YPEF 2014, national stage questions 5 March 2014

Transcription

1 YPEF 2014, national stage questions 5 March 2014 EUROPE 1. Private forestry varies a lot among countries. In some countries there are almost no private forest owners, in the other there s more than 90%. How many private forest owners are there in EU? a. About 6 millions, b. About 9 millions, c. About 12 millions, d. About 15 millions. 2. Forests are important sources for industry. What is the main way for using wood in EU, forming 2/5 of wood usage? a. Pulp industry, b. Sawmill industry, c. Energy production, d. Furniture production. 3. Trees are important in reducing the effect of climate change. Cycle of tree growth and wood usage is often referred as carbon neutral. What does it mean? a. Trees save carbon in the leaves which keeps tree trunk neutral from carbon flow, b. Trees don t use carbon for their growth, c. Timber used for industry continues to sequestrate carbon balancing the carbon used in the production chain, d. Amount of carbon released in the atmosphere with burning equals to the amount of carbon used for growth. 4. Amount of invasive species is growing. Where in Europe is the density of invasive species the highest? a. Austria, b. Estonia, c. Bulgaria, d. Portugal.

2 5. Fire has been a common tool for providing fresh grass for the cattle, burning away dry vegetation. In some parts of Europe this approach is still used. Where? a. Baltic countries, b. Boreal forests, c. Mediterranean, d. Balkan countries. 6. Agriculture is the most important activity changing the spread of forests and altering nutrient balance in the soil. Agriculture is also important source for eutrophication. Which of the following does not reflect the source or impact of eutrophication? a. Loss of vegetation, b. Excess of nitrogen and phosphorous, c. Loss of habitats, d. Algal blooms in water bodies. 7. Climate is changing and causing threats to nature. What is not the main impact to mountain areas? a. Upwards shift of plants and animals, b. Higher risk of damages by winter storms, c. High temperature increase, d. Higher soil erosion risk. 8. Forest certification guarantees that forest has been managed well and sustainably, taking also into consideration the local community and environment. In three EU countries the amount of certified forest is more than 90% or even 100%. What countries are these? a. Denmark, Sweden and Finland, b. Austria, Switzerland and Ireland, c. Norway, Austria and Denmark, d. Ireland, Finland and Austria. 9. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has identified 7 protected area categories. For what does this definition stand for: A protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant, ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values. a. Wilderness area, b. Protected Landscape/Seascape, c. National park, d. Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources.

3 10. Protected areas are often formed by different reasons and under different networks. Some of these networks overlap, others not. When comparing the percentage of protected land in EU countries, one country stands up with high percentage of protected areas and also high overlapping between Natura 2000 and national protected areas. What country is that? a. Germany, b. Estonia, c. Slovenia, d. Luxembourg. ALBANIA 11. Albania is a small country, almost half of the size of Estonia. Name the tree species which is most important in wood production and forms almost 20% of the forests in Albania: a. Beech (Fagus sylvatica), b. Fir (Abies alba), c. Oak (Quercus sp), d. Black pine (Pinus nigra). 12. Fir is an important coniferous in Albania, but it grows in a region which is not the most forested area in Albania. Where does the forest mostly situate in Albania? a. South and south-western part of Albania, b. Northern and middle part of Albania, c. North and north-eastern part of Albania, d. Middle and the areas following the coast area of Albania. AUSTRIA 13. As in many countries in Europe, also in Estonia, the annual increment of forests exceeds the amount of forests being cut. Austria is especially mountainous and forests are very important in avoiding natural hazards which also limits the amount of available forests for felling. How much of the annual increment is being cut every year? a. About 10%, b. About 30%, c. About 45%, d. About 65%. 14. Forests are very important for people in Austria is a number to reflect the commitment. What does the number represent? a. It shows the number of people working in forestry in Austria, b. It shows the number of forest owners in Austria, c. It shows the number of people working in the six National Park, d. It shows the number of people working in forestry together with forest owners.

4 BELGIUM 15. Belgian forests are very important in combating climate change and are using a lot of carbon for growth. What is the reason? a. Belgian forests are young forests, b. Belgian forests are old forests, c. Belgium is highly urbanized which increases the amount of carbon in the air, d. Belgian forests are certified. 16. Most forest animals live in the southern part of Belgia. What is the region called? a. Flemish, b. Wallonia, c. Danube floodplain, d. Balkan. CYPRUS 17. Forests and forest areas count for 44% of Cyprus. High forests are less than half of these areas. Where in Cyprus do high forests grow? a. Along the northern coast of Cyprus, b. In the mountains located in south-eastern part of Cyprus, c. In the southern and middle part of Cyprus, d. In the mountains located in the middle and West of Cyprus.

5 18. Cyprus needs to import 90% of the timber to produce wood products. What is the main reason? a. Large number of private forest owners and scattered forest land makes it difficult to manage forests, b. Most of the forests in Cyprus are protected forests where forest management and felling are prohibited, c. It is not allowed to manage forests due to high fire risk, d. The climate in Cyprus is not suitable for growing merchantable timber. CZECH REPUBLIC 19. Insects can sometimes work as real artists. What insect has created this piece of art? a. Beech blight aphid (Grylloprociphilus imbricator), b. Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), c. Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), d. Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae). 20. Game management is an important part of forestry. Czech is famous for their hunting. What is the situation for deer and wild boar in Czech? a. They are not allowed to be hunted because they are endangered species, b. They are the only species except pheasants which are hunted, c. The number of them is low since they were recently reintroduced to Czech, d. They are numerous although being hunted.

6 ESTONIA 21. Forest coverage has changed a lot during last years. What is the main reason for forest coverage changes in the early 90 s? a. Major areas which were previously empty were replanted, b. Forests were felled to make room for human settlements, c. Need for additional land for agriculture, d. Fast development of wood industry caused increase in forest cutting. 22. Estonia is home for many animals which are rear in other European countries. What is the most common big game species in Estonian forests? a. Wild boar (Sus crofa), b. Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), c. Brown bear (Ursus arctos), d. Moose (Alces alces). FINLAND 23. Since the 70 s the total annual increment of Finnish forests has almost doubled. What is the main tree species causing this increase? a. Spruce (Picea abies), b. Pine (Pinus sylvestris), c. Birch (Betula pendula), d. Fir (Abies alba). 24. Finland is important forest country. But what is their main source for energy production? a. Wood, b. Water, c. Oil shale, d. Wind. GERMANY 25. When you compare the coverage of agricultural land and forests in Germany and in Estonia the coverage percentages are the same, but the other way around. What is the coverage of agricultural land and forest land in Germany? a. 50% and 30% respectively, b. 30% and 40% respectively, c. 40% and 20% respectively, d. 20% and 50% respectively.

7 26. There are 70 tree species found in Germany. Two of them form more than half of the forests. What species are they? a. Spruce and beech, b. Beech and oak, c. Pine and spruce, d. Pine and beech. GREECE 27. Greece is a very mountainous country. What types of forests grow in the highest mountains, for example near to mountain Olympus? a. Montane Mediterranean forests with juniper and pine, b. Subalpine and alpine forests with pine or fir, c. Montane coniferous forests with pine or fir, d. No high forest grows there. 28. How would you describe phrygana? a. Area with low but dense vegetation, with evergreen species of height 1,5-3,5 m, b. Forests with domination of broadleaved species, mostly oak, c. Area where fires are frequent, d. Area located near to rivers and on lowland. HUNGARY 29. Where are Hungarian primeval forests located? a. In the mountainous areas of Hungary, b. In the lowlands, where high water makes it difficult to manage forests, c. In the eastern part of Hungary, where human settlements are distant, d. There are no such forests in Hungary. 30. Fast-growing trees are the backbone for producing fuel wood. What is the species, which originates from America and grows well on poor sites? a. Euramerican poplar (Populus x euramericana), b. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), c. Willow (Salix alba), d. White poplar (Populus alba). LATVIA 31. Latvia is holding the fourth place in the list of areas with most forest and wooded lands. Which countries are the three first ones? a. Finland, Great Britain and Sweden, b. Germany, Finland and Slovenia,

8 c. Germany, Great Britain and Sweden, d. Sweden, Finland and Slovenia. 32. There are four national parks in Latvia. Which one of the following is not a national park: a. Ķemeri National Park, b. Tērvetes National Park, c. Slītere National Park, d. Gauja National Park. LITHUANIA 33. Highest tree in Lithuania is larch with 46 metres and it is aged 150 years. How old is the oldest tree in Lithuania, Stelmuze oak? a. 5 times older than highest tree larch, b. 10 times older than highest tree larch, c. 12 times older than highest tree larch, d. 15 times older than highest tree larch. 34. What does the sign on the picture stand for? a. Forest is being felled nearby, b. There is a hunt held in the forest nearby, c. There is a fire risk in the forest, d. It marks private forest ownership. POLAND 35. About half of Polish forests are coniferous and half deciduous forests. Name the two species which cover the same amount of forest land in Poland 5% - but grow in different parts of Poland. a. Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula sp.), b. Fir (Abies alba) and alder (Alnus sp), c. Spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica), d. Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and oak (Quercus sp.). 36. Poland has many big national parks. One of them is visited by one million people every year, probably due to its location. Its famous for its sand dunes and swamps. a. Kampionski National Park, b. Tatra National Park, c. Biebrza National Park, d. Bialowieza National Park.

9 PORTUGAL 37. Although Portugal is strongly affected by human, there are also forests where there is high biodiversity with endemic species. What type of forest is considered as priority habitat and is included in the Natura 2000 network? a. Laurissilva forests, b. Stone pine forests, c. Riparian forests, d. Cork oak forests. 38. Cork oak is one of the most important species for Portugal economy. Half of the world s cork is produced in Portugal. What is the world s second biggest cork oak producing country? a. Italy, b. Morocco, c. Spain, d. Algeria. ROMANIA 39. Climate change affects the spread of tree species. In Romania two species are mainly affected. What are these and what is their relation? a. Oak is replacing spruce forests in mountains, b. Beech is replacing spruce forest in mountains, c. Oak is replacing fir in mountains, d. Beech is replacing fir in mountains. 40. Vanatori Neamt Nature Park is located in the Carpathians. Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Many orthodox monasteries and hermitages are situated in Vanatori Neamt Nature Park, b. The Park is important living place for bison, c. Vanatori Neamt Nature Park has the longest limestone ridge of Romania, d. Park is located in the historic province of Modavia. SLOVAK REPUBLIC 41. Slovak Republic is very rich in fauna species. In recent years the populations of rear species has gone up except for one. What species is that? a. Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), b. Brown bear (Ursus arctos), c. European bison (Bison bonasus), d. European lynx (Lynx lynx).

10 42. The amount of protected forest area is comparable to the area protected in Estonia. How large area of Slovak forests is protected? a. 8%, b. 15%, c. 25%, d. 34%. SLOVENIA 43. In Slovenia the distribution of private forests by the size of the owned area is clearly divided between areas in Slovenia. Where are the bigger private forests located? a. In the middle of Slovenia, b. Bigger areas are located on the eastern border, c. In mountains, d. Privately owned forests are scattered over the country. 44. Although broadleaves are important species for Slovenian forest, pine is being planted a lot. What is the reason? a. Pine protects the karst areas and relieves the impact of climate, b. It is important tree species for producing timber for industry and furniture production, c. Pine is a native species which is important to maintain ecosystem balance in delicate steppe forests, d. Pine is the pioneer species which creates suitable conditions for second generation of forest. SWITZERLAND % of Switzerland is covered with forests. Large amount of the forests grow more than 1000 metres over sea level. How big portion of the forests grow that high? a. About 1/3, b. More than half of the forests, c. 80%, d. All Swiss forest grow over 1000 metres in the mountains. 46. What is the main threat to Swiss forests and people? a. Decrease of the amount of fresh water, b. Storms, c. Fires, d. Erosion.

11 SWEDEN 47. About 66% of Sweden is covered with forests. What is the main reason that the forest area today has become so big with last years? a. In 1910 the first national park was established which led to vast areas being taken under protection, also today, b. Pressure to forest use for energy was limited with wide use of charcoal, c. Agriculture became less important leaving empty areas which regenerated fast, d. Law was developed in early 19 s that made it compulsory to plant after cuttings. 48. Around 1% of world s commercial forest is growing in Sweden, but the timber is used valuably. How big portion of world s wood products are provided by Sweden? a. Same portion as for growing commercial forest, b. 5 times higher percentage than for growing forest 5%, c. 10 times higher percentage than for growing forest 10%, d. 15 times higher percentage than for growing forest 15%. UKRAINE 49. Forest in Ukraine is distributed unevenly. Where are most of the forests located? a. In the mountains in East Ukraine, b. In West and middle of Ukraine, c. In North and South of Ukraine, d. In North and West Ukraine. 50. Though forests in Ukraine have a very important protective role (almost half of the forests are with management restrictions) forests are formed by two species which in other countries are important for production and together cover about 60% of forest areas. What are those species? a. Birch (Betula pendula) and spruce (Picea abies), b. Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and oak (Quercus robur), c. Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and alder (Alnus glutinosa), d. Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies).