Water balance of savannah woodlands: a modelling study of the Sudanese gum belt region

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1 Department of Forest Sciences/ VITRI Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Water balance of savannah woodlands: a modelling study of the Sudanese gum belt region Syed Ashraful Alam (Ashraful.Alam@helsinki.fi) Mike Starr (Mike.Starr@helsinki.fi) June, 2012

2 Outline of the presentation Background Rationale of the study Aims of the study Study sites Research methods Results 2

3 Background: Facts and figures for Sudan FAO (2010) => In 2010, forest coverage in Sudan was mill. ha (= 29% of total land area). Annual change rate was -0.08% ( ha/yr) At least 29% of Sudan is already true desert. Research results indicate a southward shift in desert climate of approx. 100 km (UNEP, 2007) Sudan s economy is mainly agriculture (= livestock production, forestry and fishing), contributes about 48% to GDP (Abdel Nour, 1999) Of the total land area of Sudan, cultivated = 21%, pasture = over 45%, forests & wood land = 25% 3

4 Background: Facts and figures for Sudan Food security in Sudan is mainly determined by rainfall, particularly in rural areas, where 70% of total population lives (MEPD/HCENR, 2003) Use of surface water & sharing of property rights over rangeland and rain-fed agricultural land are important contributing factors for civil war (UNEP, 2007) Woodland ecosystems contain widely spaced trees & their crowns do not touch each other Sudanese woodlands dominated by Acacia species and situated southern two thirds of country where rainfall ranges between 50 & 1400 mm 4

5 Background: ET concepts and terms Source: wikipedia.org Source: Allen et al. (1998) 5

6 Rationale of the study In arid & semi-arid environments, plant productivity is strongly related to the amount of rainfall & evapotranspiration Understanding of water use is essential for evaluating the potential of new crops in areas where water is a limiting factor Water quantity is a prime attribute of the water services provided by ecosystems and is best described by using a water balance While much is known about the water balance of forest ecosystems in boreal & temperate climates, less is known about those in the tropics 6

7 Aims of the study To determine and evaluate the water balance of savannah woodlands across the Sudanese Acacia gum belt region This study was undertaken => to see how the components of the water balance vary across the study region, and to understand the role of trees in promoting infiltration and thereby increasing soil water while reducing runoff 7

8 Study area in Sudan Location: Across the Acacia gum belt region (10-16 N; E) Map sheet grid: 39 grids (1.0 latitude x 1.5 longitude) were selected Area: Grids covered both arid & semi-arid regions ( 80 million ha) Vegetation: Savannah type (grasses + scattered shrubs & trees) 8

9 Research methods: Linked modelling approach Stand data (FNC/MAF/FAO,1998) Map sheet Coordinates (Haberlah, 2005), elevation Map sheet area (*.shp file by GIS Analysis) as per SMU Land use, land cover types (100 ha), avg. crown closure % (100 ha), Avg. volume (m 3 /ha) Soil data (HWSD; FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS- CAS/JRC, 2009) Soil Mapping Unit (SMU) % C, Texture, BD (0-30 & cm) Soil hydraulic properties (PTFs; fc, pwp ) Meteorological data (New LocClim; FAO, 2005) Rainfall Temperature Cloud cover (1-Sunshine fraction) PET (calibration) Water balance (WATBAL; annual & seasonal) Rooting depth, Crop coefficient (Kc for AR & VR soils; derived from linear regression models using grid biomass C density values) Daily water demand (PET), water use (AET), runoff, drainage 9

10 Results: Current climate Map sheet MAP values varied from 147 (Khartoum) to 732 (Al Roseires) mm MAT ranged from 24.2 (Zalingei) to 29.2 (Khartoum) C. MAT were highest in the north east & central southern area of the study region MAP increased southwards across the study region. 10

11 Results: Annual water balance, Water use (AET) Mean annual AET varied: 146 (Khartoum) 653 (Al Roseires) mm for AR soils 146 (Khartoum) 670 (Al Reseires) mm for VR soils Since AET was strongly limited by MAP, AET for both AR and VR soil types increased southwards across the study region 11

12 Results: Annual water balance, Runoff Mean annual runoff varied: 0 89 (Kubbum) mm for AR soils; 17 grids produced runoff (Kubbum) mm for VR soils; 23 grids produced runoff Though runoff values increased southwards across the study region but were highest in south western and eastern area of the study region 12

13 Results: Annual water balance, Drainage For VR soils, mean annual drainage values were 0 mm For AR soils, only four grids produced drainage with maximum value of 68 mm (Kubbum) Grids that produced drainage values for AR soils were located south eastern & western area of the study region 13

14 Results: Seasonal water balance Critical amount of rainfall exceeds AET demand only during wet season (Jun, Jul & Aug) => resulting recharge of soil moisture content & producing little runoff mm Rainfall AET Drainage Runoff Available Water AR Soils VR soils produced more runoff than AR soils but AR soils generated considerable amount of plant available water than VR soils While AR soils produced very low drainage during the peak of wet season (Aug), the VR soils produced zero drainage mm 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec VR Soils Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 14

15 Conclusions Current annual AET were found to be strongly determined by the amount of annual rainfall The restoration of woodlands may be expected to improve soil water conditions Future levels of water-use by savannah woodlands in the Sudanese gum belt region will strongly depend on which climate change scenario develops as well as on how the woodlands are utilized and managed in the future 15

16 References Abdel Nour HO Implementation of national forest programmes in Sudan: A case study. Paper presented at FAO-Turkey Workshop, October, Istanbul. Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO irrigation and drainage paper no. 56. FAO: Rome. FAO New_LocClim: Local Climate Estimator (Version 1.10). Environment and Natural Resources, Working Paper No. 20 (CD-ROM). FAO: Rome. FAO Global forest resources assessment 2010: main report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. FAO: Rome. FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC Harmonized World Soil Database (Version 1.1). FAO and IIASA: Rome and Laxenburg. FNC (Forests National Corporation)/MAF (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry)/FAO, National Forest Inventory (NFI) for the Sudan. GCP/SUD/047/NET. Khartoum, Sudan. Haberlah D Satellite Worksheet Series 1: of Sudan, In GRAS annual report Geological Research Authority of the Sudan, Ministry of Energy and Mining: Khartoum. MEPD/HCENR Sudan's first national communications under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Volume 1, main communications. [Available at: ] UNEP Sudan: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme: Nairobi. 16

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