V.F. Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany of National Academy of Science of Belarus

Transcription

1 V.F. Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany of National Academy of Science of Belarus Alexandr Kozulin Dmitry Grumo Natallia Zeliankevich The International Workshop HARVESTED AND DAMAGED PEATLANDS: PROSPECTS OF RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION September, 2016, Ventė, Šilutė region, Lithuania

2 General Information The Republic of Belarus is situated in the geographical centre of Europe covering the area of about km2. It extends 560 km from north to south and 650 km from west to east. In general the relief is low here with a highest place of 346 meters above the sea level.

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4 General Peatlands Information Belarus is one of the most important countries of the world peat (Joosten, 2011): 15 place in the world on the total area of peatlands 20 place in the world by the percentage of area of peatlands to the rest of the country 21 place in the world on the actual carbon stock

5 Peatland zones in Belarus and distribution of large peatlands before 1950 The northern part of Belarus (Poozerye) is characterised by presence of large coniferous forests and numerous lakes, bogs and rivers. The central part is largely represented by the intensively cultivated open landscapes. In the southern part (Polesye) fens and transitional bogs and broad-leaved forests being crossed by rivers with large highly waterlogged floodplaines are widely distributed. MIRE TYPES - borders of peatland regionsgeomoprhological zones - raised bogs - transitional peatlands - fens

6 Change of natural peatlands area due to melioration and peat extraction in Belarus Former extent of peatlands: ha (or 12,3% of the country) Present area of natural peatlands: ha (4,2%) Area of drained peatlands: ha (66,3% of peatlands area) Total amount of peatlands 9192 depleted peatlands partially drained peatlands natural peatlands

7 Capacity for renaturalization of mires Total area 530,100 ha 255,600 ha (48.2%) peatlands after peat extraction ha (47.3%) degradated peat soils ineffectively used for agriculture with organic matter less than 50 %, including deeply disturbed soils 27,3 ha with organic matter less than 5 % 24,000 га (4.5%) degraded peatlands ineffectively used for forestry ++++ Near 300,000 ha natural mire with disruption of hydrological regime ha

8 Capacity for renaturalization of degraded peatlands 255, 600 ha peatlands after peat extraction

9 Capacity for renaturalization of degraded peatlands 24, 000 ha degraded peatlands ineffectively used for forestry

10 Capacity for renaturalization of degraded peatlands ha degradated peat soils ineffectively used for agriculture with organic matter less than 50 %, including deeply disturbed soils 27,3 ha with organic matter less than 5 %

11 Capacity for renaturalization of degraded peatlands Near 300,000 ha natural mire with disruption of hydrological regime

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13 Problems associated with degraded wetlands Emissions of carbon dioxide as a result of peat mineralization Peat fires Reduction of biological diversity Regional violation of the hydrological situation

14 Emissions of carbon dioxide Emissions Эмиссии from с деградированных degraded peatlands in 2008 торфяников (Mt CO 2 her year) в 2008 г. (Мт СО2 в год) Indonesia Индонезия Россия Russia (европейская (European часть) part) China Китая United США States (менее (<48) CO 2 emissions from peatlands in 2008 (t/ha) Индонезия Indonesia Эстония Estonia Беларусь Belarus Исландия Iceland ,7 2,11 1,99 2,63 Finland Финляндия 50 Финляндия Finland 1,48 Malaysia Малайзия 48 Малайзия Malaysia 1,46 Mongolia Монголия Беларусь Belarus Germany Германия Poland Польша Russia (Asian part) Россия (азиатская часть) Uganda Уганда Нидерланды Netherlands Ирландия Ireland Бруней Brunei Lithuania Литва Германия Germany 1,39 1,17 1,09 0,93 0,9 Papua Папуя New Новая Guinea Гвинея 20 Россия Russia 0,4 By the volume of emissions from peatlands (Joosten, 2011): 8 place in the world on the total CO2 emissions from degraded peatlands 3 place in the world for CO2 emissions volume per unit area

15 Peat fire The Количество number of пожаров fires in на peatlands торфяниках in в 2002 гг The Площадь area of peatland торфяников affected пострадавших by fire от пожаров в гг The Экономические economic scale масштабы of the damage caused ущерба by the от fires пожаров in peatlands на торфяниках в г млн $

16 Peat fire

17 Reconstruction of peat fire (north-west of Belarus)

18 Square of peat fire (north-west of Belarus)

19 Biological diversity Conservation of globally significant biodiversity (the third part of the species from the Red Book inhabit the wetlands) Number of species On the wetlands % Birds Insects Plants Mosses

20 Reduction of biological diversity Almost 40% of the global population of Aquatic Warbler inhabits two large swamps of Belarus: Sporovskoe and Zvanets Distribution of nesting sites occupied by the Aquatic Warbler in Europe (Malashevich 2011)

21 Guessing of changes in the wetland areas occupied by the Aquatic Warbler ( ) in the case of non-acceptance of administrative decisions on the maintenance of the wetland in the state of not overgrown with bushes Reduction of biological diversity

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23 Since 2006, 24 project areas is restored, the total area of ha (10% of the area of degraded peatlands) Areas for rewetting are distributed throughout the territory of Belarus equally with low concentrations in the northern part Square project sites - are from 200 to 7,200 hectares Peatland restoration

24 New normative documents ТКП (02120) «Protection of the environment and natural resources. Territory. The rules and procedure for determining and changing uses of worked out peat deposits and other degraded peatlands»; ТКП (02120) «Protection of the environment and natural resources. Territory. The procedure and rules for work on environmental rehabilitation of worked out peat deposits and other disturbed wetlands and prevent violations of the hydrological regime of the natural ecological systems during the land reclamation works»; Guidelines for the prevention of violations of the hydrological regime of adjacent wetlands in the extraction of peat and environmental rehabilitation of worked out peat deposits.

25 Water levels should be near soil surface Basic principles and methods of restoration of hydrological regime

26 Antifiltration dam Dokudovskoye Morochno

27 Sealed dam

28 Sealed dam

29 Overflow dam

30 Other types of constructions on the big canals

31 Dams in the bog Elnya 2015 (UNDP-GEF project)

32 Restoration of raised bogs, drained forest reclamation - by overlapping cascade drainage channels Galoe, Cherven district

33 Recovery phase 1-5 years >10 years, Miranka Fens GWL 0 ± 10 cm 5 years >10 years, Bartenikha

34 Recovery phase 0-5 years >40 years Fens 3-10 years GWL >50 sm >20 years

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36 1. Object selection 1. A layer of peat at least 30 cm 2. Sufficiently dry peat (average water level should be at least 20 cm, preferably more than 40 cm below the surface) 3. The peat bog can be swamped to the level of the soil surface 4. The area should be withdrawn from economic circulation 5. The area is preferred without shrubs and forest plantations

37 1. Object selection Selecting an object, the system of pre-screening of the problem areas of peat bogs develop with the use of remote sensing data

38 Map ecosystems moisture conditions changes of wetland Dikoe" induced by vegetation succession

39 2. Development of scientific justification (2-4 months) The justification should answer the questions : What is type of wetland can be restored? What should be the level of standing water? Is it enough water to achieve the objectives? What are the general requirements for fire prevention? What is recovery strategy of hydroregime? What are the positive and negative effects of the hydrological regime change? What are the expected benefits for biodiversity?

40 3. Coordination with local authorities, the execution of an act of site selection (1-2 months)

41 4. The development of environmental impact assessment (for protected areas) Development of the environmental impact assessment report includes the following issues Assessment of the current state of the environment (climate, air, surface water, geological environment, relief, land resources, soil cover, flora and fauna, the most valuable objects, natural-resource potential, conservation and other restrictions) The impact of a proposed activity on the environment Guessing and assessment of possible changes in the environment Measures to prevent, minimize, and (or) compensation of exposure Alternative technology and occupancy of the proposed activity Local monitoring program

42 5. Public hearings on the environmental impact assessment report (2 months)

43 6. Development of construction projects (4-6 months)

44 7. Environmental impact assessment of the construction project (2-4 months) 8. State expertise of the construction project (2-4 months) 9. Construction work on the basis of the developed construction project (4-6 months)

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46 Post-project activities

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48 1. Assessment of biodiversity (flora and fauna) before and after rewetting г/м2 ВСВ г/м2 ВСВ до восстановления 1-й год после восстановлеия Andromeda polifolia Calluna vulgaris Empetrum nigrum Eriophorum vaginatum Ledum palustre Oxycoccus palustris Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium uliginosum Vaccinium vitis-idaea Зеленые мхи Сфагновые мхи м Andromeda polifolia Calluna vulgaris Empetrum nigrum Eriophorum vaginatum Ledum palustre Oxycoccus palustris Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium uliginosum Vaccinium vitis-idaea Зеленые мхи Сфагновые мхи м

49 Phyto-indicative estimate moisture habitat of project area "Zhada"

50 Examples of thematic maps for ecosystem status assessment of project area "Horevskoe" (2013) Direction successional processes map in the ecosystems of project area "Horevskoe" Changes in moisture conditions in natural ecosystems of project area "Horevskoe" by indicated on vegetation succession The level of bog water standing, calculated on the phytoindicator data

51 Assessment of the environmental effects for the project area Yelnya as a result of the restore the hydrological regime Effect The estimated rate with respect to 2015 With rehabilitation Increased fire stability Class of fire stability +0,8 Improving the condition of the vegetation cover The index of disturbance -0,9 Reducing the space occupied by heavily disturbed The proportion of secondary -46,0 and completely destroyed vegetation vegetation,% Reduction of areas with very low species richness The proportion of the area, % -9,7 Slowing down the degradation of habitats important for biodiversity The proportion of degraded habitats NATURA 2000, % -30,4 Saving water in the raised bog (excluding the reserves of water in the lakes) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions The volume of water accumulated in the wetland, thousand m 3 The volume of greenhouse gas emissions, tco2-eq. per year Note: positive effect

52 2. Vegetation dynamics guessing after waterlogging А. до реабилитации (2010 г.) Б. с реабилитацией (2031) В. без реабилитации 2031 г. (вариант А) Г. без реабилитации 2031 г. (вариант Б) Current and forecasted vegetation map with various embodiments of the situation

53 3. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions before and after rewetting with vegetation indicators (GEST-analysis) Чистый поток парниковых газов, т CO 2 -экв в год / га Объемы выбросов и стоков парниковых газов, тыс.т CO 2 -экв. в год , ,5 7, ,982 59, , ,2 3, , ,26 27, ,44 0 CH4 CO2 ПГП CH4 CO2 ПГП The volume of emissions and sinks of greenhouse gases within the project area and the forecast of their dynamics after the implementation of measures to restore the hydrological regime of the project area

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55 Generalized information about the berries of cranberry reserves and forecast the dynamics (in the territory of Yelnya bog) Year The average biological stock, t Productivity, t The average annual value of the crop, th. USD/year + in relation to ,1 78,9 217, (evaluation) 2035 (guessing) 107,5 86,2 246,2 +28,4 134,3 104,1 307,5 +89,7 The average biological reserves, and the yield of wild berries in the territory of bog Yelnya

56 Cranberry yield maps

57 Gathering cranberries in the wetland Morochno

58 Summary of the monetization of environmental services and the effects obtained with the implementation of the project to restore the hydrological regime of bogs Yelnya Index Unit of Value measurement Score of ecosystem services of the territory USD/year including integrated assessment of wetland ecosystems services « integrated assessment of ecological services of aquatic systems « Valuation of sorption (water treatment) wetlands function USD/year The cost of fresh water accumulated in the bog (excluding reserves USD in lakes) Cost of cranberries harvest (2015) USD/year The forecast cost of the cranberry harvest in 2035 « ± the cost of the cranberry harvest for the period « The cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions (2035) USD/year USD/год

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60 1. Creation of protected areas In at the restored wetlands created 3 specially protected natural territories of republican importance: reserves "Janka", "Zhada", "Morochno" a total area of 20 thousand hectares.

61 2. Use as a training and educational and scientific facilities as well as for tourism and recreation

62 3. Annual reproduction of energy and organic material in the form of biomass of marsh plants, which can be processed into solid, liquid or gaseous fuel, compost, cardboard, paper, packaging materials

63 4. Production yields of wild and cultivated varieties of bog berries, medicinal and nectariferous plants

64 Didelis ačiū