Winter soil sampling as a proven forest protection tool. experience from the federal state of Brandenburg. Dr. Katrin Moeller & Pascal Ebert

Transcription

1 Winter soil sampling as a proven forest protection tool experience from the federal state of Brandenburg Dr. Katrin Moeller & Pascal Ebert Eberswalde forestry state centre of excellence Ustron, October 2014

2 Situation Cyclic mass outbreaks of phyllophagous insects in pine forests of the Northeast German lowlands Brandenburg forests -about 75 % pines -approx. 50 % between 40 to 80 years old environmental conditions -mean annual precipitation: 569 mm -mostly poor sandy soils

3 One host plant many pests Pine lappet moth Pine beauty Nun moth Geometrid pine-moth Conifer saw flies

4 Mass outbreak of pine pests and insecticide applications ha Jahr Application of insecticides by helicopter in pine stands (prognosis: danger of total needle loss) Federal state of Brandenburg

5 Regeneration of pines after feeding damages Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde Nun Moth - Rev. Rarangsee Abt. 167 b Pine lappet Moth - BFoA Damelang Abt. 94 b1d summer Dürresommer drought needle mass of tree Apel & Wenk 2007, Wenk & Möller 2013

6 The prognosis of about 90 % loss of needle mass means increased danger for stand loss = insecticide treatment recommended Baummortalität [%] tree mortality (%) Nun moth Pine lappet moth Saw fly (autumn) Geometrid pine-moth Nonne ( ) Kiefernspinner ( ; ) Blattwespe - Sommergeneration ( ) Kiefernspanner Potenziell (Kiefernspinner ( ; )) Potenziell (Nonne ( )) Potenziell (Blattwespe - Sommergeneration ( )) Potenziell (Kiefernspanner) Restbenadelung des Bestandes nach dem Fraß [%] rest needle mass after feeding (%)

7 Pine lappet moth: total needle loss in summer 2005 drought during summer of 2006 total loss of pine stands (background: in spring 2005 with karate sprayed pines)

8 Pine lappet moth: Outbreaks in Northeast German lowlands Results of a new research project: Latency periods ( ) will be shorter. GRÄBER et al. (2012) (BMBF-Projekt: NaLaMa-nt)

9 To minimize insecticide applications a very good strategy of monitoring and prognosis must be required Area treated with insecticides - proportionately to hole pine area ha insecticides untreated Brandenburg: Insecticide treatments by helicopter against pine pests since 1991: approx. 1,4 % of all pine stands (1,1 % of total forest)

10 Monitoring step by step: next step only if danger increases Winter soil sampling: caterpillars, pupae or cocoons/m² Dendrolimus pini Panolis flammea Bupalus piniaria Diprion/Gilpinia spec. (sometimes repetition in March) Climbing up butterflies butterflies nymphs (cocoons) caterpillars trap bands pheromone traps intensity of fly development (pupae eye) caterpillars/tree eggs/tree eggs/tree eggs/tree tree cut tree cut tree cut tree cut (with faeces count) next generation: fly, eggs, caterpillars caterpillars,larvae/tree tree cut/faeces count

11 Monitoring step by step: next step only in endangered areas, but more detailed winter soil sampling =attention trap bands tree cut: caterpillars/tree =Danger of stand loss insecticide treatment winter soil investigation

12 Wintersoil investigation is an important basis December-January all in ground litter overwintering development stages of pine insects standard searching plots: 1 per 150 ha supplement searching plots: activation of more search plots if endangering increases (following year - announcement from LFE) forest districts are responsible for sampling SCHWERDTFEGER 1944:..prefer a chess set pattern...

13 4 1,5 m standard search plots in Brandenburg 3 7 search plot: 1,5 m 2 1,5 m 8 distribution of sampling patches at one plot (10 x 0,5 m²) 1 ca. 35 m ca. 35 m 10 9 (result of a research project in Eberswalde - comparing many known search patterns and area sizes BOEHME & HAFFELDER 1999) forest path ca. 25 m W eg oder Bestandesrand Zeichenerklärung: 1 search Probefläche area tree Stam m fuß

14 Winter soil investigation: search objects pine lappet moth (caterpillars) geometrid pine-moth (pupae) pine beauty (pupae) conifer saw flies (cocoons) pine hawk moth (pupae)

15 pests useful insects Department of forest protection LFE Eberswalde

16 Investigation in Eberswalde laboratory, microscopy 1. correct determination? 2. sex ratio of pupae: female or male? - 3. weight of female pupae 4. vitality = mortality rate of pupae and nymphes (saw flies) (parasitoids, infections, dry up, damage by predators ) 5. saw flies: readiness to emerge (development of pupae eye) How many vital pests? (if possible: female, ready to emerge)

17 Results of the winter soil investigations 2006/2007: Locations with increased population densities Berlin In the areas with critical pest densities next monitoring step necessary for: Pine beauty Geometrid pine-moth Pine lappet moth

18 Monitoring step by step: next step if danger increases Winter soil investigation: caterpillars, pupae or cocoons/m² Dendrolimus pini Panolis flammea Bupalus piniaria Diprion/Gilpinia spec. (second soil search in March) Climbing up butterflies butterflies nymphs (cocoons) caterpillars trap bands pheromone traps intensity of fly development (pupae eye) Point in time for caterpillars/tree eggs/tree eggs/tree eggs/tree tree cut tree cut tree cut tree cut (with faeces count) next generation: fly, eggs, caterpillars caterpillars,larvae/tree tree cut/faeces count

19 Monitoring data visualised as degree of endangering (GZ = Gefährdungsziffer) 1 = prognosis of total needle loss (red) 0 = no danger for stand (green) GZ include: pest density stand age site quality class current needle mass (adaptation of species specific critical density of the pests)

20 All monitoring data and maps (planned control areas) are visible in GIS for forest districts, forest protection specialists, authorities for plant protection, nature protection, water protection. attributes inform about level of planning maps used by helicopter companies (GPS), their fly report is a GIS-shape.

21 defoliation 2013 (Nun moth) defoliation 2014 (Pine lappet moth, Karate treatment was not allowed in nature reserve areas in 2014) Since 2013 use of satellite data (GIS-Layer), Rapid eye, Black Bridge: detection of all infested areas (even small ones) objective estimation of intensity of needle mass conclusion: our monitoring/forecasting methods are very precise

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23 Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde

24 Pine lappet moth: Feeding damages 4000 needle loss % needle loss > % needle loss > 90 % Fläche (ha) : Defoliation in nature reserve areas (the use of KARATE was forbidden by federal authority)

25 Monitoring step by step: 2014 forbidden treatment - feeding damages! Winter soil investigation: caterpillars, pupae or cocoons/m² Dendrolimus pini Panolis flammea Bupalus piniaria Diprion/Gilpinia spec. (second soil search in March) Climbing up butterflies butterflies nymphs (cocoons) caterpillars trap bands pheromone traps intensity of fly development (pupae eye) Point in time for caterpillars/tree eggs/tree eggs/tree eggs/tree tree cut tree cut tree cut tree cut (with faeces count) next generation: fly, eggs, caterpillars caterpillars,larvae/tree tree cut/faeces count

26 Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde Early September 2014: In untreated damaged areas the eggs of the Pine lappet moth show high rates of parasitism, - here no insecticide treatments were necessary. In October only 215 ha have to be treated in a new infestation area. Parasitoid: Hym., Scelionidae Telenomus laeviusculus

27 Generally, the antagonists have to be tracked in their development! Importance of independent consultation by specialists. PSM-Einsatz 2008: Planung & Behandlung Fläche in Hektar Dipel ES Dimilin oder Karate Karate WG Forst Dimilin 80 WG Behandlung Datum Treatment Parasitism of eggs of Geometrid pine-moth (Trichogramma) 2008 Geometrid pine moth Insecticide treatment: planned area (results of winter soil sampling) and reduction after egg search (high rates of parasitism) - from ha to 800 ha

28 The problems Rigid scope for insecticide applications with helicopter (pesticide index - forest): DIMILIN: permission only until 31th December 2014 KARATE + DIPEL: since 2011 annual exemptions necessary on national level (federal agency): : EU decree 2009, article 53 - in case of emergency 2014: 18 German crop protection law with always more rigid conditions: -KARATE is forbidden in nature reserve areas -only 50 % of a contiguous forest area is allowed to treat

29 Mass outbreaks of insects are the most expensive natural disturbances. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture 1997)