Index 473. F Farquhar equations, 340 Feedback, 67 biogeochemical, 67

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1 Index A Above-ground biomass (AGB), 10, 87, 90, 101, 173, 196, 197, 200, 201, 203, 207, 208, 210, 229, 232, 234, 242, 244, 252, 253, 274, 281, 289, 349, 389, 391, 411 Adaptive dynamics (AD), 350 Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS), 86 Africanized honeybees, 422 Agriculture, 90, 370 Airborne surveys, 130 Aircraft measurements, 94 Air temperature (T a ), 3, 46, 59, 138, , 163, 210, 213, 214 Albedo, 37, 42 Allocation, 22, 95, 155, 158, 159, , 277, 332, 345, 346, Allometric constraints, 349 ALOS. See Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) A max, 158 AMAZALERT, 333 Amazon basin, 3 13, 20, 26, 28, 35 48, 55 71, 79 82, 84, 86 94, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 109, 112, , , 149, 150, 201, 205, , 232, 234, , 240, 242, 244, 245, 250, 251, 253, 254, 267, , 276, 277, 281, 286, 289, 302, 304, 332, 347, 369, , 408, 429, 430, 466, 468 Amazon dieback, 66 Amazonia, 4, 6, 13, 195, 407 Amazonia Legal, 4. See also Brazilian Legal Amazon Amazon river, 55 Anisohydric strategy, 337 Anthropocene, 192, 216 Ants, 414 Assimilation at saturating light, 158 Atmosphere, 3 13, 19 21, 23, 26 28, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 47, 48, 80, 85, 91, 94 95, 101, 104, , 111, 112, , 119, 120, , 135, 137, , 191, 201, 209, 211, , 235, 238, 251, 254, 255, 268, 274, 276, 278, 302, 318, 333, 336, 379, 409, 465, 467, 468 Atmosphere biosphere interaction, 5, 468 Atmospheric chemistry, 19, 23, 26, 28, 79, 467 Atmospheric circulation, 413 B Bats, 412, 417 Beef, 397 Beetles, 412 Behavioural flexibility, 425 Bidirectional exchange, 27 Biodiversity, 9 12 Biofuels, 397 Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC), 5, 7, 19 28, 232, Biogeochemistry, 5, 8, , 268 Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP), 407 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 L. Nagy et al. (eds.), Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin, Ecological Studies 227, DOI /

2 472 Index Biomarker, 20, Biomass, 6, 10, 20, 66, 85 88, 101, , 112, 113, 130, 149, 150, 171, 173, , , 226, 227, , 239, 248, 253, 254, 276, 277, 281, 285, , 314, 315, 318, , 336, 344, 345, , , 385, , 409, 411, 417, 422, 423, 426, 465, 467 collapse, 214, 410 gain, 202, 210, 212, 283 growth, 89, 203, 211, 286 plots, 80 84, 150, 180 Biomass satellite mission, 86 Biosphere, 3 13, 27 28, 119, 149, 150, 160, 164, 191, 192, 200, 252, 254, 268, 301, 302, 333, Biotic, 153 Boundary layer, 149 Brazilian Amazonia. See Brazilian Legal Amazon Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA), 4, 7 10, 12, 385 BR-163 Highway, 397 BR-319 Highway, 393, 394, 397 Butterflies, 414 C Calcium, 276, , 288 Campina(rana). See Heath forest Canopy nutrient concentration, 279 Carbon, 8, 119, 149, 150, 155, 156, 160, 161, 163, 192, , 252 balance, 4, 8 11, 79 95, , 130, 135, 137, 200, 210, 213, 214, 254, 353, 465, 467, 468 budget, 80, , 369 cycle, 8 11, 46, 101, 185, 192, 200, 213, 226, , 251, 318, 347, 350, 466 flux(es), 9, 80, 82 85, 87, 89, 94 95, 102, 104, , 111, 112, , 149, 155, 156, 171, 232, , 240, 242, 333, 335, 385, 467, 468 sequestration, 9, 10, 91, 458 stock(s), 10, 81, 82, 87, 88, 149, , 192, , 212, 226, , 268, 281, 290, 302, , 320, 321, 348, , 409, 411 storage, 12, 192, 211, 215, 419, 422, 426, 427, 451 uptake, 89, 93, , , 153, 158, 161, 163, 192, 213, 333, 343, 395, 466 Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 119, 156, 158, 163, 164, 344 basin-wide fluxes of, 133 enrichment, 410 exchange, 153 fluxes, 150, 153 uptake, 163 Carbon use efficiency, 229, 344 CASA, 347 Cattle pasture(s), 393, 394, 397 Cattle ranges, 430 Cecropia, 417 Central Amazonian Conservation Corridor, 429 Charcoal, 387 China, 394 Climate, 138, 149, 150 change, 4 7, 10 13, 28, 36, 41, 44, 46 48, 66 71, 91 92, , 149, 164, 171, 192, 193, 207, , 254, 302, , 331, 333, 339, 340, 343, , 370, 378, 379, 385, 387, 396, , 457, 465, 466, 468 convention, 396 system, 70, 79, 101, 149, 392, 466 variability, 6, 7, 56, 58, 65, 138, 140, 318 CO 2. See Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Cohorts, 348 Combustion, 387 Community Land Model (CLM), 347 Composition, 206 atmospheric, 109 chemical, 235 functional, species, 10, 11, 109, 192, 202, 206, 225, 227, , 315, 318, 320, 341, 354, 420, 424 Conservation units, 394, 396 D Dams, 396 Dark respiration, 156 Deforestation, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 58, 65, 66, 71, 79, 81, 85, 87 88, 91 94, 101, 102, , , 138, 139, 171, 172, 184, 200, 201, 210, 211, , , 310, 319, 320, , , , 409, 411, 423, 429, 441, , , 465, 466, 468 rates, 87 Degradation, 87 88, 331 Denitrification, 240, 250 Dense terra firme forest, 152, 229, 237

3 Index 473 DETEX, 388 DGVM. See Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) Dieback, 332 Diffuse radiation, 154, 155, 157 Discharge, 7, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 55 58, 64, 65, 103, 104, 124, 127, 138, 423, 466 Disturbance, 10, 110, 111, 139, 198, , 210, 212, 285, 289, 345, , 387, 415, 416, 419, 420, , 428, 431 Drought(s), 36, 56, 93, 150, 156, 196, 333, 419 tolerance, 349 Dryness index (D), Dry season, 10, 37 40, 42, 45 48, 56 58, 64 68, 71, 87, 101, 102, 130, 150, , , 163, 214, 227, , 246, 250, 251, 282, 283, 286, 302, 305, , 317, 319, , 338, 392, 410, 413, 430, 467 Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM), 332, 339 Dynamics, 203 climate, 70, species, 206, , 420 vegetation, 8, 12, 65, 66, 71, 213, 214, 253, E Ecosystem productivity, 81, 154, 155, 157, 333, 336, 341, 377, 379 Ecosystem respiration (R e ), 154, , 162 Eddy covariance (EC), 8, 83 84, 150, 155, 156 Edge effects, 409 El Ni~no/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 40, 41, 47, 56, 58, 59, 138, 150, 153, 160, 227, 309 Emissions, 386, 392, 393 Endemic species, 428 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), 159 ENSO. See El Ni~no/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Environmental impact statement, 396 ENVISAT, 85 Evapotranspiration (ET), 35, 38, 39, 43, 64, 150, 153, Extreme events, 8, 9, 41, 63, 309, 312, 385, , 466 F Farquhar equations, 340 Feedback, 67 biogeochemical, 67 climate, 6, 302, 320, 354 hydrological, 12, 65 vegetation, 6, 12, 65 Fine roots, , 244 stock, 234 turnover, 236, 248, 252, 253 Fires, 5, 7, 8, 11, 41, 58, 59, 71, 80, 87, 91, 93, 94, 102, 113, 130, , 191, 192, 212, 251, , , 370, 379, , 392, 393, 409, 411, 413, 417, 419, 423, 427, 428, 430, 431, 450, 451, 466 Fitness, 350 Floodable area, 121 Flooded forest, 128, 237, 238, 244, , 253 Floods,7,40,41,55 71,102,138,140,286,378 Fluxes, 160 Flux towers, 152, 153, 160 Forest biomass, 6, 8, 86, 184, 185, , , 332, 344, 355, 409, 422, 423 degradation, 9, 12, 87, 172, 317, 371, 373, 377, 393, 394, 397, 448, 451 dynamics, 7, 12, 193, 207, 211, , 353, 354, 410, 419 fires, 11, 41, 71, 301, 308, 310, , 317, 318, 370, 379, 389, 390, 392, 451 management, 172, 178, 180, 183, 378, 397, 445, 447, 449 productivity, 213, 271, 281, 286, 287, regrowth, 451 restoration, 428, 452 trees, 108, 288, 345, 409, 415 Forest Code, 395, 396 Fossil fuels, 92 Free-air CO 2 experiment (FACE), 345 Frogs, 415 G Game-theory optimisation (GTO), 350 Gas transfer velocity, 124 Geological history, 269, 270 Global atmospheric network, Global-change phenomena, 408 Global warming, 408 Greenhouse gas(es), 6 10, 12, 36, 41, 46 48, 70, 71, 102, , 132, 137, 172, 303, 331, 370, 378, 388, 392, 395, 408, 411, 450, 466 Green-up, 334 Gross ecosystem exchange (GEE), 156

4 474 Index Gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), 81, , 163 Gross primary productivity (GPP), 81, 88, 162, 251, 290, , 344, 352 H Habitat fragmentation, 9, 12, 378, 407, 422, 424, 429, 430 Heath forest, 226, 229, , , 248, Human encroachment, 428 Hummingbirds, 415 Hydroelectric reservoirs, 129 Hydrological regimes, 12, 377, 378, 413 Hyperdynamism, 419 I ICESat, 86 Immigration, 419 Indigenous areas, 394, 396 Inland water, 119, 120, 135, 138 Insectivorous birds, 412 Inter-annual net ecosystem exchange, 8, 10 Inter-annual variability (IAV), precipitation, 67, 160, 161, 163 production, 162 temperature, 162 vegetation, 160, 163 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 387, 392, 394 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 37 Inundated area, 121 IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Isohydric strategy, 337 Isoprenoid, 22 K k values, 125 Kyoto Protocol, 387, 392 L LAI. See Leaf area index (LAI) Lakes, 23, 119, 120, 122, , 128, , 137, 139, 270, 467 Landsat, 85, 88, 110, 122, 132, 200, 201, 282, 312, 316, 322, 393, 395 Landscape divergence hypothesis, 420 Land speculation, 393 Land use, 3 13, 20, 23, 25, 28, 41 46, 58, 64, 65, 80, 81, 85, 95, 107, 131, 139, 149, 209, 212, , 319, 321, 331, 355, , , 409, 417, 418, 420, 423, , 465, 468 Land use and land cover (LULC), 369 Land use change, 5, 7, 9, 20, 23, 41 46, 64, 65, 81, 85, 95, 149, 209, 212, 331, 355, , 385, 387, 389, , 408, 423, 467 La Nina, 56 Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere-Model Inter-comparison Project (LBA-MIP), 333 Latent heat, 37, 39, 42 44, 125, 161 Leaching, 226, 232, , 247, 249, 252, 253 Leaf area index (LAI), 158, 163 Leaf litter, , 423 Leaf shedding, 419 Leaf water potential, 337 Lianas, 42, 193, 198, 206, 214, 216, 339, 410, 411, 414, 415, 422, 423, 425 LiDAR, 86 Light use efficiency (LUE), 156 Litterfall, 5, 158, 163, 229, 232, 234, 235, 240, 242, , 252, 253, 276, Local extinction, 428 Logging, , 393, 408 Long-term research, Lowland Amazon basin, 120 Lowland evergreen rainforest, 3, 4, 6, 226, 227, 254 M Magnesium, 280, 281 Maximum carboxylation rate, 340 Methane, 10, 83, , , , , 466, 467 Microclimate, 410 Microclimatic stress, 415 Model(s), atmosphere, 255 climate, 44, 46, 66, 139, 301, 332, 355 vegetation CLM, 347 JSBACH, 347 LPJ, , 352 ORCHIDEE, 338, 340, 341, 349 Modelling, 153,

5 Index 475 Moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MERIS), 85 Monitoring, 69, 86, 172, 192, 193, 195, 202, 203, 206, 209, 212, 307, 313, 323, 371, 379, 385, , 395, 409, 410, 451 Monkeys, 417 Montane forest, 3, 4, 226, 227, 229, 230, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239, , 276, 285, 287 Mortality, 194, 336, 352 N Nature reserves, 427 Necromass, 180, 198, 209, 212, 285, 389, 411, 423 Nested subset, 423 Net ecosystem exchange (NEE), 8, 10, 119, 153, 154, , , 333, 334 Net ecosystem productivity (NEP), 81, 339 Net incoming radiation, 38 Net primary productivity (NPP), 81 Net radiation (R n ), 43, Net surface radiation, 37 Neutral theory, 424 Nitrogen, 109, , 275, 276, 280, , 289, 345, 346, 466 cycling, , 378 fixation, 226, , 275, 345, 347 Nonrandom species loss, 424 NPP. See Net primary productivity (NPP) NUE. See Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) Nutrient cycling, , 254, 267, 268, Nutrient limitation, 246, 285, 286, 288 Nutrient-poor soils, 289, 411, 430 Nutrient sensitivity, Nutrient use efficiency (NUE), 276, 277 O Oil palm, 397 Open terra firme forest, 229, 232, 234, 237, 239, 240, 242, 244, 247, Optimality assumption, 346 Optimal response (OR), 350 Overhunting, 427 P Palms, 411 PALSAR, 86 Passive microwave sensors, 122 Pastures, 372 Peat, 90 Peroxidation, 24 Phosphorus, , 270, 272, , , 346, 347, 423, 466 concentration, 270, 286 cycling, deficiency, 287 Photosynthesis, 156, 158, 336 Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), , 163, 339 Photosynthetic capacity (Pc), 10, , 158, 159, 163, 336, 342, 343, 345, 346, 348 Pioneer trees, 415 Plantations, 89 Plant functional types (PFTs), 346, 348, 349, 353 Plasticity, physiological, Pollinators, 417 Potassium, , 288, 290 Precipitation (P), 11, 35, 37 41, 43, 44, 46 48, 55, 59, 60, 63 69, 71, 95, 101, 102, 113, 126, 131, 150, , , 182, , 226, 227, 232, , 242, 252, 286, 319, 348, 351, 353, 355, 378, 451, 466, 467 Primary metabolite, 20 PRODES, 388, 395 Productivity, 333 Protected areas, 394 Pyruvate, 21 R Rainfall, 152, 158, 161, 162, 164 exclusion, 335 RAINFOR, 193, 336 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 23 Recruitment, 194, 354 Reduced dispersal, 419 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), 385, 394, 397 Regionalisation of fluxes, Remote sensing, 8, 9, 85 89, 94, , 108, 110, 113, , 130, 133, 135, 137, 140, 171, 172, 203, 282, 318, 320, 333, 371, 387 Resource limitation hypothesis, 349 Respiration, 11, 20, 22, 71, 80, 81, 83, 91, 92, 111, 135, 136, 138, 154, ,

6 476 Index 162, 209, , 230, 231, 235, 236, 250, 312, 332, 335, , 352 Rio Negro, 4, 55 57, 59, 62 64, 184, 249, 274, 276, 304 Risk, 57, 71, 308, 319, 320, 331, 349, 353, 355, 378, 397, 428, 447 River discharge, 35, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 56, 58, 65, 103, 104, 124, 138 Rivers, 4, 35 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 55 65, 68, 71, 80, 92, , 109, 111, , , 150, 160, 212, 253, 269, 271, 372, 374, 396, 428, 449, Roads, 393, 397, 408 Root, 338 biomass, 10, 198, 234, 235 coarse, 10, 173, 174, 183, 229, 232, 240, 242, 244, 252, 253, 351 fine, 42, 229, 232, , 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 252, 253, 281, production, 236, 248, 281 turnover, 5, 229, 232, 236, 240, 242, 248, 252, 253 RuBisCo, 339 moisture, 38, 333 nutrients, 279, 286, 289, 290 organic matter, 344 physical properties, 272, 284, 285, 289 Solar radiation, 10, 37, 40, 42, 64, 101, 210 Sources and decomposition of organic carbon, Soybeans, 393, 397 Species composition, Species richness, 412 Stem turnover, , 289, 290 Stepping stones, 428 Stomatal aperture, 336, 349 Stomatal conductance, 156, 257, , 340 Stomatal response, 205, 213, 337 Stream, 44, 48, 59, 119, 121, 123, , 131, , 139, 232, 240, 242, 249, 253, 413, 430, 467, 468 export, 232, 240, 242, 249 flow, 252, 253, 378 Structural change, Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 121 Système Pour l Observation de la Terre (SPOT), 85 S Sample effect, 412 Satellite, 371 Satellite remote sensing, Savanna floodplains, 129 Savannisation, 66 Seasonality, 8, 94, 150, 152, 155, 158, 160, 163 Sea surface temperature (SST), 40, 41, 47, 48, 57 61, 63 65, 160, 227, 309 Secondary forest, 9, 10, 12, 88 89, 92, 107, 108, 226, 230, 268, 287, 303, 304, 307, 314, 395, 417, 418, 421, 426, 428, 430, 450, 451 Secondary metabolite, 20 Secondary succession, 202, 304, 385, 417, 451 Seed dispersers, 417 Sensible heat, 7, 37, 39, 42 45, 47, 48, 160 Sink, 6, 9, 23, 28, 66, 71, 85, 88 91, 93, 94, 109, 112, 113, 150, 192, 198, , 207, 209, , 336, 379, 443, 466, 467 Small mammals, 425 Socio-ecological system, 465, 468 Soil, 155, 156, 162, 163 carbon, 268, 273, 274, 387 fertility, 150 microbes, 247 T Temperature, 3, 5, 11, 25, 26, 36, 40, 41, 46, 47, 57, 59, 61, 65, 66, 69, 91, 102, 103, 113, 124, 138, 154, 155, 157, 160, 162, 182, , 227, 246, 251, 254, 308, 309, 311, 312, 319, 320, 322, , 336, 337, , 351, 355, 370, 378, 465, 467 Terra firme, 149, 152, 153, 158, 163, 164, 226, 227, 229, , 239 Terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER), 162 Terrestrial ecosystems, 25, 28, 153, 162, 171 Throughfall, 239, 240, 242, 244, 249, 252, 253 Trace-gas emissions, 387 Traits, Transpiration, Tree mortality, 7, 12, 71, 91, 197, 209, 210, 214, 284, 314, 315, 317, 332, 336, 352, 353, 389, 390, 410, , 419, 425 Tree turnover, 283, 285 Tropical Atlantic, 56, 58 65, 71, 111, 138, 227, 308, 309, 466, 467 Tropical biodiversity, 408 Tropical plantations, 89 Tropical rainforest, 42, 66, 237, 287, 341, 344, 350, 354, 369, 375

7 Index 477 U Uncertainties, 9, 10, 36, 46 48, 58, 60, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71, 85 94, 108, 120, 125, 130, 135, , 150, , 176, 178, 183, 184, 195, , 202, 214, 313, , 332, 334, 338, 343, 344, 355, 387, 393, 411, 457, 466 Understory birds, 414 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 387, 388, 392, 396 V Vapour pressure deficit (VPD), , 163, 214, 308, 319, 339, 342, 349 Vegetation dynamics, 8, 12, 65, 66, 71, 213, 214, 253, types, 7, 101, , 115, , Vismia, 417 Volatile ecosystem metabolomic, 19 W Water stress, 47, 336 Water use efficiency (WUE), 47, 337 Wetlands, 10, 35, 36, 80, 83, , 124, 126, , , 253, 270, Wet season, 37, 55, 64, 65, 67, 102, 112, , , 163, 238, 239, 246, 250, 251, 413, 420, 467 Wind shear, 413 Windstorms, 419 Wind turbulence, 413 Wood, 159, 163 density, 411 productivity, 281, 286, 290 Wood debris (WD), 229, 234, 235, 244, 252, 423