Contents. General Section

Transcription

1 Introduction and Remarks 1 Aims of Ecological Science Significance of Present-Day Ecology as a Philosophy Human Impact on Ecosystems Significance of Systematics and Taxonomy for Biology Importance of Scientific Documentation Importance of Excursions for Young Scientists. 7 General Section Ecological Fundamentals 1 Historical Perspective Co-EvolutionandSymbiosis Biodiversity and Ecology of Populations Climate and its Presentation (Homoclimates as well as Climate Diagram Maps) Environment and Competition Ecological Factors Radiation, Light and Basic Astronomy Elements Temperature Water Relations of Plants and Vegetation Poikilohydric and Homeohydric Plants and Adaptation to Water Deficit Halophytes and Saline Soils, Halobiomes Mineral Supply and Soils Ecotypes and the Law of Biotope Change and Relative Constancy of Habitat Azonal and Extrazonal Vegetation Ecological Systems and Biology of Ecosystems 1 Geobiosphere and Hydrobiosphere Hydrobiosphere Classification of the Geobiosphere intozonobiomes Zonoecotones... 80

2 XII 5 Orobiomes Pedobiomes Hierarchy of Ecological Systems Biome Smaller Units of Ecological Systems: Biogeocenes and Synusiae Biology and Characteristics of Ecosystems Highly Productive Ecosystems Special Features of Material Cycles in Different Ecosystems Role of Fire for Ecosystems Individual Zonobiomes and Their Distribution 104 Special Section I Zonobiome of the Evergreen Tropical Rain Forest (Zonobiome of the Equatorial Humid Diurnal Climate) 1 Typical Climate in Zonobiome I Soils and Pedobiomes Vegetation Different Types of Vegetation in Zonobiome I AroundtheEquator Orobiome I Tropical Mountains with a Diurnal Climate Biogeocenes of Zonobiome I as Ecosystems Fauna and Nutritional Chains in Zonobiome I Human Beings in Zonobiome I Zonoecotone I/II Semi-Evergreen Forest II Zonobiome of Savannas and Deciduous Forests and Grasslands (Zonobiome of the Humido-arid Tropical Summer Rain Region) 1 General ZonalVegetation Savannas (Trees and Grasses) Parkland Examples of Larger Savanna Regions Ecosystem Research Tropical Hydrobiomes in Zonobiomes I and II Mangroves as Halo-Helobiomes inzonobiomesiandii Shore Formations Psammobiomes Orobiome II Tropical Mountains with an Annual Temperature Periodicity Man in the Savanna Zonoecotone II/III

3 XIII III Zonobiome of Hot Deserts (Zonobiome of Subtropical Arid Climates) 1 Climatic Subzonobiomes Soils and Their Water Content Substrate-Dependent Desert Types Water Supply of Desert Plants Ecological Types of Desert Plants Productivity of Desert Vegetation Desert Vegetation of the Various Floristic Realms Orobiome III Desert Areas of the Subtropics Humans in Deserts Zonoecotone III/IV Semi-Deserts IV Zonobiome of Sclerophyllic Woodlands (Zonobiome of the Arido-Humid Winter Rain Region) 1 General Historical Development of Zonobiome IV anditsrelationshipwithzonobiomev Mediterranean Region Significance of Sclerophylly in Competition Arid Mediterranean Subzonobiome California and Neighbouring Regions Central Chilean Winter Rain Region with Zonoecotone South African Cape South West and South Australia Mediterranean Orobiome Climate and Vegetation of the Canary Islands Man in Mediterranean Regions V Zonobiome of Laurel Forests (Zonobiome of the Warm-Temperate Humid Climate) 1 General Tertiary Forests, Lauriphylly and Sclerophylly Humid Subzonobiomes on the East Coast of the Continents Subzonobiome on the West Side of Continents Biome of Eucalyptus-Nothofagus Forests of South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania Warm-Temperate Biome of New Zealand VI Zonobiome of Deciduous Forests (Zonobiome of the Temperate Nemoral Climate) 1 Leaf Shedding as Adaptation to Cold Winters Effect of Cold Winter Periods on Species of the Nemoral Zone DistributionofZonobiomeVI

4 XIV 4 Atlantic Heath Regions Deciduous Forests as Ecosystems (Biogeocenes) Orobiome VI Northern Alps and Alpine Forests and Tree Line Zonoecotone IV/VII Forest-Steppe VII Zonobiome of Steppes and Cold Deserts (Zonobiome of the Arid-Temperature Climate) 1 Climate SoilsoftheEastEuropeanSteppeZone Meadow Steppes on Thick Chernozem and Feather Grass Steppes North American Prairie Ecophysiology of Steppe and Prairie Species AsiaticSteppes Animal Life of the Steppe Grass Steppes of the Southern Hemisphere Subzonobiome of Semi-Deserts Subzonobiome of Middle Asiatic Deserts Karakum Desert Orobiome VII (riii) in Middle Asia Subzonobiome of the Central Asiatic Deserts Subzonobiome of Cold High Plateau Deserts of Tibet and Pamir (szb VII, tlx) ManintheSteppe Zonoecotone VI/VIII Boreonemoral Zone VIII Zonobiome of the Taiga (Zonobiome of the Cold-Temperature Boreal Climate) 1 Climate and Coniferous Species oftheborealzone Oceanic Birch Forests in Zonobiome VIII European Boreal Forest Zone Ecology of Coniferous Forests Siberian Taiga Extreme Continental Larch Forests of Eastern Siberia with Thermokarst Formations Orobiome VIII Mountain Tundra Mires of the Boreal Zone (Peinohelobiomes) Ecology of Raised Bogs The Western Siberian Lowlands The Largest Bog Region of the Earth ManintheTaiga Zonoecotone VIII/IX (Forest Tundra) and the Polar Forest and Tree Line

5 XV IX Zonobiome of the Tundra (Zonobiome of the Arctic Climate) 1 Climate and Vegetation of the Tundra Ecophysiological Investigations Animal Life in the Arctic Tundra Man in the Tundra The Cold Arctic Desert and Solifluction Antarctic and Subantarctic Islands Summary and Conclusions 1 Phytomass and Primary Production of the Various Vegetational Zones and of the Entire Biosphere Conclusion from an Ecological Point of View Population Explosion in Developing Countries Excessive Technological Developments inindustrialcountries Sustainable Land Use Large Programs and Global Programs Testimonies References Explanations of Foreign Technical Words Used Subject Index

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