CO 2 EMISSIONS AND RESIDUES OF AMAZON RAINFOREST LUMBER PRELIMINARY RESULTS -

Transcription

1 International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction Nantes, France July 2012 CO 2 EMISSIONS AND RESIDUES OF AMAZON RAINFOREST LUMBER PRELIMINARY RESULTS - Érica Ferraz de Campos Vanderley M. John Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil

2 Literature: Wood & CO2 Northern hemisphere Soft wood Extraction from managed forest Low biodiversity: 100% trees are commercial Very low CO 2 (<100kgCO 2 /t) Considered to be a net carbon stock

3 Tropical Wood from Amazon Conventional (non-managed) extraction Very high biodiversity Selective logging CO 2? Residues? Exported to 50+ countries

4 Objective Quantify range of variation ofco 2 emissions in convencional exploitation (selective logging, without management) of Brazilian Amazon lumber, from forest to consumer market (cradle to gate)

5 Methodology Top-down material Flow Accounts (biomass) Variability: scenarios Uncertainty Natural variability of the forest Variability of the login process Borders Logging, Transportation to saw-mill Sawing Transportation to lumber dealers

6 Methodology Data sources

7 LITERATURE RESULTS

8 Brazilian Amazon Biomass concentration Aboveground live biomass (t/ha) Extracted from Saatchi et al (2007)

9 Biomass and carbon in Amazon forest Anderson et al., 2009; Araújo et al., 1999; Carvalho et al., 1995; Carvalho Jr. et al., 2001; FAO, 2005; Fearnside et al., 1999; Fearnside et al., 2001; Fearnside et al., 2009; Gerwing; Vidal, 2000; Houghton et al., 2000; Saatchi et al., 2007; Soares Neto et al., 2009

10 Commercial trees in Amazon 100 species Amesclão, Angelim, Aroeira, Cumaru, Goiabão, Ipê e Jatobá

11 Commercial trees in Amazon Average density dry: 0,69 g/cm³ H 15%: 0,81 g/cm³ fresh: 1,15 g/cm³ Amesclão, Angelim, Aroeira, Cumaru, Goiabão, Ipê e Jatobá

12 WOOD LOGGING

13 Selective logging of commercial trees

14 Roads and Tracks for Selective Logging

15 Roads and tracks Image: INPE (2011) Image: video Futuro da Floresta (FFT, 2005)

16 Open space for Falling trees

17 Falling trees Images: Camila Numazawa/ Sueo Numazawa

18 Log transportation Foto: extraída de vídeo Futuro da Floresta (FFT, 2005)

19 Log stock-piles area

20 Log piles area Image: Leonardo Freitas Image: site Amazonia World

21 Forest after some logging 1 km Google Earth (2011) Lat: ' S, Long: ' O Campos, E.F.; John, V.M. CO2 of Amazon wood LCA&construction 2012

22 Commercial logs t/ha 4% a 14% of forest biomass Veríssimo et al (1992); Nepstad et al (1999); Keller et al (2001); Asner et al (2005); Gerwing e Vidal (2002); Johns; Barreto e Uhl (1996)

23 Residual biomass from logging t/ha 7% a 33% of forest biomass Veríssimo et al (1992); Keller et al (2001); Asner et al (2005); Gerwing e Vidal (2002); Johns; Barreto e Uhl (1996)

24 Residual biomass from logging Images: Camila/Sueo Numazawa

25 Residual biomass from logging Images: Camila/Sueo Numazawa

26 Residual biomass from logging Foto: Camila/Sueo Numazawa

27 Possible logging scenarios 27 potential scenarios 18 assumed as valid Min Med Max (b) (m) (a) Aboveground biomass t/ha Logs % Destruction %

28 Logging intensity variation Logs: 8,4 59,5 t Max 47% Med 26% Min 11%

29 SAWING

30 Typical Amazon sawmills Image: INPE Image: Candido Neto

31 Typical Amazon sawmills Image: Lentini (2010) Image: video Serraria portátil

32 Sawmill yield Pereira et al (2010)

33 Sawing residues Image: Camila Numazawa/Sueo Numazawa Image: Carbono Social (2012)

34 End of life of sawing residues Image: Camila/ Sueo Numazawa

35 AMAZON BIOMASS MATERIAL FLOW

36 scenario bbb+ 45,7% sawing Products : residues 1 : 5

37 scenario mmm+ 41,1% sawing Products : residues 1 : 8

38 scenario aaa+ 35,4% sawing Products : residues 1 : 8,5

39 Average biomass distribution

40 Recovery of forest biomass Not considered Uncertain Change of vegetation composition (less hardwood) Lack of data Probable land use change

41 Carbon flow bbb + 45,7%

42 Carbon flow mmm+ 41,1%

43 Carbon flow aaa+ 35,4%

44 CO 2 FROM ENERGY

45 Residues CO 2 3,4-9,7 tco 2 /t log

46 CO 2 of energy consumption Logging Sawing Log transportation Lumber transportation Production process

47 CO 2 of energy consumption cradle to gate 0,02 a 0,12 tco 2 /t log

48 CO 2 of lumber transportation (Brazilian Average) 0,03-0,12 tco 2 /t lumber Truck with semitrailer Wood density 0,81 g/cm³ Average distance: 1,956 km Maximum load capacity

49 Conclusions Residues t/t lumber Amazon lumber in typical consumer market in Brazil

50 Conclusions CO 2 7,5-28,6 tco 2 /t lumber Conventional logging Amazon lumber in typical consumer market in Brazil

51 Conclusions Fossil fuel consumption (including km transportation) is less than 1% of total CO 2

52 Conclusions Amazon (and possible all hardwood) has a larger footprint than softwood from northern hemisphere.

53 Conclusions Opportunities for CO 2 mitigation Reduce residues generation Logging planning (certification) New logging procedures Sawing efficiency Use of residues o Wood products o Energy New data to the national GHG inventory

54 Acknowledgement CAPES for research funding Katia Punhagui for wood processing data Prof. Sérgio Pacca (USP) Prof. Edson Vidal (USP) Prof. Fernando Seixas (USP) Eng. Estevão Braga (WWF Brasil) Vinicius John