be not larger than ± 10 per cent, at a 95 per cent confdence level for the mean; (b) Step 2: Establsh and mark permanent plots and document ther locaton n the frst montorng report; (c) Step 3: Measure the dameter at breast heght (DBH) or DBH and tree heght, as approprate; ths measure whch should be stated n the montorng reports; (d) Step 4: Estmate the above-ground bomass (AGB) usng allometrc equatons developed locally or natonally. If these allometrc equatons are not avalable: () Opton 1: Use allometrc equatons ncluded n appendx C to ths report or n annex 4A.2 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF; Ref_10

14 () Opton 2: Use bomass expanson factors and stem volume as follows: E( t ) = SV * BEF * WD (27) E (t) = estmate of above-ground bomass at tme t acheved by the project actvty (t dm/ha) SV = stem volume (m 3 /ha) WD = basc wood densty (t dm/m 3 ) BEF = bomass expanson factor (over bark) from stem volume to total volume (dmensonless) 45. Project partcpants shall use the default BEF proposed by the IPCC GPG for LULUCF, specfcally for tropcal broad-leaved speces, n order to obtan a conservatve estmate of total bomass. 46. SV shall be estmated from on-ste measurements usng the approprate parameters (such as DBH or DBH and heght). Consstent applcaton of BEF should be secured on the defnton of stem volume (e.g. total stem volume or thck wood stem volume requres dfferent BEFs). 47. Documented local values for WD should be used. In the absence of such values, natonal default values should be used. If natonal values are also not avalable, the values should be obtaned from table 3A.1.9 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. For below-ground bomass 48. P B(t) shall be estmated for each stratum as follows: PB = E( t) * R*0.5 (28) P B(t) = carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t acheved by the project actvty durng the montorng nterval (t C/ha) R = root to shoot rato (dmensonless) 0.5 = carbon fracton of dry matter (t C/t dm) 49. Documented natonal values for R should be used. If natonal values are not avalable, the values should be obtaned from table 3A.1.8 of the IPCC GPG for LULUCF. 50. If root to shoot ratos for the speces concerned are not avalable, project proponents shall use the allometrc equaton developed by Carns et al. (1997) or a more representatve equaton taken from the IPCC GPG for LULUCF, Table 4.A.4: 4 ( *ln E )*0. 5 P B = exp + (29) P B(t) = carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t acheved by the project actvty durng the montorng nterval (t C/ha) E (t) = estmate of above-ground bomass at tme t acheved by the project actvty (t dm/ha) 0.5 = carbon fracton of dry matter (t C/t dm) 4 Carns, M.A., S. Brown, E.H. Helmer, G.A. Baumgardner (1997). Root bomass allocaton n the world s upland forests. Oecologa (1):1 11. Ref_11

15 C. Ex post estmaton of leakage 51. In order to estmate leakage, project partcpants shall montor, for each montorng perod, each of the followng ndcators: (a) Percentage of famles/households of the communty nvolved n or affected by the project actvty dsplaced due to the mplementaton of the project actvty; (b) Percentage of total producton of the man produce wthn the project boundary dsplaced due to the project actvty. 52. If the values of these ndcators for the specfc montorng perod s lower than 10 per cent, then L 0 (30) = L (t) = Leakage attrbutable to the project actvty wthn the project boundary at tme t (t C) 53. If the value of one of these ndcators s hgher than 10 per cent and less than or equal to 50 per cent, then leakage shall be equal to 15 per cent of the actual net GHG removals by snks, that s: L = P *0.15 (31) L (t) = Leakage attrbutable to the project actvty wthn the project boundary at tme t (t C) P (t) = Carbon stocks n the lvng bomass pools wthn the project boundary at tme t under project scenaro (t C) 54. As ndcated n chapter I, paragraph 3, f the value of one of these ndcators s larger than 50 per cent net anthropogenc GHG removals by snks cannot be estmated. 55. If project partcpants consder that the use of fertlzers would be sgnfcant, leakage of N 2 O emssons (>10 per cent of the net anthropogenc removals by snks) should be estmated n accordance wth the IPCC GPG. D. Ex post estmaton of the net anthropogenc GHG removals by snks 56. Net anthropogenc greenhouse gas removals by snks s the actual net greenhouse gas removals by snks mnus the baselne net greenhouse gas removals by snks mnus leakage. 57. The resultng tcers at the year of verfcaton tv are calculated as follows: tcer ( P( tv) B( tv) L( tv) ) PE ( ) 44/12* tv = (32) f the changes n carbon stock n the baselne are consdered to be zero, then B (tv) = B (t=0) and L =.15 P (f requred; see paragraph 53) 0 * 58. The resultng lcers at the year of verfcaton tv are calculated as follows: Ref_12

16 lcer tv /12 [( P( tv) P( tv κ ) ) L( tv) ] ( PE ) tv κ ( P P ) = 44 (33) * L (f requred; see paragraph 53) (34) = 0.15* ( tv κ ) P tv κ for the frst verfcaton (35) = P ( ) ( = 0) = t B( t= 0) tcer (tv) = tcers emtted at year of verfcaton tv (t CO 2 ) lcer (tv) = lcers emtted at year of verfcaton tv (t CO 2 ) P (tv) = carbon stocks n the lvng bomass pools wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv by the project actvty (t C) B (tv) = carbon stock n the lvng bomass pools wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty (t C) L (tv) = leakage attrbutable to the project actvty wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv (t C) P E(tv) = GHG emsson from desccaton of sol wthn the project boundary at year of verfcaton tv by the project actvty (t CO 2-e ) tv = year of verfcaton κ = tme span between two verfcatons (years) 44/12 = converson factor from t C to t CO 2 equvalent (t CO 2 /t C) E. Montorng frequency 59. A fve-year montorng frequency of the permanent sample plots establshed wthn the project boundary s needed for an approprate montorng of above-ground and below-ground bomass. F. Data collecton 60. Data collecton shall be organzed takng nto account the carbon pools measured, the sample frame used and the number of permanent plots to be montored n accordance wth the secton on qualty assurance/qualty control (QA/QC) below. Tables 1 and 2 outlne the data to be collected to montor the actual net GHG removals by snks and leakage. G. Qualty control and qualty assurance 61. As stated n the IPCC GPG LULUCF (page 4.111), montorng requres provsons for qualty assurance (QA) and qualty control (QC) to be mplemented va a QA/QC plan. The plan shall become part of project documentaton and cover procedures as descrbed below for: (a) Collectng relable feld measurements; (b) Verfyng methods used to collect feld data; (c) Verfyng data entry and analyss technques; (d) Data mantenance and archvng. Ths pont s especally mportant, also for small-scale A/R CDM project actvtes, as tmescales of project actvtes are much longer than those of technologcal mprovements of electronc data archvng. Each pont of mportance for small-scale A/R CDM project actvtes s treated n the followng secton. Ref_13

17 H. Procedures to ensure relable feld measurements 62. Collectng relable data from feld measurements s an mportant step n the qualty assurance plan. Those responsble for the measurement work should be traned n all aspects of the feld data collecton and analyss. It s good practce to develop standard operatng procedures (SOPs) for each step of the feld measurements, whch should be adhered to at all tmes. These SOPs descrbe n detal all steps of the feld measurements and contan provsons for documentaton for verfcaton purposes so that future feld personnel can check past results and repeat the measurements n a consstent fashon. To ensure the collecton and mantenance of relable feld data, t s good practce to ensure that: (a) Feld-team members are fully aware of all procedures and the mportance of collectng data as accurately as possble; (b) Feld teams nstall test plots f needed n the feld and measure all pertnent components usng the SOPs to estmate measurement errors; (c) The document wll lst all names of the feld team and the project leader wll certfy that the team s traned; (d) New staff are adequately traned. I. Procedures to verfy feld data collecton 63. To verfy that plots have been nstalled and the measurements taken correctly, t s good practce to remeasure ndependently every 10 plots and to compare the measurements. The followng qualty targets should be acheved for the remeasurements, compared to the orgnal measurements: (a) Mssed or extra trees: no error wthn the plot (b) Tree speces or groups: no error (c) DBH: < ± 0.5 cm or 3 % whchever s greater (d) Heght:< + 10/ and - 20% 64. At the end of the feld work per cent of the plots shall be checked ndependently. Feld data collected at ths stage wll be compared wth the orgnal data. Any errors found should be corrected and recorded. Any errors dscovered should be expressed as a percentage of all plots that have been rechecked to provde an estmate of the measurement error. J. Procedures to verfy data entry and analyss 65. In order to obtan relable estmates data must be entered nto the data analyss spreadsheets correctly. Errors n ths process can be mnmzed f the entry of feld data and laboratory data are cross-checked and, where necessary, nternal tests are ncorporated nto the spreadsheets to ensure that the data are realstc. All personnel nvolved n measurng and analysng data should communcate to resolve any apparent anomales before the fnal analyss of the montorng data s completed. If there are any problems wth the montorng plot data that cannot be resolved, the plot should not be used n the analyss. Ref_14

18 K. Data mantenance and storage 66. Due to the long-term nature of A/R project actvtes under the CDM, data archvng (mantenance and storage) s an mportant component of the work. Data archvng should take several forms and copes of all data should be provded to each project partcpant. 67. The followng shall be stored n a dedcated and safe place, preferably offste: (a) Copes (electronc and/or paper) of all feld data, data analyses, and models; estmates of the changes n carbon stocks and correspondng calculatons and models used; (b) Any geographcal nformaton system (GIS) products; (c) Copes of the measurng and montorng reports. 68. Gven the tme frame over whch the project actvty wll take place and the pace of updatng of software and hardware for storng data, t s recommended that the electronc copes of the data and the report be updated perodcally or converted to a format that could be accessed by any future software applcaton. Ref_15

19 Table 1. Data to be collected or used n order to montor the verfable changes n carbon stock n the carbon pools wthn the project boundary from the proposed afforestaton and reforestaton project actvty under the clean development mechansm, and how these data wll be archved. Measured, Data varable Source Data unt calculated or estmated Locaton of the areas where the project actvty has been mpleme nted A - Sze of the areas where the project actvty has been mpleme nted for each type of strata Locaton of the permane nt sample plots Dameter of tree at breast heght (1.30 m) Heght of tree A dran - Sze of the desccate d project actvty area Basc wood densty Feld survey or cadastral nformaton or aeral photograph s or satellte magery Feld survey or cadastral nformaton or aeral photograph s or satellte magery or GPS Project maps and project desgn Permanent plot Permanent plot Feld survey or cadastral nformaton or aeral photograph s or satellte magery or GPS Permanent plots, lterature lattude and longtude Frequen cy (years) Measured 5 ha Measured 5 lattude and longtude Defned 5 cm Measured 5 m Measured 5 Proporto n 100 per cent 100 per cent 100 per cent Each tree n the sample plot Each tree n the sample plot ha (m) 5 100% tonnes of dry matter per m3 fresh volume Estmated Once 3 samples per tree from base, mddle and top of the stem of three ndvdual Archvng Electronc, paper, photos Electronc, paper, photos Electronc, paper Electronc, paper Electronc, paper Electronc, paper, photos Electronc, paper Comment GPS can be usedfor feld survey GPS can be used for feld survey Plot locaton s regstered wth a GPS and marked on the map Measure dameterat breast heght (DBH) for each tree that falls wthn the sample plot and apples to sze lmts Measure heght (H) for each tree that falls wthn the sample plot and apples to sze lmts GPS can be used for feld survey. Ref_16

20 Measured, Data varable Source Data unt calculated or estmated Frequen cy (years) Proporto n Archvng Comment s Total CO 2 Project actvty Mg Calculated 5 All project data Electronc Based on data collected from allplots and carbon pools Table 2. Data to be collected or used n order to montor leakage and how these data wll be archved. Data varable Source Data unt Percentage of famles/ households of the communty nvolved n or affected by the project actvty dsplaced due to the mplementaton of the project actvty Percentage of total producton of the man produce (e.g. meat, corn) wthn the project boundary dsplaced due to the CDM A/R project actvty. Partcpatory survey Survey Number of famles or households Quantty (volume or mass) Measured, calculated or estmated Frequenc y (years) Proporto n Archvn g Estmated 5 per cent Electronc Estmated 5 per cent Electronc Comment Ref_17

21 Table 3. Abbrevatons and parameters (n order of appearance). Parameter or abbrevaton Refers to Unts B (t) Carbon stocks wthn the project boundary at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty t C B A(t) Carbon stocks n above-ground bomass at tme t of stratum that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty t C/ha B B(t) Carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t of stratum that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty t C/ha A Project area of stratum ha A dran(t) Desccated project actvty area at tme t under the project scenaro ha EF dran_c C emsson from desccaton of sol t-c/ha/yr EF dran_n N emsson as N 2 O from desccaton of sol kg-n 2 O-N/ha/yr M (t) Above-ground bomass at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty t dm/ha M grass Above-ground bomass n grass on grassland at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty t dm/ha M woody (t) m Above-ground woody bomass at tme t that would have occurred n the absence of the project actvty t dm/ha Tme R woody Root to shoot rato of woody perennals t dm/t dm R grass R Root to shoot rato for grassland t dm/t dm g Annual bomass growth rate of woody perennals t dm/ha/year Stratum (I = total number of strata) n Runnng varable that ncreases by Δt = 1 year for each teratve step, representng the number of years elapsed snce the project start years N (t) Carbon stocks wthn the project boundary at tme t under project scenaro t C N A(t) Carbon stocks n above-ground bomass at tme t of stratum from project scenaro t C/ha N B(t) Carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t of stratum from project scenaro t C/ha N E(t) GHG emssons from desccaton of sol at tme t under the project scenaro t CO 2-e /yr T (t) Above-ground bomass at tme t for the project scenaro t dm/ha SV (t) Stem volume at tme t for the project scenaro m 3 /ha WD Basc wood densty t of dm/m 3 (fresh volume) BEF Bomass expanson factor (over bark) from stem volume to total volume Dmensonless L t Leakage for the project scenaro at tme t t C P (t) Carbon stocks wthn the project boundary at tme t acheved by the project actvty t C P A(t) Carbon stock n above-ground bomass at tme t of stratum acheved by the project actvty t C/ha P B(t) Carbon stocks n below-ground bomass at tme t of stratum acheved by the project actvty durng the montorng nterval t C/ha P E(t) GHG emssons from desccaton of sol at tme t by the project actvty t CO 2-e /yr E (t) Above-ground bomass at tme t acheved by the project actvty t of dm/ha DBH Dameter at breast heght (130 cm or 1.30 m) cm or m L p(t) Leakage resultng from the project actvty at tme t t C tcer (tv) tcers emtted at year of verfcaton tv (t CO 2 ) t CO 2 lcer (tv) lcers emtted at year of verfcaton tv (t CO 2 ) t CO 2 t 0 Year of the project start tv Year of verfcaton κ Tme span between two verfcatons (years) years Δt Tme ncrement = 1 (year) year Ref_18

22 Appendx A Demonstraton of land elgblty 1. Elgblty of the A/R CDM project actvtes under Artcle 12 of the Kyoto Protocol shall be demonstrated based on defntons provded n paragraph 1 of the annex to the Decson 16/CMP.1 ( Land use, land-use change and forestry ), as requested by Decson 5/CMP.1 ( Modaltes and procedures for afforestaton and reforestaton project actvtes under the clean development mechansm n the frst commtment perod of the Kyoto Protocol ), untl new procedures to demonstrate the elgblty of lands for afforestaton and reforestaton project actvtes under the clean development mechansm are recommended by the EB. Ref_19

23 Appendx B Assessment of addtonalty 1. Project partcpants shall provde an explanaton to show that the project actvty would not have occurred anyway due to at least one of the followng barrers: 2. Investment barrers, other than economc/fnancal barrers, nter ala: (a) Debt fundng not avalable for ths type of project actvty; (b) No access to nternatonal captal markets due to real or perceved rsks assocated wth domestc or foregn drect nvestment n the country where the project actvty s to be mplemented; (c) Lack of access to credt. 3. Insttutonal barrers, nter ala: (a) Rsk relatng to changes n government polces or laws; (b) Lack of enforcement of legslaton relatng to forest or land-use. 4. Technologcal barrers, nter ala: (a) Lack of access to plantng materals; (b) Lack of nfrastructure for mplementaton of the technology. 5. Barrers relatng to local tradton, nter ala: (a) Tradtonal knowledge or lack thereof, of laws and customs, market condtons, practces; (b) Tradtonal equpment and technology; 6. Barrers due to prevalng practce, nter ala: (a) The project actvty s the frst of ts knd. No project actvty of ths type s currently operatonal n the host country or regon. 7. Barrers due to local ecologcal condtons, nter ala: (a) Degraded sol (e.g. water/wnd eroson, salnaton); (b) Catastrophc natural and/or human-nduced events (e.g. land sldes, fre); (c) Unfavourable meteorologcal condtons (e.g. early/late frost, drought); (d) Pervasve opportunstc speces preventng regeneraton of trees (e.g. grasses, weeds); (e) Unfavourable course of ecologcal successon; (f) Botc pressure n terms of grazng, fodder collecton, etc. 8. Barrers due to socal condtons, nter ala: (a) Demographc pressure on the land (e.g. ncreased demand on land due to populaton growth); Ref_20

24 (b) Socal conflct among nterest groups n the regon where the project actvty takes place; (c) Wdespread llegal practces (e.g. llegal grazng, non-tmber product extracton and tree fellng); (d) Lack of sklled and/or properly traned labour force; (e) Lack of organzaton of local communtes. Ref_21

25 Appendx C Default allometrc equatons for estmatng above-ground bomass Note: AGB = above-ground bomass; DBH = dameter at breast heght; H = heght; WD = basc wood densty References: Brown, S Estmatng bomass and bomass change of tropcal forests. A prmer. FAO Forestry Paper 134. Food and Agrculture Organzaton of the Unted Natons, Rome, Italy. Brown, S., A.J.R. Gllespe, and A.E. Lugo Bomass estmaton methods for tropcal forests wth applcatons to forest nventory data. Forest Scence 35: Martínez-Y., A.J., J. Sarukhan, A. Perez-J., E. Rncón, J.M. Maas, A. Sols-M, and L. Cervantes Above-ground phytomass of a tropcal decduous forest on the coast of Jalsco, Mexco. Journal of Tropcal Ecology 8: Appendx D (deleted) Ref_22