Soil mesofauna responses to woody debris biomass management in the Canadian boreal forest Laurent Rousseau Lisa Venier (CFS) & Tanya Handa (UQÀM)

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1 Soil mesofauna responses to woody debris biomass management in the Canadian boreal forest Laurent Rousseau Lisa Venier (CFS) & Tanya Handa (UQÀM) Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM) Great Lakes Forest Center (Sault Ste Marie) Canadian Forest Service (CFS)

2 Ecological & socioeconomic importance of Canadian boreal forest (e.g. timber, C storage & biodiversity) 1

3 Ecological & socioeconomic importance of Canadian boreal forest (e.g. timber, C storage & biodiversity) Increasing forestry pressure for bioenergy with potential negative effects 1

4 Ecological & socioeconomic importance of Canadian boreal forest (e.g. timber, C storage & biodiversity) Increasing forestry pressure for bioenergy with potential negative effects Sustainable management is a requirement to implement rapidly (e.g. certification) 1

5 Potential use of residual biomass for bioenergy 2

6 Potential use of residual biomass for bioenergy Residual biomass = trunks, stumps, branches & smaller woody debris on the ground after clear-cutting 2

7 Different management of disturbance & biomass removal (type of residues, volume, etc.) 2 Potential use of residual biomass for bioenergy Residual biomass = trunks, stumps, branches & smaller woody debris on the ground after clear-cutting

8 3 Influence of residual biomass removal on soil fauna communities?

9 Influence of residual biomass removal on soil fauna communities? Residual biomass management 3

10 Influence of residual biomass removal on soil fauna communities? Residual biomass management Collembola communities Oribatid mite communities 3

11 Influence of residual biomass removal on soil fauna communities? Residual biomass management Collembola communities Oribatid mite communities Taxonomic responses Functional responses 3

12 Influence of residual biomass removal on soil fauna communities? Residual biomass management Collembola communities Oribatid mite communities Taxonomic responses Functional responses 3 General response of soil mesofauna communities

13 Soil mesofauna communities Collembola Oribatid mites 4

14 Soil mesofauna communities ~ 200,000 ind. / m 2 of forest soil > sp. of mites (Acari) Collembola > 500 sp. of springtails (Collembola) Oribatid mites 4

15 Soil mesofauna communities ~ 200,000 ind. / m 2 of forest soil > sp. of mites (Acari) Collembola > 500 sp. of springtails (Collembola) 4 Essential role on soil ecological parameters & processes (e.g. litter decomposition & structure, nutrients & microbial dynamics) Oribatid mites

16 Soil mesofauna communities 2 approaches: Collembola Oribatid mites 5

17 Soil mesofauna communities 2 approaches: Taxonomic by ID: density, species richness, biomass & structure Collembola Oribatid mites 5

18 Soil mesofauna communities 5 2 approaches: Taxonomic by ID: density, species richness, biomass & structure Functional by measuring traits on specimens: morphological, physiological & biochemical features of organisms fitness via phenotype plasticity & genotype variability performances & survival of species in their environment Collembola Oribatid mites

19 Functional approach by response traits 5

20 Functional approach by response traits Local species community (4 sp.) 5

21 Functional approach by response traits Local species community (4 sp.) 5 Body size Pigmentation... Trait (n)

22 Functional approach by response traits Environmental filter (disturbance by forest management) Local species community (4 sp.) Modified community 5 Body size Pigmentation... Trait (n)

23 Functional approach by response traits Environmental filter (disturbance by forest management) Local species community (4 sp.) Modified community Change in mean trait value 5 Body size Pigmentation... Trait (n) Body size Pigmentation... Trait (n)

24 Functional approach by response traits Environmental filter (disturbance by forest management) Local species community (4 sp.) Modified community Change in mean trait value 5 Body size Pigmentation... Trait (n) Body size Pigmentation... Trait (n)

25 Island Lake experimental site in Northern Ontario 45 year old stand of Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) harvested in

26 Island Lake experimental site in Northern Ontario 45 year old stand of Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) harvested in Biomass management with different treatments

27 7 Gradient of disturbance & biomass removal (Kwiaton et al., 2014)

28 7 Control (C) Gradient of disturbance & biomass removal (Kwiaton et al., 2014)

29 7 Control (C) Clear cutting Gradient of disturbance & biomass removal (Kwiaton et al., 2014)

30 7 Control (C) Clear cutting Tree-length (T) Biomass = 84 m 3 / ha Gradient of disturbance & biomass removal (Kwiaton et al., 2014)

31 7 Control (C) Clear cutting Tree-length (T) Biomass = 84 m 3 / ha Gradient of disturbance & biomass removal (Kwiaton et al., 2014) Full-tree (F) 29 m 3 / ha

32 Control (C) Clear cutting Tree-length (T) Biomass = 84 m 3 / ha Gradient of disturbance & biomass removal (Kwiaton et al., 2014) Full-tree (F) Stumped (S) 29 m 3 / ha 7 24 m 3 / ha

33 Control (C) Clear cutting Tree-length (T) Biomass = 84 m 3 / ha Gradient of disturbance & biomass removal (Kwiaton et al., 2014) Full-tree (F) 0 m 3 / ha Bladed (B) Stumped (S) 29 m 3 / ha 24 m 3 / ha

34 5 treatment: C, T, F, S & B 5 replicate plots / treatment 1 sample / plot 8

35 8 Sampling in June 2013 Soil mesofauna Moss mesofauna (C)

36 8 Sampling in June 2013 Soil mesofauna Moss mesofauna (C) Extraction

37 Sampling in June 2013 Soil mesofauna Moss mesofauna (C) Extraction 8 Identification of Collembola & Oribatid mites: Density (individuals / m 2 ) Diversity (Shannon index) Biomass (mg / m 2 )

38 Collembola 9

39 Collembola Measure of functional traits: Body length & Biomass Body shape: globulous / stocky / slender Pigmentation: absence / uniform / pattern Furcula, scales, pseudocelli, trichobothria & PAO Ocelli number / eye Relative antenna / furcula / leg length Mouthparts: absence / normal / strong 9

40 Collembola Measure of functional traits: Body length & Biomass Body shape: globulous / stocky / slender Pigmentation: absence / uniform / pattern Furcula, scales, pseudocelli, trichobothria & PAO Ocelli number / eye Relative antenna / furcula / leg length Mouthparts: absence / normal / strong Measure of ecological preferences: Trophic (via major gut content) Habitat: euedaphic / hemiedaphic / epiedaphic via body size, ocelli number, pigmentation & PAO Dispersal capacity: slow / fast via relative antenna & furcula size & PAO Reproduction mode: sexual / parthenogenetic 9

41 Oribatid mites 9

42 Oribatid mites Measure of functional traits: Body length & Biomass Relative trichobothria length Number of claws on first leg pair Relative length of claws Pigmentation: low / medium / strong Mouthparts (chelicerae): compacted / normal / elongated 9

43 Oribatid mites Measure of functional traits: Body length & Biomass Relative trichobothria length Number of claws on first leg pair Relative length of claws Pigmentation: low / medium / strong Mouthparts (chelicerae): compacted / normal / elongated Measure of ecological preferences: Trophic (via major gut content) Habitat: euedaphic / hemiedaphic / epiedaphic via body size & pigmentation Dispersal capacity: slow / fast via body size & relative trichobothria + claw length Reproduction mode: sexual / parthenogenetic 9

44 10 Collembola response to the gradient of disturbance & biomass removal

45 Collembola response to the gradient of disturbance & biomass removal 1200 specimens & 25 species ID 200 specimens used for traits & preferences 10

46 Collembola response to the gradient of disturbance & biomass removal Density (ind./m 2 ): p < 0.001*** 1200 specimens & 25 species ID 200 specimens used for traits & preferences 10

47 Collembola response to the gradient of disturbance & biomass removal Density (ind./m 2 ): p < 0.001*** 1200 specimens & 25 species ID 200 specimens used for traits & preferences Shannon index: p < 0.05* 10

48 11 Community clustering to biomass removal gradient

49 11 Community clustering to biomass removal gradient Multivariate regression tree Bray-Curtis distance Inertia = 22 %

50 11 Community composition and structure differ

51 Community composition and structure differ Non-metrical distance scaling Bray-Curtis dissimilarity Stress = 0.09 R 2 = 0.20 p <

52 11 Community composition and structure differ Isotoma anglicana Protaphorura similis Arrhopalites pygmaeus Bourletiella hortensis Indicator species (IndVal)

53 Collembola response traits & ecological preferences Tree-length Full-tree Stumped Control Bladed RLQ analysis Inertia = 80 % p < 0.05* 12

54 Collembola response traits & ecological preferences Tree-length Full-tree Stumped Control Bladed RLQ analysis Inertia = 80 % p < 0.05* 12

55 Functional response 12

56 Functional response Tree-length Full-tree Stumped Control Bladed 12

57 Functional response Tree-length Full-tree Stumped Control Bladed 12 No disturbance & removal (Control) Globulous body shape & pigmented taxa

58 Functional response Low disturbance & removal (Tree-length & Full-tree) Unpigmented & PAO presence taxa Eu-hemiedaphic & parthenogenetic reprod. taxa Tree-length Full-tree Stumped Control Bladed 12 No disturbance & removal (Control) Globulous body shape & pigmented taxa

59 Functional response Low disturbance & removal (Tree-length & Full-tree) Unpigmented & PAO presence taxa Eu-hemiedaphic & parthenogenetic reprod. taxa Tree-length Full-tree Stumped Control Bladed High disturbance & removal (Stumped & Bladed) Pigmented taxa, antenna & ocelli Epiedaphic, dispersal capacity & sexual reprod. taxa 12 No disturbance & removal (Control) Globulous body shape & pigmented taxa

60 Oribatid mite response to the gradient of disturbance & biomass removal 4000 specimens + 32 species ID 470 specimens used for traits & preferences 13

61 Oribatid mite response to the gradient of disturbance & biomass removal Density (ind./m 2 ): p < 0.001*** 4000 specimens + 32 species ID 470 specimens used for traits & preferences 13

62 Oribatid mite response to the gradient of disturbance & biomass removal Density (ind./m 2 ): p < 0.001*** 4000 specimens + 32 species ID 470 specimens used for traits & preferences Biomass (mg/m 2 ): p < 0.001*** 13

63 14 Community clustering to biomass removal gradient

64 Community clustering to biomass removal gradient Multivariate regression tree Bray-Curtis distance Inertia = 42 % 14

65 Community composition and structure differ NMDS - Bray-Curtis dissimilarity Stress = R 2 = p < 0.01** 14

66 Community composition and structure differ Oppia nitens Indicator species (IndVal) 14

67 Oribatid mite functional traits & ecological preferences Control Full-tree Tree-length Bladed Stumped RLQ analysis Inertia = 84 % p <

68 Oribatid mite functional traits & ecological preferences Control Full-tree Tree-length Bladed Stumped RLQ analysis Inertia = 84 % p <

69 Functional response 15

70 Functional response Tree-length Control Full-tree Bladed Stumped 15

71 Functional response Low disturbance & removal (Control, Tree-length & Full-tree) Pigmented, large size & high biomass taxa Epiedaphic, sexual reprod. & dispersal capacity taxa Tree-length Control Full-tree Bladed Stumped 15

72 Functional response Low disturbance & removal (Control, Tree-length & Full-tree) Pigmented, large size & high biomass taxa Epiedaphic, sexual reprod. & dispersal capacity taxa Tree-length Control Full-tree Bladed Stumped High disturbance & removal (Stumped & Bladed) Unpigmented, small size & low biomass taxa Euedaphic & parthenogenetic reprod. taxa 15

73 Conclusion 16

74 Conclusion Similar taxonomic response of Collembola & Oribatid mite communities to high disturbance & removal: 16

75 Conclusion Similar taxonomic response of Collembola & Oribatid mite communities to high disturbance & removal: Loss of density, diversity & biomass + modified structure 16

76 Conclusion Similar taxonomic response of Collembola & Oribatid mite communities to high disturbance & removal: Loss of density, diversity & biomass + modified structure Different functional response high disturbance & removal: 16

77 Conclusion Similar taxonomic response of Collembola & Oribatid mite communities to high disturbance & removal: Loss of density, diversity & biomass + modified structure Different functional response high disturbance & removal: Collembola: +++ epiedaphic, high dispersal capacity & sexual reproduction taxa Oribatids: +++ euedaphic, low dispersal capacity & parthenogenetic taxa 16

78 Conclusion Similar taxonomic response of Collembola & Oribatid mite communities to high disturbance & removal: Loss of density, diversity & biomass + modified structure Different functional response high disturbance & removal: Collembola: +++ epiedaphic, high dispersal capacity & sexual reproduction taxa Oribatids: +++ euedaphic, low dispersal capacity & parthenogenetic taxa 16 Significant effect on soil mesofauna at short term: Tree-length & Full-tree > Stumped & Bladed

79 Thanks to all the collaborators of the project... R. Fleming, P. Hazlett, K. Webster, I. Aubin, K. Wainio-Keizer, K. Good, L. Hawdon, T. Weldon, M. Primavera, S. Wilson & J. Curry - Canadian Forest Service (CFS) D. Morris & M. Kwiaton - Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (OMNRF) T. Work & C. Messier - Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM) & Centre d Etude de la Forêt (CEF) I. Laigle - Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQÀR) S. Salmon - Museum National d Histoire Naturelle de Paris (MNHN - France) M. Moretti - Institut fédéral de recherches sur la forêt, la neige et le paysage (WSL - Switzerland) Z. Lindo & P. Georges - Ontario Western University (UWO) E. Smenderovac - University of Toronto (Utoronto) Tembec & Ontario Power Generation

80 and for your attention