Bin Xu NSERC Industrial Research Chair for Colleges, Peatland Restoration NAIT
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1 Management and Restoration of Wooded Peatland in Alberta Bin Xu NSERC Industrial Research Chair for Colleges, Peatland Restoration NAIT
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3 Peatland Wetland with a minimum depth of 40cm peat, a deposit of plant and animal remains accumulated in place under water-saturated conditions through incomplete decomposition Mire: a developing ecosystem with peat-forming vegetation but <40cm of accumulated peat Water storage, pollutant filtration, habitat, resource (peat), and carbon sequestration and long-term storage 3
4 Restoration of peatlands is a low hanging fruit, and among the most cost-effective options for mitigating climate change - Achim Steiner, UN Under-Secretary General and Executive Director UN Environment Programme (UNEP, 2007) 3% (4M km 2 ) Global 12% (1.14M km 2 ) Canada 18% (120k km 2 ) Alberta 570 gt C (1/3 total global soil C) net cooling of climate 147 gt C Canada (56%) Tarnocai, C., Kettles, I.M., and Lacelle, B., Peatlands of Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File
5 Mesotrophic Oligotrophic Total nutrient availability Production Decomposition Eutrophic Swamp Bog Poor Fen Moderate- Rich Fen Extreme- Rich Fen Fresh Water Marsh Saline Wetland Tidal Marsh W et t e r Open Wooded Sphagnum True Moss Open Water Vitt 1994
6 Trees Shrub + Graminoids Mosses Szumigalski and Bayley (1996)
7 Water table WET DRY Moore et al. 2002
8 Micro-topography Hummock Hummock Lawn Hollow Lawn Pool Water Table Sphagnum mosses Diagram by Melissa Kucey True mosses
9 Shrubby Fens Site 1 Stems Harvested Average height (m) Average Number of stems Basal Diameter Range (cm) Stem Length Range (cm) Dried Biomass Range (g) Alnus spp Salix spp Betula pumila Site 2 Alnus spp Salix spp He et al. 2018, Developing Allometric Equations for Estimating Shrub Biomass in a Boreal Fen Forests, in print
10 Peatland in Canada Forestry Agriculture Beaver Fire Permafrost thaw N deposition CO 2 fertilization Mining Peat harvesting Reservoir creation Linear disturbance
11 Fire Net C accumulation (mol m -2 yr -1 ) Ectomycorrhizal fine root C accumulation Wieder et al. (2009) Global Change Biology Black spruce aboveground C accumulation Understory NEE Total net C accumulation Black spruce coarse root C accumulation Net sink Net source Time since fire (yr)
12 Permafrost Thaw Degradation of permafrost in peatland Lower, wetter surface Reduced tree cover Increase in CH 4 emission Increased net carbon storage Unfrozen bog Intact permafrost Turetsky et al Camill et al. 2010
13 Drought Ten years of drainage Mosses replaced by shrubs at hummock and lichens at hollows Increased decomposition, root respiration, and CO 2 emissions (source) Offset by increasing woody productivity 2014
14 Ecological Peatland Restoration The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed (SER Primer 2004) The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed (SER Primer 2004) Assistance is key, and the approach is ecosystem-centric Hydrology, topography, substrate/ chemistry, vegetation
15 Managing for Biodiversity is the variety of life from genes to species, communities and ecosystems (UN Environment) Closely linked to Ecosystem Services, functions of ecosystems that provide benefits to human well-being (Mace et al. 2012) Provisioning Regulating Cultural Nutrition (food, plants, animal, drinking water) Material (peat, paper, growing medium) Climate regulation (C sequestration) Water flow, filtration, bioremediation Recreation, hunting, fishing The ultimate goal and success is the Spiritual and/or emblematic return of C sequestration function Energy (biomass fuel) Soil formation, habitat and peat accumulation Mace, G. M., Norris, K., & Fitter, A. H. (2012). Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27(1), urephotographer. com/news/ caribou.jpg
16 Peatland Reclamation Criteria
17 Temporary Features
18 Mounding and Planting
19 Mounding and Planting
20 Peatland Restoration of Well Pads Complete Removal/Peat Inversion + Moss Layer Transfer (PI-MLTT) Partial Removal/Wetting + Planting à Initiation on Mineral Substrate (MI) COSIA 2017
21 Complete Removal + Moss Layer Transfer m 2 harvested m 2 to restore (12 800m 2 minus control zone) 600 m m m 2 Inversion Pad
22 2018
23 Partial Removal + Planting Summer Vitt, D. H., R. K. Wieder, B. Xu, M. Kaskie, and S. Koropchak Peatland establishment on mineral soils: Effects of water level, amendments, and species after two growing seasons. Ecological Engineering 37:
24 Partial Removal + Moss Layer Transfer Gauthier, M.-E., Rochefort, L., Nadeau, L., Hugron, S., and Xu, B Testing the moss layer transfer technique on mineral well pads constructed in peatlands. Wetl. Ecol. Manag.
25 What else? Natural recovery Reclaimed upland Reclaimed peatland
26 THANK YOU Peatlands are inherently low in biodiversity and productivity and shaped by non-woody species Trees and shrubs are highly adapted and vital to ecosystem functions Growth of woody species rely on suitable microsites Disturbed sites require reclamation assistance Natural ingress and establishment is slow Unprecedented conditions and challenges
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