1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] 5000

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1 Land cover 2006 Overview of land cover & change consists of two regions with significantly different character of the landscape. Lowland region of Vojvodina, situated in the northern part of the country, has agricultural character with prevailing share of arable land and complex cultivation patterns and high concentration of artificial areas. In contrast, the southern part of the country is covered mainly by forests and other natural land cover types and by pastures. Also the spatial distribution of land cover changes is different for both parts of the country. Vojvodina is characterized by higher changes density, with forest and agricultural change areas concentrated mainly along major rivers (Dunav and Tisa). In the southern part of the country, change areas are uniformly scattered over the landscape. Artificial land take occurs mostly in the surroundings of capital city Belgrade and other major cities like Novi Sad, Nis, and Subotica. Besides, there is also noticeable artificial sprawl connected with development of two major mining localities in central (near Lazarevac and Pozarevac). Compared to the previous period, the overall change dynamic in n landscape significantly decreased during. It is caused mainly by lower intensity of forest and internal conversions, which are the main drivers of landscape development in. In contrast, artificial land take, which has been driven mostly by sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures, accelerated. Forested land remains the land cover type with highest area turnover. However, formation of forested land is driven mostly by internal conversion from transitional woodland to forest due to regular forestry activities. The overall structure of agricultural surfaces exchange has been totally turned over during. In the previous period, there was significant consumption of arable/crop land and formation of pastures and mosaics. In contrast, the period is characterized by positive balance of arable/crop land area and prevailing consumption of pastures/mosaics. The other significant drivers of land cover exchange in are conversions from forested/natural land to and water bodies creation and management. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1: scale across Europe over almost two decades see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2000-CLC2006 data for : Land cover 2006 [% of total] Open sp. 0,3% Wetl. 0,3% Water 3% 3% 26% 1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] Net change in land cover [% of init ial year 2000] 36% Artificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary balance table Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

2 Land cover trends comparison vs Annual land cover change [ha/year, % of total area] % 2.5. A nnual turnover of LC t ypes [ha/year] Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare s oils Wetlands Water bodies Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare s oils Wetlands Water bodies Summary trend figures Annual land cover change [ha/year] Annual land cover change as % of initial year % Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by as mean annual change [ha/year] Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from forested & natural land to lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes 2

3 Artificial areas 3.8. A rt if icial land take [ha/year, % of initial year] % 0.28% Accelerated extension of mines and quarrying Overall artificial land take in slightly accelerated, compared to the previous period. This acceleration has been driven by sprawl of mines and quarrying areas (47%), which has been doubled compared to the previous period. In contrast, the intensity of diffuse residential sprawl (37%), which was the major driver of artificial land take during the previous period slightly decreased. However, this flow still remains the second most powerful driver of land take in. These two main drivers are accompanied (to a lesser extent) by sprawl of industrial/commercial sites (8%), construction (4%), and dump sites (4%). Mainly agricultural areas (74%), with prevailing share of pastures and mosaics (53%), followed by forested land (25%) have been taken by artificial sprawl. Also, the intensity of urban land management, represented mainly by conversion of construction sites into discontinuous urban fabric, increased compared to the previous period. Beside the land take, artificial areas were also consumed by forest creation over former mineral extraction sites A rtif icial surf aces 2006 [% of total area] A rt if icial land t ake [ha/year] 7% 4% % Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year] Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 3

4 Agriculture Dynamic development of agricultural land in Vojvodina The situation in development of agricultural surfaces has stabilized during, which is documented by decrease of area turnover of both pastures/mosaics and arable/crop land. The structure of net change balance between arable land and pastures is completely opposite to the previous period, with prevailing formation of arable land. The other main contributor of arable land formation is the conversion from vineyards and orchards to nonirrigated arable land, which became the second most powerful driver of internal agricultural change in.. Besides the internal conversions, which are the main driver of change in n landscape, the development of agricultural land has been also influenced by various external flows. The most significant of them is artificial land take, namely urban residential sprawl, followed by sprawl of mineral extraction sites and sprawl of industrial and commercial units. Exchange between and natural surfaces has been represented mainly by formation of agricultural land through conversions from dry semi-natural land or forest (mostly natural grassland and transitional woodland areas). In contrast, agricultural areas have been consumed through water bodies creation and also through withdrawal of farming (mostly with transitional woodland creation). Most of agricultural conversion occurs in northern part of the (Vojvodina region) A gricult ural areas 2006 [% of total area] % % % 0.33% Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] C onsumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover 0.10% 3.03% 0.39% 0.03% -4.33% % -2.67% % % 231 4% Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-forestry areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land 212 Permanently irrigated land 213 Rice fields 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 223 Olive groves 231 Pastures 241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-forestry areas Nonirrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agroforestry areas 4

5 Forest & nature Forest & nat ure areas 2006 [% of total area] Wetl. 3% Open sp. 7% 88% Forest Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Slow down of conversion from transitional woodland to forest Similarly to previous period, exchange of natural surfaces in has been driven mainly by internal conversions of forested land. These conversions between transitional woodland and standing forests due to forestry activities are the main drivers of change not only within forested land, but also within whole n landscape. However, the intensity of conversion from transitional woodland to forest decreased significantly, compared to the previous period, which causes negative net change balance of forested areas. Net change balance of other non-forested natural land cover classes is characterized by consumption of natural grasslands, restoration of burnt areas and formation of water bodies and water courses. Natural land, with prevailing share of natural grasslands (more than 50%) and transitional woodland, has been consumed mostly by arable land (over 60%) and by extension of mineral extraction sites. On the other hand, new transitional woodland and water bodies have been formatted over agricultural land or mineral extraction sites Development of forest & nature areas detailed balance [ha] % 1.04% % % % -0.58% -0.10% -1.00% -2.09% % % -0.74% C onsumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year] Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 5

6 Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows Consumption of land cover [% of total change area] Wetl. Water 0,5% 0, 3% 6% 10% Formation of land cover [% of total change area] Wetl. Open 5% sp. 0,04% 13% Seminat. 0, 20% 57% 57% 4% Artificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lcf8 4% lcf9 lcf1 lcf2 5% lcf3 8% lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 17% lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 C onversion from forested & natural land to lcf7 55% lcf5 6% lcf6 lc f6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes 6

7 Artificial areas Consumption by artificial land take [% of total] Formation by artificial land take [% of total] Forested land 25% Wetlands Arable land & permanent crops 2 Dump sites 4% C onstruct. 4% Sport/ leisure 0,4% Disc. urban fabric 37% Mineral extraction 47% Industrial/ Pastures & mosaics 53% Road/rail network 0.3% commer. 8% Net f ormation of artif icial area [ha/year, % of initial year] Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] % 1.37% lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial sites lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

8 Agriculture LC consumed by agricult ure [% of total] Disc. Mineral Water urban extraction bodies fabric C onstruct. 4% Transition. Sport/ woodland/ leisure shrub 17% Formation of agricultural land f rom non- [% of total] Agriculture with nat. veg. 3% Pastures 7% Nonirrigated arable 90% Natural grassland 75% Consumption of agricultural land by non- [% of total] Formation of non-agricultural land from [% of total] Agriculture with nat. veg. 10% Complex cultivation patterns 50% Nonirrigated arable 26% Vineyards 0. Pastures 14% Water courses Inland marshes Trans. woodl./ shrub 9% C onif. f. 0,3% Br.-leaved fores t Sport/ leisure 0,4% C onstruct. 3% Water bodies 2 Dump sites Disc. urban fabric 3 Industrial/ commer. 6% Road/rail network Mineral 0.3% extraction 23% Main annual conversions between and forests & semi-natural land [ha/year] Mean annual conversion bet ween arable land and pasture [ha/year] Conversion from forest to Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow land Conversion from wetlands to Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation 8

9 9.31. Mean annual internal conversions [ha/year] Mean annual conversions between and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable land to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable land lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent crops to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable land lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent crops to arable land lcf451 Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards lcf452 Conversion from arable land to olive groves lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable land to permanent crops lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable land and permanent crops lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf521 Intensive conversion from seminatural land to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural land to lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf47 Extension of agroforestry lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.)

10 Forest & nature LC consumed by forest & nature [% of total] Agriculture with nat. veg. 8% Complex cultivation patterns 26% Pastures 20% Vineyards 0.5% Mineral extraction 28% C onstruct. Nonirrigated arable 17% Format ion of f orest & nat ure land f rom non-f orest /nat ure [% of total] Broadleaved fores t C oniferous fores t Water bodies Transition. 43% woodland/ shrub 47% Water courses Inland 3% marshes 5% Consumption of forest & nature land by non-forest /nature [% of total] Formation of non-forest /nature land from forest & nature [% of total] Inland marshes Transition. woodland/ shrub 37% Water bodies Broadleaved fores t 8% Natural grassland 5 Agri-nat. veg. Pastures Nonirrigated arable 6 Disc. urban fabric 0.3% Industrial/ commer. Mineral extraction 27% Dump sites 4% C onstruct Forested land 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in woodland & f orest s consumption/formation [ha/year] Transit Mixed fores t 4% C onif. fores t 3% woodland shrub 17% Broadleaved fores t 76% Consumption of forest land by urban sprawl Conversion from forest to Recent fellings and transitions Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Forest creation, afforestation Conversion from transitional woodland to forests Forest creation over wetlands 10

11 Dry semi-nat ural areas 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in dry semi-nat ural land consumption/formation [ha/year] Beach./ dunes/ sand 0,4% Bare roc k 0. Sparsl. veg. ar. 9% Burnt areas 0.0 Consumption of dry semi-natural land cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural land cover to Forest creation, afforestation over dry semi-natural land Scleroph. veg. 0,04% Natural grassl. 9 Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Wetlands & water 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation [ha/year] Water bodies 24% Inland marshes 2 Water courses 55% Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl Conversion of wetlands to Forest creation and afforestation over wetlands Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Net water bodies creation Net wetlands creation Mean annual conversions of f orest & other woodland [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

12 Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to lcf523 Conversions from -nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf82 Water bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

13 CLC Changes CLC Changes 13

14 Drivers of change Drivers of change 14

15 Artificial sprawl Artificial sprawl 15

16 Agriculture Agriculture 16

17 Forest and nature Forest and nature 17