2013 Western Washington Hardwood Assessment. University of Washington. Institute of Forest Resources. Luke Rogers John Perez-Garcia B.

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1 2013 Western Washington Hardwood Assessment & University of Washington Institute of Forest Resources Luke Rogers John Perez-Garcia B. Bruce Bare School of Environmental & Forest Sciences College of the Environment University of Washington August 15, 2013 Institute of Forest Resources Research Report Number 1

2 Contents List of Figures... 2 List of Tables... 3 Executive Summary... 4 Introduction... 5 Methods... 6 Data... 6 Growth Modeling... 7 Spatial Analysis... 7 Harvest Modeling... 8 Results... 9 Definitions... 9 Timberland Acres... 9 Determination of Available Acres... 9 Unreserved Acres by Owner Class Unreserved Acres by Management Zone Unreserved Acres by Management Zone and Owner Class Harvest Volumes Modeled Harvest Volumes by Owner Class Modeled Harvest Volume by Species Modeled Harvest Volume by Diameter Class Inventory Hardwood Inventory by Owner Class & Management Zone Hardwood Inventory by Species & Diameter Class Hardwood Inventory by Owner Class Hardwood Inventory by Management Zone Hardwood Inventory by Species Hardwood Inventory by Diameter Class Available for Harvest in Available for Harvest by Management Zone Available for Harvest by Species Available for Harvest by Diameter Class Conclusion References Acknowledgements Appendix 1 Extended Tables Acres P a g e

3 Unreserved Acres by Owner Class and County Unreserved Acres by Management Zone and County Unreserved Acres by Management Zone, Owner Class and County Harvest Modeled Harvest Volumes by Species and County Modeled Harvest Volume by Diameter Class and County Inventory Hardwood Inventory by Owner Class, Management Zone and County Hardwood Inventory by Species, Diameter Class and County Hardwood Inventory by Owner Class and County Hardwood Inventory by Management Zone and County Hardwood Inventory by Species and County Hardwood Inventory by Diameter Class and County Available for Harvest in Available for Harvest by Management Zone in 2010 and County Available for Harvest by Species in 2010 and County Available for Harvest by Diameter Class in 2010 and County List of Figures Figure 1. The development of the spatial "segments" that define the management zones for modeling.. 8 Figure 2. The percent of unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by owner class potentially available for timber harvest and management Figure 3. Percent of unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by management zone Figure 4. Unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by owner class and management zone. 12 Figure 5. Historic and modeled harvest volumes for all species in Western Washington Figure 6. Modeled hardwood harvest volumes by species Figure 7. Modeled hardwood harvest volumes by diameter class Figure hardwood inventory in western Washington by owner class and management zone Figure 9. Hardwood inventory in western Washington (2010) by species and diameter class Figure 10. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by owner class Figure 11. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by management zone Figure 12. Hardwood inventory b in western Washington y species Figure 13. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by diameter class Figure 14. Hardwood volume available for harvest in western Washington (2010) by owner class and management zone Figure 15. The percent of hardwood species in the total available for harvest in western Washington Figure 16. Hardwood available for harvest in western Washington by diameter class and species P a g e

4 List of Tables Table 1. Forest acres removed from the western Washington land base used to quantify hardwood inventory and harvest... 9 Table 2. Unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by owner class Table 3. Unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by management zone Table 4. Unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by owner class and management zone Table 5. Historic and modeled harvest volumes for all species in western Washington Table 6. Modeled hardwood harvest volumes by species Table 7. Modeled hardwood harvest volumes by diameter class Table hardwood inventory in western Washington by owner class and management zone in thousand board feet Table 9. Hardwood inventory in western Washington (2010) by species and diameter class Table 10. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by owner class Table 11. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by management zone Table 12. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by species Table 13. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by diameter class Table 14. Hardwood volume available for harvest in western Washington (2010) by owner class and management zone Table 15. Hardwood volume available for harvest by species and owner class in western Washington.. 25 Table 16. Hardwood available for harvest in western Washington by diameter class and species P a g e

5 Executive Summary The present study assessed the hardwood resources in western Washington for 2010 and out to The study is a continuation and update of hardwood resource assessments for western Washington begun in the 1990s. The project used the Washington State Biomass Assessment database to map the volume of hardwoods by management zone, owner group, diameter class and species. Volume estimates were derived by first identifying the number of unreserved acres capable of active forest management and commercial harvesting, then determining the number of acres removed from timber production including areas in upland and riparian zones. About 4 million acres exist in western Washington that were not in either buffer zones, small private, federal or other public ownerships. Acres in the small private owner class, which include ownerships with holdings of greater than 10 acres and not in buffer zones were substantial, e.g., they represented an additional 1.2 million acres. There were 1.3 million, 0.7 million and 0.1 million acres in core, inner and outer buffer zones respectively across all owner classes. Large private industry and tribal owner groups had 0.54 million acres restricted by core buffer riparian regulations and were unavailable for commercial harvests. Approximately 0.67 million acres in riparian buffer areas in large private and state owner classes allowed for some commercial harvesting activity. Small private land owners had about equal number of acres, 0.1 million, in the core buffer areas with no commercial activity allowed, and in the inner and outer areas, where some commercial activity was allowed. Federal and other public ownership acres totaled 1.8 million, about 0.76 million of them in buffer areas. An additional 30 thousand acres were located in wetland buffers across all owner classes. A significant amount, about one-third, of the 19.8 billion board feet of hardwood volume inventory that is located on 8.3 million acres across all owners and include upland and riparian areas in 2010 was unavailable. The hardwood volume level on acres that allowed unrestricted commercial harvesting sits at 6.3 billion board feet. These acres were not in buffer zones, or small private, federal or other public ownerships. The acres included large private, state and tribal ownership. Unrestricted volume on small private land owner acres was calculated to be an additional 5.3 billion board feet. Small private owners represented the largest volume of unrestricted volume among all owner groups. Hardwood inventory that was restricted from commercial harvest activity due to buffer regulations amounted to 6.7 billion board feet, of which 3.6 billion was located on core buffer areas completely restricted from commercial harvesting. The majority of the 3.2 billion board feet in buffer areas that allowed some commercial harvesting, i.e., 1.9 billion, was located on WA DNR lands. Approximately 8.3 billion board feet of hardwood standing timber was of commercial size and available for harvests in This volume included all owners and volumes in riparian buffers that allowed some management as well as upland acres. About 4 billion board feet were under active management and unrestricted commercial harvesting by large private and state owners. An additional 3.3 billion board feet were found on upland, small private lands. Over two thirds of the hardwood volume available for harvest was Red Alder. Seventy-five percent of the volume in large private ownerships was alder, with 20% maple. Fifty-four percent of small private volume was alder with 37% maple. Sixty percent of the hardwood volume available for harvest was found between 10 and 20 inches in diameter. Two thirds of the 10 and 20 inch diameter trees were alder. 4 P a g e

6 Introduction Hardwood tree species grown in the Pacific Northwest comprise an important economic component of the timber resource for the forest products industry in western Washington. Hardwood species are intermixed with softwood species and represent potential value-added when a harvest activity occurs. In recent years, hardwood consumption by mills amounted to over 5% of the total log volume consumed in the state (WA DNR, 2012). The potential for the economic contribution of a timber harvest to increase further exists as mills continue to utilize this hardwood component and convert it into forest products. This, in turn increases financial returns to forest landowners and operators. Knowledge of the existence and condition of the hardwood inventory is necessary to realize these added returns. There have been four previous studies of the hardwood resource in western Washington undertaken by the Washington Hardwoods Commission (WHC). Previous work has shown 1) that stands dominated by hardwoods or softwoods can be identified using Landsat imagery reasonably well (Marshall and Associates, Inc.; R.V. Quenet, Ltd., 1996); 2) age classes of hardwood-dominated stands can be approximated using Landsat s normalized difference vegetation index or NDVI (Marshall and Associates, Inc., 1999); 3) there was a substantial amount of hardwood resource located in riparian buffers that are not available for harvest (Marshall and Associates, Inc., 2000); and 4) there were about 3.7 million acres of commercially harvestable timberlands in western Washington containing 9 billion board feet of available hardwood volume (Washington Hardwoods Commission, 2002). The 2002 study undertaken by the Commission is not directly comparable to this assessment for a variety of reasons: 1) this study used a Landsat-based inventory stratification product based on the Gradient Nearest Neighbor methodology (GNN) for inventory which eliminates the need to expand sampled plots across the study area, 2) the riparian buffer rules were modeled differently to account for Forest & Fish rules on non-hcp lands, 3) specific management plans and off-base areas for state and federal lands were used, and 4) the definition of non-operable lands was slightly different. Given the differences between the two assessments, any interpretation of the results between studies to determine hardwood trends is not advised. An accepted perception is that the demand for hardwood fiber is greater than its available supply. It is also known that various restrictions to harvesting the hardwood resource exist. In addition, there is a sense that a portion of the hardwood growing stock is not being managed efficiently and that the hardwood inventory is decreasing as a percent of the total standing inventory as more forest acres are converted to softwoods. Given these perceptions, the study team addressed the following questions: a) how much hardwood growing stock currently exists in Washington State; b) what is the size class structure and location of the inventory; c) what ownerships currently manage the growing stock; and d) how much volume is under riparian management regulation. The study team used the Washington State Biomass Assessment (WSBA) (Perez-Garcia, et al., 2012) database to address these questions. The database was revisited to estimate the volume of hardwood timber in Washington State by reexamining the growth and yield modeling assumptions and inventory data contained in the database to evaluate the hardwood component. There were two study tasks outlined in the work proposed to the Washington Hardwoods Commission: a) evaluate the database for its utility in estimating the hardwood growing stock volume in western Washington State; and b) 5 P a g e

7 determine the volume of hardwood species available for harvest in 2010, and out to To do so, the study team modeled a harvest scenario to calculate the post-harvest inventory volume and project the growing stock volume in five year increments out to As the modeling periods are in 5 year increments from 2010 to 2030 any figures reported here as 2013 (or vice versa) represent annualized activity and inventory between 2010 and The report is organized as follows. The methods section describes the overall project approach. This section is followed by results presented in the following order. First, acres summarized by various categories are shown, and is followed by the modeled timber harvest scenario. A description of the volume available for harvest is then presented proceeded by a concluding section. Methods The study relied on the inventory and parcel database assembled over the past 15 years, and most recently used to calculate forest biomass associated with harvest activities. Two steps were required to validate the inventory data: a) Revisit the plot data to determine the amount of hardwood inventory in each forest type. The study team obtained Washington State forest inventory plot data from Oregon State University (OSU). OSU scientists combined GNN methods with FIA and other plot data to develop an estimate of the forest inventory across Washington State (described below). These data were used to estimate the biomass components of trees on Washington plots in the biomass assessment study. While several tree parameters, including tree species, were used with biomass equations to develop the volume of biomass by tree component, the biomass reported in the WSBA did not summarize volume by tree species. Hence the study team revisited the plot data to determine the amount of hardwood volume contained on each plot and its associated forest type. b) Evaluate the findings of Task (a) using alternative data sources provided by the Washington Hardwoods Commission. The study team conducted a preliminary validation of the data for hardwood species obtained from plot information by examining past reports produced for the WHC, existing state reports published by WA DNR and unpublished data collected by WA DOR on harvest activity. The study team concluded that discrepancies were minor and that the study should proceed using the WABA database to extrapolate hardwood inventories in western Washington. Data Forest Inventory data developed by the Landscape Ecology, Modeling, Mapping & Analysis (LEMMA) group located at OSU were used to develop inventory profiles for Washington State (Ohmann & Gregory, 2002). The LEMMA project used the GNN method to create large scale, high resolution spatial maps of vegetation. Complete coverage of Washington State was provided by using multiple modeling regions form two LEMMA GNN projects: Mapping for Northwest Forest Plan Effectiveness Monitoring (NWFP) and the Interagency Mapping and Assessment Project (IMAP). The biomass assessment study team analyzed the spatial information from these two projects, and produced 6,085 unique forest class plots (FCID), of which 5,998 are forested under GNN classification. The FCID plots were reexamined by the hardwood assessment study team to determine their feasibility to extrapolate the hardwood inventory. 6 P a g e

8 Growth Modeling Forest plot data were used to simulate future stand inventories using the appropriate Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) variant. The simulations began in 2006, the year GNN imagery was acquired. Three variants were used to capture the variation in growth and yield found in western Washington. A 2010 baseline was developed using harvest levels from prior years derived from WA DNR harvest reports. The biomass assessment study team applied a set of alternative silvicultural regimes implemented with FVS modeling options. A more detailed description of the silvicultural regimes implemented with FVS models is contained in the Washington State Biomass Assessment report (Perez-Garcia, et al., 2012). Spatial Analysis The Washington State Forestland Database (Rogers & Cooke, 2009) contains 2009 parcel data, roads, stream buffers, streams, lakes and wetlands, ownership, slope and elevation. The database also has a satellite imagery layer. Links exist between the parcel database and the forest inventory and harvest activity data that describe a unique combination of owner, forest inventory, slope class and management zone (core, inner and wetland buffers, uplands, reserves, and special management areas) for 37 million geographic segments. Each geographic segment has a unique inventory created from the FCID plot from the LEMMA work described earlier and its associated FVS modeling projection that was specific to that location on the landscape. The forest inventory was assumed to be managed according to the various combinations of owner, inventory, slope class, and management zone based on the management alternatives and silvicultural options described in the WABA report. To allow for harvest and forest operation options analysis, each geographic segment was associated with all possible harvest and forest operation options that conformed to the specific management class and zone. For example, in Figure 1, various segments are depicted in the upper left snapshot. The forest land use layer is provided in the snapshot in the upper right corner. The management class layer from parcel information is overlaid in the middle left snapshot. Information on riparian zones is overlaid in the middle right snapshot. Slope class, used to assign harvest configuration alternatives, is demonstrated in the lower left picture. Inventory from FCID plot information and the modeling exercise is shown in the lower left frame. Each segment is treated and the resulting post-harvest volume is calculated. 7 P a g e

9 Figure 1. The development of the spatial "segments" that define the management zones for modeling. Harvest Modeling Three harvest regimes were used to project the future condition of the inventory: a) a regime that only includes a commercial thinning (CT), b) a regime that only includes a final harvest (FH), and c) a regime that includes a commercial thin and a final harvest occurring in 2025 or 2030 (CT->FH). The allocation of standing volume to harvest was weighted using a volume per acre priority by parcel. Harvest targets by owner by county were used to allocate harvestable inventory, and then relaxed to only by owner when targets were not met. Harvest targets were set as the average of 10 years from which is 2.74 BBF for all species. Hardwoods were not specifically targeted when volume requested to meet a target level was imposed. 8 P a g e

10 Results Definitions Open water: lakes and open-water wetlands identified from the Washington DNR hydrology & wetlands layers that appear forested from the GNN Landsat data. The spatial resolution of Landsat is often too coarse to capture smaller lakes and wetlands where timber harvest is restricted, hence the use of ancillary water type data. Parks & other non-timber forest: National, state and municipal parks, monuments, recreation areas, wildlife reserves and scenic areas. Less than 10 forested acres owned: small private parcels where the owner has less than 10 acres of forestland across all the parcels they own. Withdrawn areas: Northwest Forest Plan reserves and congressionally withdrawn areas on U S Forest Service lands, some municipal watersheds (like the Cedar River) and DNR deferred harvest areas. Timberland Acres Determination of Available Acres There are approximately 8.3 million acres of commercial timberland acres in western Washington that are unreserved, with exception of core buffer areas, for forest management (Table 1). There are an additional 4.8 million acres reserved and unavailable to timber production. Table 1. Forest acres removed from the western Washington land base used to quantify hardwood inventory and harvest Impact Reduction (1,000 s of acres) Remaining (1,000 s of acres) Forested Acres 13,128 Open water (118) 13,010 Parks & other non-timber forest (1,848) 11,161 Less than 10 forested acres owned (715) 10,446 Withdrawn areas (2,157) 8,290 9 P a g e

11 Unreserved Acres by Owner Class Of the 8.3million unreserved timberland acres in western Washington, there are 1.4 million in small private acreages, 1.3 million acres in state ownership, and 1.7 million acres in federal and other public ownership, leaving about 3.9 million acres in large private and tribal ownership. Figure 2 and Table 2 breakout the 8.3 million acres classified as available for forest management. Western Washington Unreserved Timberland Acres Over 10 Acres in Size by Owner Class (8.3 million) Other Public 2% Federal 19% Tribal 3% Large Private 44% State 15% Small Private 17% Figure 2. The percent of unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by owner class potentially available for timber harvest and management. Table 2. Unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by owner class. Owner Class Owner Class Acres Large Private 3,647,278 Small Private 1,409,175 State 1,277,398 Tribal 235,218 Federal 1,547,678 Other Public 172,875 Total (Acres) 8,289, P a g e

12 Unreserved Acres by Management Zone The vast majority of the unreserved timberland acres in western Washington are in the uplands (Figure 3). Core buffers, which include tribal and federal buffers, are assumed to be currently unavailable for timber harvest and total 1.4 million acres (Table 3). Western Washington Unreserved Timberland Acres Over 10 Acres in Size by Management Zone (8.3 million) Outer BufferWetland Buffer 1% 0% Inner Buffer 8% Core Buffer 17% Uplands 74% Figure 3. Percent of unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by management zone. Table 3. Unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by management zone. Management Zone Management Zone Acres Uplands 6,084,580 Core Buffer 1,394,957 Inner Buffer 678,492 Outer Buffer 102,241 Wetland Buffer 29,352 Total (Acres) 8,289, P a g e

13 Unreserved Acres by Management Zone and Owner Class The majority of the 8.3 million unreserved timberland acres in western Washington, 61%, are in the large and small private ownership classes. Nineteen percent and 16% of unreserved timberland acres for large and small private ownerships are in all buffer areas, respectfully. Over one third of state owned acres and 47% of Federal lands are in buffer zones (Figure 4 and Table 4). Millions Western Washington Unreserved Timberland Acres Over 10 Acres in Size by Owner Class & Management Zone (8.3 million) Acres Wetland Buffer Outer Buffer Inner Buffer Core Buffer Uplands Large Private Small Private State Tribal Federal Other Public Figure 4. Unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by owner class and management zone. Table 4. Unreserved timberland acres in western Washington by owner class and management zone. Owner Class / Uplands Core Buffer Inner Buffer Outer Buffer Wetland Buffer Total (Acres) Mgt Zone Large Private 2,962, , ,903 66,358 12,025 3,647,278 Small Private 1,185, ,319 68,237 32,537 16,712 1,409,175 State 810, ,743 1,277,398 Tribal 164,407 70, ,218 Federal 816, ,816 1,547,678 Other Public 144,896 17,407 6,610 3, ,875 Total (Acres) 6,084,580 1,394, , ,241 29,352 8,289, P a g e

14 Harvest Volumes Modeled Harvest Volumes by Owner Class Harvest levels were introduced to account for removals when calculating inventories into the future. Historical annual harvest volumes for all species were used to project future harvest levels (Figure 5 and Table 5Error! Reference source not found.). An even flow harvest of 2.7 billion board feet/year across all species was modeled from 2015 to Nearly two-thirds of this volume was allocated to the large private ownership by the harvest modeling procedure outlined earlier. Hardwood harvest levels grow to 0.4 billion board feet by 2020 (Figure 6, Table 6). There was no attempt to adjust the hardwood component of the modeled harvest volumes, as these volumes were used to calculate standing inventory volumes rather than produce a future hardwood harvest assessment. Rather, the modeled harvest levels are used to better understand future inventory levels. Western Washington Annual Historic and Modeled Harvest Volumes (all species) Billions Historic Predicted Board Feet Year Federal LargePrivate OtherPublic SmallPrivate State Tribal Figure 5. Historic and modeled harvest volumes for all species in Western Washington 13 P a g e

15 Table 5. Historic and modeled harvest volumes for all species in western Washington. Year Large Private Small Private Other Public Tribal State Federal ,190, ,728 15,321 29, ,614 33, ,929, ,343 25,825 25, ,015 16, ,937, ,821 26,472 25, ,838 19, ,469, ,166 32,119 27, ,540 24, ,771, ,795 45,012 29, ,364 25, ,767, ,075 27,702 30, ,144 28, ,890, ,320 24,220 32, ,986 22, ,562, ,747 33,126 34, ,884 19, ,292, ,186 70,738 36, ,918 31, , ,953 51,873 38, ,858 37, * 1,138, ,112 43,969 32, ,952 27, * 1,675, ,315 35,250 30, ,636 25, * 1,675, ,940 35,246 30, ,955 25, * 1,675, ,320 35,249 30, ,649 25, * 1,675, ,319 35,245 31, ,626 25,831 *Predicted harvest years. 14 P a g e

16 Modeled Harvest Volume by Species The hardwood component of future modeled harvests is shown in Figure 6 and Table 6. The modeled harvest allocation procedure targeted all species volumes and not hardwood or softwood separately. These simulations produced an increase in the alder hardwood volume component between of 60-80% (Figure 6 and Table 6). The overall hardwood component of the all species harvest volume increased from 9.4 to 15.0%. Millions Western Washington Modeled Hardwood Harvest Volumes by Species Board Feet Year Other Birch Cottonwood Maple Alder Figure 6. Modeled hardwood harvest volumes by species Table 6. Modeled hardwood harvest volumes by species MBF / Year & Species Alder Maple Cottonwood Birch Other Total (MBF) ,623 67,698 8, , ,891 70,747 11, , , ,765 92,350 16,381 1,051 1, , ,458 86,939 11,068 1,931 2, , ,640 69,448 7,036 3,263 4, , P a g e

17 Modeled Harvest Volume by Diameter Class Figure 7 and Table 7 present the diameter breakout for modeled hardwood harvest volumes. The majority of the modeled harvest volume is in the 10 to 20 inch class, ranging from a low of 58% in 2010, 2020, and 2025 up to 66% by Growth in the smaller diameter class is evident in the chart and table increasing from 14% in 2010 to 23% in Western Washington Modeled Hardwood Harvest Volumes by Diameter Class Board Feet Millions "-40" 30"-35" 25"-30" 20"-25" 15"-20" 10"-15" 5"-10" 0"-5" Year Figure 7. Modeled hardwood harvest volumes by diameter class Table 7. Modeled hardwood harvest volumes by diameter class MBF/Year 0"-5" 5"-10" 10"-15" 15"-20" 20"-25" 25"-30" 30"-35" 35"-40" Total (MBF) & DBH ,624 56,599 57,161 35,482 15, , , ,679 81,129 53,953 19,133 5, , , ,672 94,440 66,466 22,792 8, , , ,034 77,138 55,471 16,323 5, , , ,182 75,747 46,647 11,839 2, , P a g e

18 Inventory 2010 Hardwood Inventory by Owner Class & Management Zone In 2010, nearly one third, about 6.3 billion board feet (BBF), of the standing inventory of about 20 BBF) is found on upland acres under large private, state and tribal ownerships. An additional 5.4 BBF are on upland, small private lands. However, most of the 19.8 BBF of standing inventory is not available for harvest. Volume in the core buffers is never available and much of the inventory outside of these buffer areas is too young or too small for harvest before Also, since there was no attempt by the study team to adjust this inventory by calculating the volume that is economically feasible to harvest, the volume that might actually be harvested and make it to the mill is even smaller. Across owner classes, the small private ownerships have the most hardwood volume even though they only represent 17% of the acres (Figure 8 and Table 8). Active management on these lands is less likely for commercial harvesting, thereby reducing the hardwood inventory estimate considerably. Billions Inventory by Owner Class and Management Zone (19.8 BBF) Board Feet Wetland Buffer Outer Buffer Inner Buffer Core Buffer Uplands 0 Large Private Small Private State Tribal Federal Other Public Figure hardwood inventory in western Washington by owner class and management zone. Table hardwood inventory in western Washington by owner class and management zone in thousand board feet. MBF / Mgt Zone & Uplands Core Inner Outer Wetland Total (MBF) Owner Class Buffer Buffer Buffer Buffer Large Private 4,307,039 1,547, , ,312 33,555 6,516,127 Small Private 5,370, , , ,019 84,576 6,797,058 State 1,639,088 1,940,549 3,579,637 Tribal 344, , ,215 Federal 859,964 1,096,216 1,956,179 Other Public 303,929 55,260 27,522 12,108 2, ,188 Total (MBF) 12,824,523 3,645,360 2,859, , ,500 19,805, P a g e

19 2010 Hardwood Inventory by Species & Diameter Class Over one half of the nearly 20 BBF of western Washington hardwood inventory are in alder trees with diameters less than 20 inches (Figure 9 and Table 9). Alder trees account for nearly two thirds of the inventory. Billions Inventory by Species and Diameter Class (19.8 BBF) 5 Board Feet Other Birch Cottonwood Maple Alder 1 0 0"-5" 5"-10" 10"-15" 15"-20" 20"-25" 25"-30" 30"-35" 35"-40" 40"-45" 45"-50" 50"+ Diameter Class Figure 9. Hardwood inventory in western Washington (2010) by species and diameter class. Table 9. Hardwood inventory in western Washington (2010) by species and diameter class. Diameter Class Alder Maple Cottonwood Birch Other Total (MBF) 0"-5" "-10" 3,415, , ,512 54,229 42,051 4,414,098 10"-15" 4,676,346 1,169, , ,378 41,538 6,282,920 15"-20" 2,569,200 1,276, ,517 39,475 13,039 4,041,018 20"-25" 1,538,320 1,062, ,697 2,782,999 25"-30" 485, , ,480 1,330,495 30"-35" 55, , , ,332 35"-40" 68,317 88, ,010 40"-45" 140,536 40, ,253 45"-50" 21,791 25,313 47,105 50"+ 22,003 81, ,176 Total (MBF) 12,762,333 5,330,395 1,362, ,082 96,628 19,805, P a g e

20 Hardwood Inventory by Owner Class As expected, hardwood inventory levels grow over time given that harvest levels are only a small percentage of the annual growth (Figure 10 and Table 10). The growth rate observed for large private lands is above average, and begins to dissipate by Hardwood inventory growing on large private lands grows by 74% from 2010 to Hardwood inventory across all owners increases by 55% over this time period. Billions Hardwood Inventory by Owner Class (BBF) 25 Board Feet Other Public Federal Tribal State Small Private Large Private Year Figure 10. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by owner class Table 10. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by owner class MBF / Year & Large Small State Tribal Federal Other Total (MBF) Owner Class Private Private Public ,516,127 6,797,058 3,579, ,215 1,956, ,188 19,805, ,009,222 7,796,665 4,069, ,668 2,214, ,998 23,194, ,643,861 8,849,643 4,530, ,727 2,474, ,692 26,719, ,104,421 9,839,192 4,965, ,539 2,690, ,330 29,951, ,288,654 10,028,292 5,018, ,044 2,882, ,306 30,630, P a g e

21 Hardwood Inventory by Management Zone Total hardwood inventory expands from 20 to 31 BBF between 2010 and 2030 an increase of about 55% (Figure 11 and Table 11). Nearly two-thirds of the inventory throughout the projection period is found on upland acres. Billions Hardwood Inventory by Management Zone (BBF) 25 Board Feet Wetland Buffer Outer Buffer Inner Buffer Core Buffer Uplands Year Figure 11. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by management zone Table 11. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by management zone MBF / Year & Uplands Core Buffer Inner Buffer Outer Buffer Wetland Buffer Total (MBF) Mgt Zone ,824,523 3,645,360 2,859, , ,500 19,805, ,126,185 4,194,472 3,295, , ,529 23,194, ,578,300 4,747,141 3,710, , ,875 26,719, ,828,751 5,251,242 4,088, , ,156 29,951, ,824,535 5,668,219 4,326, , ,978 30,630, P a g e

22 Hardwood Inventory by Species Alder comprises nearly two thirds of the inventory in 2010 and increases to 70% by 2030 (Figure 12 and Table 12). There is 68% more alder volume in 2030 than in The growth is surpassed only by birch, which has a much smaller volume base. The growth in cottonwood is relatively small with only a 20% increase over 2010 levels. Billions Hardwood Inventory by Species (BBF) 25 Board Feet Other Birch Cottonwood Maple Alder Year Figure 12. Hardwood inventory b in western Washington y species Table 12. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by species MBF / Year & Species Alder Maple Cottonwood Birch Other Total (MBF) ,762,333 5,330,395 1,362, ,082 96,628 19,805, ,532,536 5,789,931 1,453, , ,599 23,194, ,420,494 6,288,298 1,550, , ,155 26,719, ,997,235 6,790,628 1,609, , ,568 29,951, ,472,137 6,935,521 1,607, , ,949 30,630, P a g e

23 Hardwood Inventory by Diameter Class The majority of the growth in inventory over time occurs in the inch diameter class (Figure 13 and Table 13) where there was 75% more volume in the diameter class in 2030 than in Almost two thirds more volume was observed in the inch diameter class Hardwood Inventory by Diameter Class (BBF) Board Feet Billions Year 50"+ 45"-50" 40"-45" 35"-40" 30"-35" 25"-30" 20"-25" 15"-20" 10"-15" 5"-10" 0"-5" Figure 13. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by diameter class P a g e

24 Table 13. Hardwood inventory in western Washington by diameter class Year 0"-5" 5"-10" 10"-15" 15"-20" 20"-25" 25"-30" 30"-35" 35"-40" 40"-45" 45"-50" 50"+ Total (MBF) ,414,098 6,282,920 4,041,018 2,782,999 1,330, , , ,253 47, ,176 19,805, ,241,556 7,215,606 4,545,242 3,414,112 1,613, , , ,736 65, ,657 23,194, ,665,847 8,768,609 4,962,025 3,988,677 1,983, , , ,860 67, ,797 26,719, ,461,686 10,604,346 5,659,230 4,499,998 2,166, , , ,896 74, ,502 29,951, ,713,883 10,976,250 6,069,617 4,785,967 2,468, , , ,228 82, ,807 30,630, P a g e

25 Available for Harvest in 2010 All volumes shown previously are calculated at the stump and not at the mill gate. It is prudent to subtract at least 10% to account for volume left in the woods or at the roadside due to breakage or defect when comparing the volume available for harvest with the harvest volume reported at the mill. Available for Harvest by Management Zone Approximately 8.3 BBF of hardwood standing inventory is available for harvest in 2010 (Figure 14 and Table 14). Ninety-four percent of this volume is in located the upland management zone and about 4 BBF is under active management with unrestricted commercial harvesting by large private and state owners. An additional 3.3 billion board feet are found on upland, small private lands. Billions Western Washington Hardwoods Available for Harvest in 2010 by Owner Class and Management Zone (8.3 BBF) 3.0 Board Feet Wetland Buffer Outer Buffer Inner Buffer Uplands Large Private Small Private State Tribal Federal Other Public Figure 14. Hardwood volume available for harvest in western Washington (2010) by owner class and management zone. Table 14. Hardwood volume available for harvest in western Washington (2010) by owner class and management zone. MBF / Owner Class & Uplands Inner Buffer Outer Buffer Wetland Buffer Total (MBF) Management Zone Large Private 2,879,273 99,424 74,009 8,307 3,061,013 Small Private 3,305,262 50,714 59,292 10,127 3,425,394 State 1,070, ,747 1,213,019 Tribal 109, ,745 Federal 367, ,545 Other Public 94,015 3,289 2, ,388 Total (MBF) 7,826, , ,149 18,669 8,277, P a g e

26 Available for Harvest by Species Over two thirds of the hardwood volume available for harvest is red alder (Figure 15 and Table 15). It is interesting to note the difference in alder volume versus other hardwoods between large private and small private owners. Alder makes up over 75% of the hardwood available for harvest on large private lands whereas on small private it is only 54% (Table 15). Over one half of the maple component is found on small private lands. Western Washington Hardwoods Available for Harvest in 2010 by Owner Class and Species (8.3 BBF) Cottonwood 8% Birch 0% Other 1% Maple 23% Alder 68% Figure 15. The percent of hardwood species in the total available for harvest in western Washington. Table 15. Hardwood volume available for harvest by species and owner class in western Washington. MBF / Owner Class & Species Alder Maple Cottonwood Birch Other Total (MBF) Large Private 2,307, ,521 87,566 19,490 13,474 3,061,013 Small Private 1,838,697 1,270, , ,426 14,310 3,425,394 State 880, ,844 31,780 8,878 4,907 1,213,019 Tribal 55,870 32,114 1,318 20, ,745 Federal 251,378 85,509 27,787 1,153 1, ,545 Other Public 72,552 19,217 7, ,388 Total (MBF) 5,407,069 2,326, , ,616 35,024 8,277, P a g e

27 Available for Harvest by Diameter Class Sixty percent of the hardwood volume available for harvest is found between 10 and 20 inches in diameter, and two thirds of the 10 and 20 inch diameter trees are alder. Billions Western Washington Hardwoods Available for Harvest in 2010 by Species & Diameter Class (8.3 BBF) Board Feet Other Birch Cottonwood Maple Alder 0.0 0"-5" 5"-10" 10"-15" 15"-20" 20"-25" 25"-30" 30"-35" 35"-40" Diameter Class Figure 16. Hardwood available for harvest in western Washington by diameter class and species. Table 16. Hardwood available for harvest in western Washington by diameter class and species. MBF / Diameter Class Alder Maple Cottonwood Birch Other Total (MBF) & Species 0"-5" 5"-10" 1,270, ,397 11,906 42,061 14,582 1,638,281 10"-15" 1,974, ,343 23, ,025 10,561 2,692,851 15"-20" 1,363, ,254 34,640 31,530 9,880 2,196,371 20"-25" 643, , ,911 1,333,792 25"-30" 155, , , ,104 30"-35" 18,844 8,211 27,054 35"-40" 1,651 1,651 Total (MBF) 5,407,069 2,326, , ,616 35,024 8,277, P a g e

28 Conclusion In 2010, there exist about 4.1 BBF of inventory growing on uplands that is available for harvesting by large private, state and tribal owners in western Washington. An additional 3.3 BBF are found on upland, small private lands. Modeled hardwood harvest volumes of 0.4 BBF suggests that about 10% of the large private, state and tribal owners volume is being harvested. If the inventory on small private uplands is factored into the calculation this percentage drops to about 5%. An additional hardwood volume estimated at 3.6 BBF in western Washington is considered completely restricted from commercial harvesting activities due to its location within core buffer areas across all owner classes. WA DNR manages riparian areas that contain 1 BBF on upland acres and 143 MBF on acres in buffers both available for harvest in Large private industry has 75% of its volume in alder with 20 percent in maple, while small private industry has 54% in alder and 37% in maple. Developing management options for small private landowners presents an opportunity to expand hardwood management, particularly on upland acres. 27 P a g e

29 References Marshall and Associates, Inc. (1999). Report to the Washington Hardwoods Commission. Washington Hardwoods Commission. Marshall and Associates, Inc. (2000). Riparian Buffer Analysis for the Washington Hardwoods Commission. Washington Hardwoods Commission. Marshall and Associates, Inc.; R.V. Quenet, Ltd. (1996). Classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery for the Purpose of Developing a Hardwood Forest Inventory for the State of Washington. Washington Hardwoods Commission. Ohmann, J. L., & Gregory, M. J. (2002). Predictive mapping of forest composition and structure with direct gradient analysis and nearest-neighbor imputation in coastal Oregon, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32(4), Perez-Garcia, J., Oneil, E., Hansen, T., Mason, T., McCarter, J., Rogers, L.,... McLaughlin, M. (2012). Washington Forest Biomass Supply Assessment. University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle. Rogers, L. W., & Cooke, A. G. (2009). The 2007 Washington State Forestland Database. College of Forest Resources. Seattle: University of Washington. Washington Hardwoods Commission. (2002). The Washington Hardwoods Commission Presents: A Hardwood Resource Assessment for Western Washington. Washington Hardwoods Comission. WA DNR Harvest Report. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia Wa. 28 P a g e

30 Acknowledgements The project was supported by Washington Hardwoods Commission and the McIntire-Stennis Cooperative Forestry Research Program administered by the Institute of Forest Resources, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington. The authors would also like to thank the following additional contributors to this project: Jeff Comnick (UW), Andrew Cooke (UW), and Matthew McLaughlin (UW). The authors would also like to acknowledge the authors of the Washington State Forest Biomass Supply Assessment prepared for Washington Department of Natural Resources by University of Washington, College of the Environment, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences and TSS Consultants with financial support from USDA Forest Service. The Hardwood Assessment would not have been possible without the foundation built for that project. Cover image credits: Alicia McMurchie ( licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial P a g e

31 Appendix 1 Extended Tables Acres Unreserved Acres by Owner Class and County Owner Class Large Private Small Private State Tribal Federal Other Public Total (Acres) Clallam 251,335 68, ,185 32, , ,908 Clark 41,268 78,396 45, , ,144 Cowlitz 410,994 82,197 77, , ,496 Grays Harbor 537, ,781 78, ,641 96,948 46,458 1,024,148 Island , ,744 Jefferson 135,702 48, ,353 6, , ,729 King 224,995 77,414 63,464 2, , , ,506 Kitsap 18,332 50,893 11,495 4,305 7,519 92,544 Lewis 590, ,007 88, ,927 1,073,436 Mason 222,329 66,420 49,039 3,322 86, ,205 Pacific 363,617 58,175 72, ,329 Pierce 226,033 99,336 22,753 1,393 28, ,837 San Juan 23 49, ,037 Skagit 191,339 81, ,605 3,795 86, ,486 Skamania 62,808 24,770 51, , ,155 Snohomish 95, , ,886 10, ,289 5, ,619 Thurston 94,163 87,462 56,678 1, ,447 Wahkiakum 86,977 15,852 36, ,872 Whatcom 93,459 93,608 75,831 6,655 61, ,787 Yakima 2,192 2,192 Total (Acres) 3,647,278 1,409,175 1,277, ,218 1,547, ,875 8,289, P a g e

32 Unreserved Acres by Management Zone and County Acres / Management Zone Uplands Core Buffer Inner Buffer Outer Buffer Wetland Buffer Total (Acres) Clallam 508,393 95,891 53,564 8,343 1, ,908 Clark 132,421 11,185 20,598 2, ,144 Cowlitz 452,927 78,437 48,024 7, ,496 Grays Harbor 761, ,222 68,652 19,693 3,972 1,024,148 Island 31, ,744 Jefferson 329,139 53,793 89,149 4,357 1, ,729 King 439, ,533 41,390 5,791 1, ,506 Kitsap 78,305 5,529 6,162 1, ,544 Lewis 791, ,962 60,928 11,635 2,881 1,073,436 Mason 345,561 44,988 27,952 5,792 2, ,205 Pacific 337,138 83,612 61,119 11,150 1, ,329 Pierce 305,361 48,928 16,694 4,542 2, ,837 San Juan 46,007 1,602 1, ,037 Skagit 341,935 83,427 42,901 4,132 1, ,486 Skamania 324, ,448 23,986 1, ,155 Snohomish 331, ,584 45,048 5,120 1, ,619 Thurston 197,039 17,325 20,795 2,823 2, ,447 Wahkiakum 97,449 18,169 20,642 2, ,872 Whatcom 231,318 65,347 29,214 2,607 2, ,787 Yakima 1,077 1,116 2,192 Total (Acres) 6,084,580 1,394, , ,241 29,352 8,289, P a g e

33 Unreserved Acres by Management Zone, Owner Class and County Acres / Owner Class Uplands Core Buffer Inner Buffer Outer Buffer Wetland Buffer Total (Acres) Clallam 508,393 95,891 53,564 8,343 1, ,908 Large Private 206,472 27,522 9,764 6,393 1, ,335 Small Private 58,742 4,726 2,928 1, ,837 State 106,379 40, ,185 Tribal 21,486 11,443 32,929 Federal 114,687 52, ,786 Other Public Clark 132,421 11,185 20,598 2, ,144 Large Private 35,257 4,169 1, ,268 Small Private 65,005 6,696 4,462 1, ,396 State 30,877 14,794 45,671 Federal Other Public 1, ,624 Cowlitz 452,927 78,437 48,024 7, ,496 Large Private 333,915 57,819 13,219 5, ,994 Small Private 66,732 8,800 4,599 1, ,197 State 46,925 30,207 77,131 Tribal Federal 5,353 11,807 17,160 Grays Harbor 761, ,222 68,652 19,693 3,972 1,024,148 Large Private 418,795 68,605 33,400 14,623 2, ,759 Small Private 80,645 9,642 8,305 3,790 1, ,781 State 54,393 24,167 78,560 Tribal 111,548 49, ,641 Federal 59,905 37,043 96,948 Other Public 36,323 5,838 2,780 1, ,458 Island 31, ,744 Large Private Small Private 31, ,370 State Tribal Jefferson 329,139 53,793 89,149 4,357 1, ,729 Large Private 112,384 14,844 4,765 3, ,702 Small Private 40,455 3,800 2,035 1, ,232 State 103,005 82, ,353 Tribal 3,703 2,421 6,124 Federal 69,592 32, ,319 King 439, ,533 41,390 5,791 1, ,506 Large Private 194,973 20,651 5,712 2, , P a g e

34 Acres / Owner Class Uplands Core Buffer Inner Buffer Outer Buffer Wetland Buffer Total (Acres) Small Private 68,217 4,600 2,486 1, ,414 State 33,257 30,207 63,464 Tribal 2, ,915 Federal 46,322 81, ,570 Other Public 94,999 10,240 2,985 1, ,147 Kitsap 78,305 5,529 6,162 1, ,544 Large Private 15,908 1, ,332 Small Private 44,472 2,849 1,920 1, ,893 State 8,148 3,348 11,495 Tribal 3,285 1,020 4,305 Other Public 6, ,519 Lewis 791, ,962 60,928 11,635 2,881 1,073,436 Large Private 466,033 95,654 19,170 8,247 1, ,155 Small Private 124,405 16,545 8,838 3,388 1, ,007 State 55,303 32,920 88,223 Tribal Federal 145,222 94, ,927 Mason 345,561 44,988 27,952 5,792 2, ,205 Large Private 194,996 12,777 8,141 4,319 2, ,329 Small Private 57,406 3,890 2,836 1, ,420 State 32,064 16,975 49,039 Tribal 2,295 1,027 3,322 Federal 58,801 27,293 86,094 Pacific 337,138 83,612 61,119 11,150 1, ,329 Large Private 261,417 73,847 18,700 9, ,617 Small Private 41,366 9,554 4,448 2, ,175 State 34,079 37,970 72,049 Tribal Pierce 305,361 48,928 16,694 4,542 2, ,837 Large Private 192,787 23,199 6,186 3, ,033 Small Private 88,993 4,336 3,015 1,516 1,477 99,336 State 15,260 7,493 22,753 Tribal ,393 Federal 7,481 20,842 28,323 San Juan 46,007 1,602 1, ,037 Large Private Small Private 45,509 1, ,273 State Tribal Other Public P a g e