Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass)
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- Emil Bradley
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1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? n.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-2 high) 2.2 Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its y natural range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y 3.3 Weed of agriculture y 3.4 Environmental weed y 3.5 Congeneric weed y 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs y 4.2 Allelopathic y 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals y 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining y soils) 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets y
2 5. Aquatic n 5.2 Grass y 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte n 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed y 6.3 Hybridizes naturally y 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic n 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily y trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant? 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y 7.5 Propagules water dispersed n 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed n 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)? Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) n 8. Prolific seed production y 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) n 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides y 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation y 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score Outcome Reject* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:
3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 8 yes B yes C 2 yes total 39 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data. cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness Bryson and Carter (993) Cogongrass, Technology 7: Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing. 2. Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. The University Press of Hawaii, 2.5. Huxley (992) The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The MacMillan Press, London. 2. Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. The University Press of Hawaii, 3. Bryson and Carter (993) Cogongrass, Technology 7: Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing Avav (2) Control of speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) with glycophosphate and fluazifopbutyl for soybean (Glycine max) production in savanna zone of Nigeria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 8: Brook (989) Review of literature on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel with particular reference to South East Asia. Tropical Pest Management 35: Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. The "Cogongrass...is widely distributed on all continents except Antarctica.". "Where native, this grass is found in poorly drained, damp soils and on riverbanks." 2. "Its habitat includes the dry sand dunes of shores and deserts as well as swamps and river margins." Cogongrass is used horticulturally () and has been introduced and cultivated in many parts of the world for thatch, papermaking, forage, and erosion control (2). "Cogongrass...is widely distributed on all continents except Antarctica." invades disturbed sites. "Speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) is the most widespread perennial weed in soybean-producing areas of Nigeria." 2. "Imperata cylindrica is also considered a serious weed in plantations where the canopy has not closed" 3. "Seventy-three countries report that it is a weed in 35 crops which are as different in their cultural systems as tomatoes and coconuts." 3
4 University Press of Hawaii, 3.4 Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing eedlist.pdf 2. Holm (979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley and Sons. 4. Terry, Adjers, Akobundu, Anoka, Drilling, Tjitrosemito, and Utomo (997) Herbicides and mechanical control of I. cylindrica as a first step in grassland rehabilitation. Agroforestry Systems 36: Bryson and Carter (993) Cogongrass, Technology 7: Brook (989) Review of literature on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel with particular reference to South East Asia. Tropical Pest Management 35: Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) 4.4. Dozier, Gaffney, McDonald, Johnson, and Shilling (998) Cogongrass in the United States: history, ecology, impacts, and management. Weed Technology 2: Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. The University Press of Hawaii, 4.5 Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) considered an environmental weed in tropical Asia and Hawaii. I. brasiliensis is on the Federal Noxious Weed list. 2. I. brasiliensis is considered a principal weed of agriculture in Trinidad, and a common weed in Argentina. "the sharp points of emerging plants can pierce the feet of humans and livestock". "In addition to competing for light, water, and nutrients, cogongrass interference is caused by allelopathy " 2. "Many workers have reported suspected allelopathy by I. cylindrica leaves and rhizomes." no description of this. "Silica bodies in the leaves contribute to its unpalatability to grazers." 2. Only young growth is eaten by livestock. New growth of cogongrass is used by livestock as a fallback food. [Also, no mention of toxicity in toxicity or horticultural references.] no mention of toxicity in toxicity or horticultural references 4.8. Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing. 2. Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. The University Press of Hawaii, 4.9 Brook (989) Review of literature on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel with particular reference to South East Asia. Tropical Pest Management 35: Garrity, Soekardi, van Noordwijk, de la Cruz, Pathak, Gunasena, van So, Huijun, and Majid (997) The Imperata grasslands of tropical Asia: area, distribution, and typology. Agroforestry Systems 36: Brook (989) Review of. "forms dense stands and is highly flammable" 2. "Dry Imperata produces a major fire hazard in cultivated plantations as well." "Imperata cylindrica is intolerant of shade". "The species was found widely distributed on the full range of soil orders. It occupied both fertile and infertile soils across a wide range of climates and elevations." 2. "Imperata cylindrica has the ability to thrive on 4
5 literature on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel with particular reference to South East Asia. Tropical Pest Management 35: USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 ( Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. 4.2 Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. CABI Publishing. infertile soils." graminoid "forms dense stands"; up to 2 cm tall 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 ( Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Poaceae 5.3 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 ( Data compiled from various sources by Mark W. Skinner. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Poaceae, and herbaceous 5.4 Bryson and Carter (993) Cogongrass, Technology 7: Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) 6.3 Bryson and Carter (993) Cogongrass, Technology 7: McDonald, Shilling, Okoli, Bewick, Gordon, Hall, and Smith (996) Population dynamics of cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica. Proceedings of the Southern Weed Science Society 49: 56. "It has an extensive fibrous root system " "The species reproduces by seeds " I. cylindrica and I. brasiliensis frequently hybridize. " self-pollination never produced seed" 6.5 most grasses wind pollinated 6.6 Dozier, Gaffney, McDonald, Johnson, and Shilling (998) Cogongrass in the United States: history, ecology, impacts, and management. Weed Technology 2: Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) 7. Matlack (22) Exotic plant species in Mississippi, USA: critical issues in management and research. Natural Areas Journal 22: Matlack (22) Exotic plant species in Mississippi, USA: critical issues in management and research. Natural Areas Journal 22: Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and "Vegetative reproduction is the primary mechanism for survival and local spread" "The seedlings have no rhizomes for 4 weeks." [Even if not capable of reproduction as soon as rhizomes develop, most likely will be capable of reproduction within year] "Range expansion is probably due to seed dispersal unconsciously facilitated by human activity; highway mowing machines are particularly suspect.". "The nursery trade is probably also responsible for spreading cogongrass: the species is sold for its attractive seed heads. A supposedly harmless 5
6 Herberger (977) The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. The University Press of Hawaii, Terry, Adjers, Akobundu, Anoka, Drilling, Tjitrosemito, and Utomo (997) Herbicides and mechanical control of I. cylindrica as a first step in grassland rehabilitation. Agroforestry Systems 36: horticultural variety known as "red baron" may revert to a virile wild form when cross-bred." 2. "Imperata cylindrica is so highly regarded for thatching that it is planted and tended as a crop in many areas of Asia" "I. cylindrica is a prolific producer of seeds which are dispersed by wind over long distances to colonize cleared or previously uninfested land." 7.5 no evidence 7.6 wind-dispersed grass wind-dispersed grass 8.. Holm, Plucknett, Pancho, and Herberger (977) The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and 2. Terry, Adjers, Akobundu, Anoka, Drilling, Tjitrosemito, and Utomo (997) Herbicides and mechanical control of I. cylindrica as a first step in grassland rehabilitation. Agroforestry Systems 36: Bryson and Carter (993) Cogongrass, Technology 7: FAO, Grassland Index ( /data/pf26.htm). 3. Brook (989) Review of literature on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel with particular reference to South East Asia. Tropical Pest Management 35: Dozier, Gaffney, McDonald, Johnson, and Shilling (998) Cogongrass in the United States: history, ecology, impacts, and management. Weed Technology 2: Avav (2) Control of speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) with glycophosphate and fluazifopbutyl for soybean (Glycine max) production in savanna zone of Nigeria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 8: King and Grace (2) The effects of gap size and. A single plant can produce 3, seeds. 2. "I. cylindrica is a prolific producer of seeds". "Indications are that seed viability is extremely short-lived." 2. "There is no dormancy." But 3. "seeds remain viable for over year" [no mention of whether in soil or not] "Imazapyr and glyphosate are the most effective herbicides for cogongrass control. Younger cogongrass shoots are very susceptible to these herbicides Some combinations of herbicide, discing, and revegetation with desirable plant species provide excellent control.". "The spread of I. cylindrica in the savanna is favoured by the annual bush fires which stimulate the weed to produce seeds, and by the mechanical cultivation that tends to 6
7 8.5 disturbance type on invasion of wet pine savanna by cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (Poaceaea). American Journal of Botany 87: cut rhizomes into pieces which regenerate and rapidly give rise to new infestation." 2. "Tilling...significantly enhanced transplanted seedling growth" 7
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