Green Development, 2nd edition

Transcription

1 Green Development, 2nd edition Environment and sustainability in the Third World W.M. Adams Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK

2 Contents List of plates xi List of figures xii List of tables xiv Preface xv Acknowledgements xix Copyright acknowledgements xx List of abbreviations and acronyms xxiii 1 The dilemma of sustainability 1 Sustainable development 1 Power without meaning? 4 The discourse of development 6 The challenge of poverty 9 The challenge of environmental change 12 Environment and development: one problem, two cultures 15 Outline of the book 17 Summary 19 Further reading 20 Web sources 20 2 The origins of sustainable development 22 Environmentalism and the emergence of sustainable development 22 Tropical environmentalism 23 Nature preservation and the emergence of sustainable development 25 Tropical ecology and sustainable development 34 Ecology and the balance of nature 37 Ecological managerialism 40 Ecology and economic development 42 Environmentalism, population and global crisis 45 Global science and sustainable development 47 Summary 51

3 viii Contents Further reading 52 Web sources 52 3 The development of sustainable development 54 Before the mainstream: the Stockholm Conference 54 The World Conservation Strategy 59 Sustainable development in the World Conservation Strategy 65 The Brundtland Report 69 Caring for the Earth 76 Summary 78 Further reading 79 Web sources 79 4 Sustainable development: the Rio machine 80 Rolling down to Rio 80 The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 83 Agenda The Forest Principles 89 The Biodiversity Convention 90 The Framework Convention on Climate Change 92 Beyond Rio 95 Summary 99 Further reading 100 Web sources Mainstream sustainable development 102 Inside the mainstream: global reformism 102 Market environmentalism 104 Ecological modernisation 110 Environmental populism 113 Natural capital and sustainability 117 Ecological economics and cultural capital 123 Mechanisms for mainstream sustainable development 126 Trade-off's, equity and complexity 133 Summary 136 Further reading 137 Web sources Countercurrents hi sustainable development 139 Beyond the mainstream 139 Neo-Malthusianism and sustainable development 142 Green critiques of developmentalism 148 Ecososcialism and sustainability 153 Ecoanarchism 159 Deep ecology and sustainability 164

4 Ecofeminism and sustainability 167 Sustainability and radical environmentalism 170 Summary 172 Further reading 173 Web sources 174 Contents ix 7 Environment, degradation and sustainability 175 Environmental degradation 175 The desertification industry 177 Desertification and climate change 182 Desertification and the scientific imagination 188 The neo-malthusian narrative 192 Overpopulation or intensification? 193 Overgrazing and new range ecology 197 Landscapes misread 203 Sustainability and desertification policy 206 The Convention to Combat Desertification 209 Summary 212 Further reading 213 Web sources The environmental costs of development 215 The costs of environmental control 215 Planning water resource development 217 The physical impacts of river control 220 The ecological impacts of river control 223 Dams, people and floodplains 228 Dams and resettlement 233 The environmental impacts of irrigation 240 Summary 247 Further reading 248 Web sources The political ecology of sustainability 250 Poverty, environment and degradation 250 Political ecology 251 Understanding tropical deforestation 255 The political ecology of deforestation 261 Forest clearance and forest people 265 The political ecology of conservation 270 The political ecology of famine 277 Summary 283 Further reading 284 Web sources 284

5 x Contents 10 Sustainability and Risk Society 285 Risk Society 285 Risk and environmental class 287 Development and environmental pollution 290 Manufacturing pollution 295 The problem of pesticides 299 Summary 308 Further reading 308 Web sources Mainstreaming risk 310 Risk and sustainability 310 The assessment of environmental and social impacts 312 Environmental assessment in the Third World 313 Environmental assessment in project appraisal 318 Why projects fail 320 Reforming impact assessment 323 Aid agencies and environmental policy 325 Summary 332 Further reading 332 Web sources Sustainable development from below 334 Development from below 334 Development planning and indigenous knowledge 337 Community conservation 341 Conservation with development 343 Sustainability through consumption 349 Rainforest management reform 353 Joined-up thinking: the example of river basin planning 361 Summary 365 Further reading 366 Web sources Green development: reformism or radicalism? 368 Claiming sustainability 368 Adapting for sustainability 371 Resistance to development 372 Protest for sustainability 374 Sustainability and civil society 379 Green development: reformism or radicalism? 381 References 384 Index 436

6 Plates 2.1 Elephant in the floodplain of the lower Zambezi, Zimbabwe Greenpeace protest at the Rio Conference Children in a village in eastern Bangladesh An active sand dune, Kaska Village, northern Nigeria Sustained intensive agriculture in the Kano close-settled zone, Nigeria Stall-fed cow; intensified agriculture, Machakos District, Kenya Agricultural terracing in Kabale District, Uganda Groundwater-fed Acacia trees along streams, Turkana, Kenya Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe Floodplain forest (Sterculia appendiculata), Tana River, Kenya The Bakolori Dam, Nigeria The Hadejia-Jama'are wetlands, Nigeria Waterlogging on an irrigated field corner, Bakolori Project, Nigeria Forest clearance for agriculture on the edge of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, south-west Uganda Land cleared for a farm in the dry forests of the Madhupur Tract, Bangladesh The Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda Traffic in Mexico City Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda - a forest island in a sea of agriculture 357

7 Figures 3.1 The need to integrate conservation and development Depletion of living resources The economic optimist vision of the future The ecological pessimist view of the future Breaking the link between GDP growth and pollution Valuing environmental functions of wetlands The ecological economic vision of the future The finite biosphere relative to the growing economic subsystem in the 'empty world' and 'full world' scenarios Interrelationships between cultural, natural and human-made capital Trade-offs among the three objectives of sustainable development The incorporation of environmental concerns into decision-making Economic factors affecting environmental quality GNP and index of sustainable economic welfare in the USA, Global population projections to Friberg and Hettne's 'Green' project An environmentally hazardous dynamic An environmentally benign dynamic Drought and dryland agriculture and environmental degradation in the Gambia Desertification in the world's susceptible drylands Time series of annual rainfall in the Sahel Graph of livestock/herbivore biomass against rainfall Plant-livestock interactions under drought perturbation Political ecology's chain of explanation The chain of explanation of land degradation Deforestation in Sumatra Ecopolitical hierarchy of tropical deforestation 262

8 Figures xiii 10.1 The 'iron triangle' governing resource use in India Regions at risk from acidification Pesticide use on rice and pest resistance, Thailand Environmental assessment and the project planning helix 314