Advice of the Scientific Authority should be based on the following:

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1 The requirement of NDFs Copyright CITES Secretariat 2005 Recap of NDF ~All exports of Appendix I and II ~All imports of Appendix I ~Dependent on any stricter domestic measures ~For every transaction ~Quota system management system that means NDFs are not made for every transaction, but must be monitored and reviewed. ~MA receives permit and refers to SA for advice 1

2 The NDF is a science-based risk assessment, which should focus on examining the harvest, population responses, measures and risks in order to determine whether or not removal of a species from the wild is detrimental. 1. Analyze risks of trade 2. Determine the effects of any trade 3. Make a decision on whether to allow export/import p 4. Monitor trade occurring NDF = science-based risk assessment Volume in trad de moderate risk low risk high risk moderate risk Vulnerability of the species 2

3 NDF = science-based risk assessment Volume in trad de moderate risk low risk high risk moderate risk Vulnerability of the species Factors to consider when making a NDF Advice of the Scientific Authority should be based on the following: Population status and trends Distribution Harvest Trade information Other biological and ecological factors (Resolution Conf. 10.3) The most useful unit of measurement is the national population of the country of export 3

4 Examples from Producer (exporting) countries Indonesia Huge demand for Indonesian wildlife and products on a global scale. Highest Coral exports globally Factors considered? Abundance, distribution, role in ecosystem, reproductive capacity, habitat, harvest levels Information sources for making a NDF? Indonesian biodiversity monitoring plan NGOs, visiting scientists, Universities Data from harvesting activities Difficulties? Huge demand Need for further field surveys Need for further monitoring Examples from Producer (exporting) countries China Factors considered? Population status and trends, distribution, habitat availability, threats, endemism, biology, harvest levels (domestic and international), illegal trade, management, captive breeding Information sources for making a NDF? Research projects Chinese Academy of Science, university students National monitoring programmes SA projects on species of CITES significance China Endangered Species Information System Trade statistics from trading companies Difficulties? Shortage of funds Lack of expert personnel Lack of centralised information on harvest and use of species Lack of basic biological information 4

5 Example from Consumer (importing) country UK (EU) Mainly an importing and re-exporting country Factors considered? Population status, size, trends, distribution habitat preference biological characteristics management/quotas trade data; new NDFs made for new species/country combinations threats captive breeding details e.g. clams/corals facilities, F2, founder stock, annual production etc management of CITES in exporting country CITES Resolutions, Decisions, Recommendations by the AC/PC EU opinions UK (EU) Mainly an importing and re-exporting country Information sources for making a NDF? Published literature (journals, internet, databases (WCMC), IUCN Red List, TRAFFIC, corals of the world) Species experts IUCN specialists, scientists, biologists CITES Secretariat CITES SA/MA in EU and other countries CITES proposals and documents, previous advice given by UK/EU SA Difficulties? Desk-based information EU wide decisions 5

6 Worked example from UK: Import of 500 live specimens of Tridacna derasa clams from Vietnam in 2006 Factors considered Geographic range (wide, but little info) Biology vulnerability to overharvest Current restrictions to trade Previous trade (none, although 200 were approved in 2005) Anticipated trade (high due to ve opinions on other species) Population/conservation status (VU) Information source WCMC species database, IUCN Red List, published literature Published literature on giant clams WCMC trade database (EU ve opinions for 2 other species, import suspensions) WCMC trade database, UK SA database WCMC trade database, other CITES Parties IUCN Red List, Vietnam SA and MA Conclusions: Trade is potentially increasing, lack of information on clam status in Vietnam, susceptibility to over-harvesting. Unable to make a NDF for 500 specimens - Import refused. Making NDFs A checklist Some CITES Parties have produced their own detailed guidelines for making NDFs. A systematic approach in the form of a checklist has been designed to help Scientific Authorities in advising if exports of Appendix II-listed taxa are not-detrimental to the species survival The checklist was circulated to Parties as Document Inf at CoP11 (Gigiri, 2000), and published by IUCN in

7 IUCN Checklist components Two Tables with a series of questions: one regarding harvest, one looking at management. Table 1: Summary of Harvest Type of harvest e.g. captive breeding, wild capture of parts, ranching Segment harvested - eggs, juveniles, adults... Reason for harvest commercial, subsistence... Harvest quantities Regulated vs unregulated harvest End users of the harvest 7

8 Making a NDF using Table 1 only Row 1.1a 1a species is subject to well regulated captive breeding Row 1.2a species is subject to well regulated removal of products, without killing the animal Row 1.3a species is subject to a well regulated ranching operation Table 2 should be completed for all other situations. Table 2: Factors affecting management of the harvesting regime Series of questions relating to: ~ biological characteristics ~ status ~ management ~ control of harvest ~ monitoring ~ incentives ~ protection Designed on basis of 5 answers per question, each including unknown category The answers run from those with least to most impact on the population (scores 1-5) 8

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11 Difficulties in making NDFs Capacity Link with universities & NGOs Resources Link with consumers -certification Local communities, traders, NGOs and university students Funds Conservation cost/ benefits livelihood cost/benefits Governance/Political will? Summary Concepts and terminology relating to Non-detriment Findings are found throughout CITES documents CITES Authorities have specific roles and responsibilities that relate to NDFs NDFs may appear in different 'forms', and may also be agreed by the CoP The NDF is a science-based risk-assessment The NDF Checklist offers guidance to Parties when making NDFs 11