1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] 50000

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1 Land cover 2006 Overview of land cover & change Finish landscape is characterized by high amount of forested areas and water bodies (almost ¾ of area are composed of coniferous and mixed forest, together with transitional woodland), with only small percentage (about ) of artificial surfaces. This fact is reflected in absolute amounts of change areas, with predominant share of forest transitions on total annual turnover of land cover. However, this turnover is driven mostly by internal forest conversions between standing forests and transitional woodland. Besides forest internal conversions, the most significant drivers of land cover exchange in Finish landscape is the formation of arable land and artificial surfaces over natural areas (mainly forests and wetlands). Changes in forested land cover are equally distributed over the whole Finland, with the exception of northernmost part of the country. Conversions from forested and natural land to occur mainly in western Finland. Artificial sprawl is concentrated in proximity to the capital city Helsinki and to the other major cities like Turku or Oulu the areas with the highest population density. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1: scale across Europe over almost two decades see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2000-CLC2006 data for Finland: 6 Open sp. 0,3% 1.1. Land cover 2006 [% of total] Artif. 7% 5% 4% 9% 1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] Net change in land cover [% of init ial year 2000] Semi- 1 nat. 73% Artificial areas A rable land & permanent Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary balance table Artificial areas Arable land & permanent Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

2 Land cover trends 2.4. Annual land cover change [ha/year, % of total area] % 2.5. A nnual turnover of LC t ypes [ha/year] Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent Pastures & mosaics Forested land A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare s oils Wetlands Water bodies Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare s oils Wetlands Water bodies Summary trend figures Annual land cover change [ha/year] Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.35% Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 1869 Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 360 Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by as mean annual change [ha/year] 7669 Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent as mean annual change [ha/year] 1 Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -1 Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from forested & natural land to lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes 2

3 Artificial areas 3.8. A rt if icial land take [ha/year, % of initial year] % Sprawl of housing and recreation Artificial land uptake in Finland is driven mainly by sprawl of discontinuous urban fabric as well as sports leisure facilities development, followed by extension of mineral extraction sites, construction and commercial/industrial sprawl. Mostly forested land has been consumed by sprawl of artificial areas during the period. Besides artificial areas uptake, recycling of developed urban land has significant share on total artificial change area. It is represented by consumption of construction and mineral extraction sites for formation of airports, transportation networks and industrial/commercial sites. Artificial sprawl is concentrated in the areas with the highest population density - mainly in proximity to the capital city Helsinki and in surroundings of the other major cities like Turku or Oulu A rtif icial surf aces 2006 [% of total area] A rt if icial land t ake [ha/year] 3% 5% Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year] Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 3

4 Agriculture Conversion from forest and wetlands to arable land Agricultural areas (with only less than 10% share on total land cover) in Finland are composed almost entirely of arable land and with natural vegetation. Agricultural land has not only the highest percentual formation rate, but also the largest total formation area of all land cover types within the period. Arable land increase occurs at the expense of natural areas with prevailing share of peatbogs and transitional woodlands. Pastures area decrease is caused predominantly by artificial land expansion A gricult ural areas 2006 [% of total area] Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] C onsumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover % % % 2.79% Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves % Pastures Annual/ permanent Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-forestry areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land 212 Permanently irrigated land 213 Rice fields Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations 223 Olive groves Pastures 241 Annual associated with permanent 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-forestry areas -500 Nonirrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agroforestry areas 4

5 Forest & nature Forest & nat ure areas 2006 [% of total area] 7% Open sp. 0,4% Seminat. 1 8 Forest Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Internal forest transitions dominate Specific character of Finish landscape with almost ¾ share of forested areas indicates that forest management is the main and dominant factor in land cover development. However, total turnover of forested areas is driven predominantly by regular internal forestry driven conversions between standing forests and transitional woodlands. Within the internal changes in natural areas, there is also significant amount of transitions between forests and peatbogs. Concerning the external transitions, mainly forested areas and wetlands (represented by peatbogs) have been consumed by arable land and to a lesser extent also by artificial sprawl Development of forest & nature areas detailed balance [ha] % 1.47% 1.40% 7.36% 0.20% % -3.43% -0.37% -6.39% -0.13% -0.15% -0.9 C onsumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover % Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year] Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 5

6 Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows Consumption of land cover [% of total change area] Artif. Water Arable 0,2% 0,0 0,4% Pastr. Open 3% 0, sp. 0, Formation of land cover [% of total change area] Wetl. 2% 7% 97% 90% Artificial areas A rable land & permanent Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lcf9 lcf1 0.2% lcf2 0.5% lcf3 lcf lcf5 7% lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf6 0. lcf5 C onversion from forested & natural land to lc f6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf7 9 lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes 6

7 Artificial areas Consumption by artificial land take [% of total] Formation by artificial land take [% of total] Wetlands Open sp. soils 0, Forested land 79% Water bodies Arable land & permanent 19% Pastures & mosaics 0.2% Sport/ leisure Disc. 23% urban fabric 3 Industrial/ commer. 9% C onstruct. 14% Road/rail network Dump sites Mineral 2% Port areas extraction 0. 19% Airports Net f ormation of artif icial area [ha/year, % of initial year] % Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial sites lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

8 Agriculture LC consumed by agricult ure [% of total] Formation of agricultural land f rom non- [% of total] Road/rail network 0.0 P eatbogs 42% Mineral extraction 0.04% Sport/ leisure 0,002% Br.-leaved 3% C oniferous 15% Mixed 13% Nonirrigated arable 100% Inland marshes 0. Transition. woodland/ shrub 26% Consumption of agricultural land by non- [% of total] Formation of non-agricultural land from [% of total] Disc. Pastures 15% T ransition. woodland/ shrub 3 urban fabric 26% Industrial/ commer. 3% Mixed 0.03% Road/rail network 2% Nonirrigated arable 85% Broadleaved 0. Sport/ leisure 29% C onstruct. 8% Mineral extraction Dump s. 0,4% Main annual conversions between and forests & semi-natural land [ha/year] Mean annual conversion bet ween arable land and pasture [ha/year] Conversion from forest to Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow land Conversion from wetlands to Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation 8

9 9.31. Mean annual internal conversions [ha/year] Mean annual conversions between and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable land to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable land lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable land lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent to arable land lcf451 Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards lcf452 Conversion from arable land to olive groves lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable land to permanent lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable land and permanent lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf521 Intensive conversion from seminatural land to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural land to lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf47 Extension of agroforestry lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.)

10 Forest & nature LC consumed by forest & nature [% of total] Disc. urban fabric 0.2% Nonirrigated arable 53% Format ion of f orest & nat ure land f rom non-f orest /nat ure [% of total] Broadleaved Mixed % Pastures 47% T ransition. woodland/ shrub 100% Consumption of forest & nature land by non-forest /nature [% of total] Formation of non-forest /nature land from forest & nature [% of total] Water bodies 0. Sea and ocean 0.04% Broadleaved 3% Ind./com. Disc. urb. 2% fabric 5% Road/rail 0,2% Port a. 0,03% Airports 0.2% Min. extr. 4% P eatbogs 36% C oniferous 20% Dump s. 0,4% Inland marshes 0. Bare roc k 0.0 Mixed 14% Transition. woodland/ shrub 27% Nonirrigated arable 84% C onstruct. 2% Sport/ leisure 3% Forested land 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in woodland & f orest s consumption/formation [ha/year] Transit. woodland shrub 20% Broadleaved 3% Consumption of forest land by urban sprawl Conversion from forest to Mixed 38% C onif. 39% Recent fellings and transitions Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Forest creation, afforestation Conversion from transitional woodland to forests Forest creation over wetlands 10

11 Dry semi-nat ural areas 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in dry semi-nat ural land consumption/formation [ha/year] Bare roc k Sparsely veg. areas 20% Natural grass. Consumption of dry semi-natural land cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural land cover to Beaches, dunes and sand plains 0.2% Moors and heath. 78% Forest creation, afforestation over dry semi-natural land Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Wetlands & water 2006 [% of total area] Inland marshes Estuar. 0.5% 0,0001 % P eatbogs 4 Water bodies Salt 58% marshes 0. Water courses Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl Conversion of wetlands to Forest creation and afforestation over wetlands Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Net water bodies creation Net wetlands creation Mean annual conversions of f orest & other woodland [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

12 Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to lcf523 Conversions from -nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf82 Water bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

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