Country fact sheet. Land cover Serbia. September Photo: Toni García, My City/EEA

Transcription

1 Country fact sheet Land cover 2012 September 2017 Photo: Toni García, My City/EEA

2 Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change The development of the n landscape seems to remain stable compared to previous period. The mean annual land cover change rate 0.08% - is quite low, in comparison with other European countries this illustrates low intensity of land cover development in the country. In the period , the pace of land cover change was a bit higher, with 0.1 annual change rate it means that there even occurred a slight decrease of land cover development over time. The internal structure of changes in shows very similar pattern as in previous periods. The landscape development is driven mainly by forest creation and management and also by internal conversions of agricultural land. The urban sprawl, mostly of economic sites and infrastructures, represents the third most powerful driver of change in the n landscape. All these three most intensive land cover flows in the country have only slightly higher intensity, compared to the period. The overall mean annual artificial land take rate (0.25%) is comparable with both previous periods observed; this value is safely below the European average. Similarly to the previous period, patches with land cover change are distributed more densely over the northern lowland region of Vojvodina, with the highest concentration around the capital city of Belgrade. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1: scale across Europe over more than decade between see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for : Land cover 2012 [% of total] 1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] 1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year 2006] 3% 0,3% Open. sp. 0,3% Wet. 4% % 37% % A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands bodies Summary balance table Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

3 Land cover trends comparison vs Annual land cover change [ha/year, % of total area] % 0.08% Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land 2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year] Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands bodies Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands bodies Summary trend figures Annual land cover change [ha/year] Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.07% 0.08% Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from forested & natural land to agriculture lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes 2

4 Artificial surfaces sprawl () 3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year, % of initial year] % 0.24% Development of mining resorts Compared to other European countries, the pace of artificial development in is quite low and it remains stable, in comparison with previous periods and. The sprawl is driven by extension of mines, quarries and dump sites, as well as industrial and commercial units. The diffuse residential sprawl, which was very intensive during both previous periods, became rather weak in the period. This extension of urban fabric is located almost exclusively in the surroundings of the capital city of Belgrade in this period. The artificial development around other cities is represented by sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures. Especially the sprawl of mining sites is significant, concentrated in the Drmno/Kostolac and Lazarevac (coal) mining resorts. On the other hand, it has to be mentioned, that this extension is compensated by abandonment of mining patches and their overgrowth by natural vegetation in the same resorts. The sprawl of commercial/industrial sites and construction occurs with higher intensity compared to both previous periods Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area] 9% Transp 5% 0,3% Const Artificial land take [ha/year] % Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year] Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 3

5 Agriculture () Turnover of internal agricultural development Agricultural internal conversions are the second most powerful driver of change in the n landscape this situation is stable in the long term, over the observed three periods. However, there are variations in the prevailing direction of these conversions. In the last period, the extension (especially the diffuse one) of pasture, set aside and fallow land predominates over the opposite conversion of pasture to arable. This is the same trend as in the period , however, inverse as in the period. The other strong drivers of internal agricultural development are the conversions between vineyards/orchards and arable land with still prevailing formation of arable. However, the intensity of consumption of arable land by vineyards/orchards increased strongly, compared to previous period. External exchange of agricultural land is represented mainly by consumption by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures and also by the withdrawal of farming with woodland creation. On the other hand, the intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture, which was significant during the previous period, lost most of its intensity and became rather low in the last period Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area] Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] % % 3.35% 4.32% 0.95% % % % -7.70% -5.76% -1.45% -0.22% -0.07% % 231 4% % % Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Consumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-forestry areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 212 Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations 223 Olive groves 231 Pastures 241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-forestry areas Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-forestry areas 4

6 Forest & nature () Wet. Open sp Forest & nature areas 2012 [% of total area] 3% 6% 89% Forest Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands bodies Forest and nature land development driven by internal flows In the long term, forest creation and management is the most intensive land cover flow in the n landscape. However, similarly to many other European countries, it is represented mostly by internal conversions between forest and transitional woodland (with prevailing share of recent felling and transition in both and periods). There also occurs significant amount of forest and shrub fires and water bodies creation in the natural land cover exchange in the country. From external flows, withdrawal of farming with woodland creation and afforestation (mostly of former mining land) contributes significantly to creation of new forested land Development of forest & nature areas detailed balance [ha] % 0.83% 0.35% 0.02% % % % % -0.79% -0.17% -0.24% -1.80% -9.60% -0.06% % -1.75% -0.04% -1.79% Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats courses bodies Coastal lagoons Consumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Estuaries Sea and ocean Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year] Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats courses bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 5

7 Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows Consumption of land cover [% of total change area] Open sp. Seminat. Wet 4% Formation of land cover [% of total change area] 0, Semi nat. 2% 0,2% Wet 3% 12% 19% 14% 14% 8% 58% 6 A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands bodies Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lcf8 2% lcf9 4% lcf1 lcf2 lcf3 10% lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 19% lcf4 A griculture internal conversions lcf5 C onversion from forested & natural land to agriculture lcf7 56% lcf6 5% lcf5 2% lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 bodies creation and management lcf9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes 6

8 Artificial areas Consumption by artificial land take [% of total] Formation by artificial land take [% of total] Forested land 30% Seminatural vegetation 0.2% Wetlands bodies 0.3% Arable land & permanent crops 43% Dump sites 2% Construct. 17% Green urban 0. Sport/ leisure Disc. urban fabric 10% Industrial/ commerc. 19% Pastures & mosaics 26% Mineral extraction 49% Road/rail network Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year] Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] % 0.22% lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial sites lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf81 bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

9 Agriculture LC consumed by agriculture [% of total] Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture [% of total] bodies 18% Mineral extraction 9% Dump sites 2% Complex cultivation patterns 9% Agriculture with natural veg. 2% Construct. 12% Inland marshes 12% Transit. woodland/ shrub 13% Natural grassland 29% Broadleaved forest 3% Pastures 30% Fruit trees/berry plantations 2% Vineyards Nonirrigated arable 56% Consumption of agricultural land by non-agriculture [% of total] Formation of non-agricultural land from agriculture [% of total] Complex cultivation patterns 25% Agriculture with natural veg. 12% Nonirrigated arable 4 courses 0. Transition. woodland/ shrub 32% bodies 13% Disc. urban fabric 8% Industrial/ commercial 14% Road/rail network 0.4% Mineral extraction 18% Pastures 20% Fruit trees/berry plantations 2% Vineyards 0. Broadleaved forest 0.3% Sport/ leisure Green urban 0. Dump sites Construct. 12% Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land [ha/year] Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year] Conversion from forest to agriculture Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to agriculture Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow land Conversion from wetlands to agriculture Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation 8

10 9.31. Mean annual agriculture internal conversions [ha/year] Mean annual conversions between agriculture and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable land to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable land lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf521 Intensive conversion from seminatural land to agriculture lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent crops to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable land lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent crops to arable land lcf451 Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf452 Conversion from arable land to olive groves lcf81 bodies creation lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable land to permanent crops lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable land and permanent crops lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf47 Extension of agroforestry lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.)

11 Forest & nature Complex cultivation patterns 25% LC consumed by forest & nature [% of total] Agriculture with natural veg. 1 Mineral extraction 29% Construct. courses Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature [% of total] bodies 2 Broadleaved forest 0.4% Pastures 19% Fruit trees/berry plantations Nonirrigated arable 14% Vineyards 0. Transition. woodland/ shrub 78% Consumption of forest & nature land by non-forest/nature [% of total] Inland marshes 7% Transition. woodland/ shrub 50% bodies 9% Broadleaved forest 16% Coniferous forest 3% Mixed forest Natural grassland 14% Pastures 5% Fruit trees/berry Vineyards 0.5% Nonirrigated arable 27% Sport/ leisure 0,3% Formation of non-forest/nature land from forest & nature [% of total] Construct. 4% Complex cultivation patterns 2% Dump sites Agriculture with natural veg. Disc. urban fabric Industrial/ commerc. 3% Road/rail network 0.3% Mineral extraction 54% Forested land 2012 [% of total area] Transit. woodland shrub 19% Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of forest land by urban sprawl Mixed forest 5% Conifer. forest 3% Broadleaved forest 73% Conversion from forest to agriculture Recent fellings and transitions Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Forest creation, afforestation Conversion from transitional woodland to forests Forest creation over wetlands 10

12 Scleroph. veget. 0,0004% Beaches, dunes and sand plains 0,3% Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area] Bare rock 0.2% Sparsely veget. areas 8% Burnt areas 0.4% Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of dry semi-natural land cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural land cover to agriculture Forest creation, afforestation over dry semi-natural land Natural grassland 9 Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Wetlands & water 2012 [% of total area] bodies 20% Inland marshes 20% Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl Conversion of wetlands to agriculture Forest creation and afforestation over wetlands Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Net water bodies creation courses 60% Net wetlands creation Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

13 Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 bodies creation and management lcf82 bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf8 bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 bodies creation lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

14 CLC Changes CLC Changes 13

15 Drivers of change Drivers of change 14

16 Artificial sprawl Artificial sprawl 15

17 Agriculture Agriculture 16

18 Forest and nature Forest and nature 17