Cold tolerance of two potential biological control agents of the brown marmorated stink bug

Transcription

1 Cold tolerance of two potential biological control agents of the brown marmorated stink bug Erica Nystrom 1, Robert Venette 2, Christine Dieckhoff 3, Kim Hoelmer 3 and Robert L. Koch 1 Christopher Hedstrom Brandon Woo Pierre Bornand 1 Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 2 USDA-FS, Saint Paul, MN USDA-ARS-BIIRU, Newark, DE 1971

2 Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae) The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) Photo by Stephen Ausmus

3 Stopbmsb.org 2016 BMSB detected Nuisance problems only Agricultural and nuisance problems Severe agricultural and nuisance problems

4 Minnesota Department of Agriculture 2016

5 Diagram adapted from Oregon State University Extension Service Halyomorpha halys life cycle Adult Eggs 5 4 Instar 1 3 2

6 Hoebeke and Carter 2003; Leskey et al Photos by Ric Bessin, Doug Pfeiffer, David Wright, and Eric Day 150+ diverse plant species are at risk, and the value of susceptible crops exceeds $21 billion

7 Inkley 2012; Lee 2014 Photo by StopBMSB.org

8 Leskey et al Photo from istockphoto.com

9 Hamilton et al. 2014; Herlihy et al. 2015; Ogburn et al Photo by University of Maryland Extension

10 Caltagirone 1981 Classical biological control: The regulation of a pest population (insect, mite, mammal, weed, pathogen) by exotic natural enemies (parasites, predators, pathogens) that are imported for this purpose.

11 Natural enemy survey locations in Asia

12 Natural enemy survey locations in Asia Hymenoptera: Scelionidae Trissolcus mitsukurii Trissolcus itoi Trissolcus cultratus Trissolcus japonicus

13 Photos by Chris Hedstrom and Pierre Bornand Hymenoptera: Scelionidae Trissolcus japonicus Chris Hedstrom Pierre Bornand Trissolcus cultratus

14 Diagram adapted from Hoffman and Frodsham 1993 Trissolcus spp. life cycle Larva develops in host egg Female lays egg in host egg Pupa in blackened host egg Adult emerges

15 Photo by Mark Johnson

16 Carillo et al. 2004; Stephens et al. 2015

17 Carillo et al. 2004; Stephens et al. 2015

18 Carillo et al. 2004; Stephens et al. 2015

19 Temperature C 0 C Supercooling point (freezing) Time

20 Proportion freezing 100 Cumulative freezing curve 0-30 C Temperature C 0 C

21 Temperature C 0 C Lower lethal temperature (mortality) Time

22 Temperature C 0 C Time

23 Proportion mortality 100 Cumulative mortality curve 0-30 C Temperature C 0 C

24 Renault et al How are freezing and mortality related?

25 Proportion mortality 100 Mortality occurs after freezing 0-30 C Temperature C 0 C

26 Proportion mortality 100 Mortality = freezing 0-30 C Temperature C 0 C

27 Proportion mortality 100 Mortality occurs before freezing 0-30 C Temperature C 0 C

28 Renault et al Ecological relevance of cold tolerance measurements

29 Renault et al At what temperatures do T. japonicus and T. cultratus experience freezing and mortality?

30 Trissolcus cultratus Trissolcus japonicus

31

32 Cold tolerance assays Proportion freezing Proportion mortality T. japonicus T. japonicus Beijing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China Beijing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China

33 Cold tolerance assays Proportion freezing Proportion mortality T. japonicus T. japonicus Beijing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China Beijing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China

34 Cold tolerance assays Proportion freezing Proportion mortality T. japonicus T. japonicus Beijing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China Beijing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China

35 Cold tolerance assays Proportion freezing Proportion mortality T. japonicus T. japonicus Beijing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China Beijing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China

36 Proportion freezing Cold tolerance assays Proportion mortality T. japonicus T. japonicus Beijing, China Beijing, China T. cultratus Tsukuba 1, Japan Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China Tsukuba 2, Japan

37 Proportion freezing Cold tolerance assays Proportion mortality T. japonicus T. japonicus Beijing, China Beijing, China T. cultratus Tsukuba 1, Japan Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China Pucheon, S. Korea Tsukuba, Japan Nanjing, China Tsukuba 2, Japan

38 ± SE Freezing results (T. japonicus) Supercooling point results a a ab b Population: df = 3, χ²= 9.59, p = 0.02

39 ± SE 50% of populations of T. japonicus freeze at -21 C a a ab b Population: df = 3, χ²= 9.59, p = 0.02

40 ± SE Mortality results (T. japonicus) < > a a a a Population: df = 3, χ²= 0.12, p = 0.99

41 ± SE 50% of populations of T. japonicus die at -19 C < > a a a a Population: df = 3, χ²= 0.12, p = 0.99

42 ± SE Comparing < mortality and freezing (T. japonicus) > Assay: df = 1, Z = 6.46, p < Assay: df = 1, Z = 6.74, p < Assay: df = 1, Z = 3.44, p < Assay: df = 1, Z = 2.29, p = 0.02

43 ± SE All populations < of T. japonicus die before freezing > Assay: df = 1, Z = 6.46, p < Assay: df = 1, Z = 6.74, p < Assay: df = 1, Z = 3.44, p < Assay: df = 1, Z = 2.29, p = 0.02

44 ± SE Mortality results (T. cultratus) a a Population: df = 1, χ²= 0.01, p = 0.98

45 ± SE 50% of populations of T. cultratus die at -19 C Mortality results (T. cultratus) a a Population: df = 1, χ²= 0.01, p = 0.98

46 Conclusions?

47 Conclusions? The ecologically relevant measure of cold tolerance for T. japonicus is lower lethal temperature.

48 Conclusions? The ecologically relevant measure of cold tolerance for T. japonicus is lower lethal temperature. 50% of populations from both species die at -19 C, which is below lethal temperatures for H. halys.

49 Conclusions? The ecologically relevant measure of cold tolerance for T. japonicus is lower lethal temperature. 50% of populations from both species die at -19 C, which is below lethal temperatures for H. halys. From a cold tolerance standpoint, all populations of both species are equally suitable for introduction.

50 How do our laboratory measurements compare to field conditions?

51 Plant Hardiness Zone Map Average Annual Extreme Minimum Temperature ( ) T. japonicus

52 Plant Hardiness Zone Map Average Annual Extreme Minimum Temperature ( ) T. japonicus

53 Plant Hardiness Zone Map Average Annual Extreme Minimum Temperature ( ) T. japonicus

54 Plant Hardiness Zone Map Average Annual Extreme Minimum Temperature ( ) T. japonicus H. halys

55 Plant Hardiness Zone Map Average Annual Extreme Minimum Temperature ( ) T. japonicus H. halys

56 Photo by Chuck Ingels

57 What about additional measurements of cold tolerance?

58 Longevity

59 Longevity Acclimation

60 Longevity Acclimation Lower lethal time

61 Acknowledgements Many people helped make this project possible through financial, technical, and moral support: USDA-ARS-BIIRU: Kathleen Tatman MDA-MAES: Stephanie Dahl, Nik Prenevost, and Jeanne Ciborowski UMN support: The Salt Journal Group; Koch, Venette, Hutchison, and Aukema lab members. Especially Amy Morey, Theresa Cira, Lindsey Christianson, James Menger-Anderson, and Jaana Iverson. Michigan State: Paul Botch and Patricia Samota Funding for this project was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), and the Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council.

62 Questions? Photo by Elijah Talamas