BIOSPHERE-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS. Timo Vesala University of Helsinki Department of Physics Division of Atmospheric Sciences

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1 BIOSPHERE-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS Timo Vesala University of Helsinki Department of Physics Division of Atmospheric Sciences

2 Background: Grand Challenges Climate change Volcanoes Energy Global warming Epidemic deseases Chemicalisation Earthquakes Air quality Fresh water Ocean acidification Deforestification Biodiversity loss Food supplies

3 The Climate System: Interactions A. Grelle, 2005

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5 Development steps (research/scientific work) Hunting / Fishing Good luck Agriculture Field stations Industry Specialised personal Service To meet needs of society

6 SMEAR II Hyytiälä

7 Continuous Measurements

8 Societal duties work towards sustainable adaptation and mitigation of climate change disseminate of research findings for policy making processes for laymen for schools focus on training of multi-talented environmental and atmospheric experts establish enterprises (for example instrument manufacturing)

9 Half of the man-made emissions stays in the atmosphere Fraction into the atmosphere increases Fraction into terrestrial ecosystems stable Fraction into oceans decreases Land fraction Airborne fraction Ocean fraction Atmosphere Terrestrial ecosystems a b c Oceans Canadell et al. (2007) PNAS Raupach et al. (2008) Biogeosciences

10 Content: Flux towers Tall towers (absolute concentrations) Integrated GHG observation infrastructure

11 MASS TRANSPORT BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND ECOSYSTEMS Material produced or absorbed by the biological sink is either stored in the air or transported away Transport by Turbulence (eddies): vertical Advection (bulk flow): horisontal

12 Transport of CO 2 by eddies: eddy covariance (EC) Height Concentration

13 Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (Scots pine) Water vapour Evapotranspir. Source CO2 Sink

14 Gap-filled carbon balance (Hyytiälä Scots pine) g per m 2 = 10 kg per ha

15 Annual weekly averages S. Launiainen

16 Lake Valkea-Kotinen in Lammi A. Ojala

17 Responses to environmental drivers Flux vs. surface concentration Surface concentration vs. stratification

18 Everything on footprint area is integrated to EC flux

19 Meta-analysis for Net Urban Exchange vs. green area Nordbo et al., submitted GRL

20 Upscaling by MODIS satellite land-use maps

21 Lompolojänkkä/Pallas Northern boreal fen Kenttärova/Pallas Spruce forest Peat soil Long-term flux sites in Finland Mineral soil Urban environment Siikaneva/Hyytiälä Southern boreal fen Kaamanen Subarctic fen Hyytiälä Scots pine (SMEAR II) Lammi Lake Kumpula Urban (SMEAR III) Loppi Drained pine forest Sodankylä Scots pine

22 evapo-transpiration, sensible heat and momentum flux (friction velocity) are routinely measured with CO 2 EC available also to CH 4, N 2 O, O 3, BVOCs, aerosol particle number etc. Instruments expensive

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24 FLUXNET is probably the largest geophysical experiment in Earth and the application and potential information contained in the collected data goes beyond the individual sites. D. Papale Astrophysicists have Hubble, nuclear physicists have CERN, biogeochemists have FLUXNET. a reviewer of Nature paper (Valentini et al., 2000)

25 Tall towers or hills/mountains or open sea Air planes Flux towers Chambers

26 Anthropogenic emissions Oceanic exchange Terrestrial ecosystem exchange

27 NH land sink NH CO2 land sink : (Ciais et al., 2010) Top-down inversion: PgC/yr Bottom-up land-based: PgC/yr

28 Inversion-based estimates of CO 2 -equivalent GHG-emissions (Schulze et al. 2009) Sinks/sources of forests, arable land, peatlands and grasslands

29 Intro Soil & Earth System Interact & feedback Lateral BGC Global Earth Obs. & MDI Global evapotranspiration (ET): ca. 65 Eg yr 1 Crossvalidation Indep. validation Jung et al. Nature MM. Reichstein

30 Summary of N budgets for Finland- Hyytiälä and Germany- Höglwald Finland- Hyytiälä Germany- Höglwald N input (kg N / ha /yr) N storage (kg N / ha) Vegetation Soil (organic N) N loss (kg N / ha / yr) Retained inputs 56% 18%

31 Science 320, 1444 (2008) Physical, chemical and biological processes affect the climate (energy, hydrology and atmospheric composition) Complex and non-linear interactions can damp and enhance anthropogenic changes Forests act as carbon sinks and feedbacks can increase or decrease this climate forcing Transpiration of tropical forests cools and the darkness of boreal forests (albedo) warms Net effects are not known

32 ICOS Integrated Carbon Observation System A research Infrastructure to measure, understand and predict the global cycles of greenhouse gases

33 Monitoring of concentrations and fluxes of CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O Tentative ending year 2031 Headquarters to be located in Helsinki

34 European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures ESFRI Response to challenges Cost-wise efficient research services, Optimisation of existing Research Infrastructures, (ESFRI roadmap for) new Infrastructures An improved working environment (e.g. new Community legal frameworks) Launched in April 2002 A forum of Member States, Associated States and European Commission The ESFRI Roadmap 2006, update 2008 and 2010 (partly) The ESFRI roadmap contains 48 projects Next steps needed: NOTE! Real ESFRI implementation is not funding RIs of foreseen actions A real EU Research Infrastructures policy

35 What is ICOS? A world-class infrastructure to quantify and understand greenhouse gas concentrations and fluxes Long-term measurements at network of sites 40 backbone ecosystem flux sites 40 atmospheric concentration sites 10 ocean ship-lines The performance of the ensemble will be greater than the sum of each national network Scale: Europe and key regions of interest for Europe Large implications for climate policy

36 Objectives of ICOS To establish an integrated long-term research infrastructure to understand the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases To determine regional GHG fluxes from observations and attribute these to processes To enable early detection of surprises To provide regional carbon budgets for policy support To provide access and services for data and data products

37 The Network high quality long term observations Same sensors deployed at all stations Centralized and near real time data processing Standards compatible with international systems: GEOSS, WMO, GTOS Backbone data for operational flux modelling

38 Towards ICOS Preparatory phase project (EC funded, ) Transition phase (constructions, negotiations) ICOS established (operational 2013/2014)

39 You, the researhers, are the end-users of the data; you can also actively affect how well the data is used Remember that the whole ICOS-Europe is available Kuva: Sakari Uusitalo