Productivity of red alder in western Oregon and Washington
|
|
- Georgia Fisher
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 From Biology of Alder Proceedings of Northwest Scientific Association Annual Meeting April 14-15, 1967 Published 1966 Productivity of red alder in western Oregon and Washington Red alder in western Oregon and Washington grows rapidly when young and outproduces Douglas-fir up to ages years on median sites of both species. Red alder readily responds to thinning. Its ability to add nitrogen to soil is important for site improvement over much of its natural range. Richard L. Williamson Forestry Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Olympia, Washington This literature review on growth and yield of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) revealed very little past research in this commercially important species in the Pacific Northwest. Hopefully, the increasing interest in red alder management signals recognition that we sometimes stand to gain much more by managing this species rather than by routinely trying to eliminate it. Pure stands of red alder generally occur at lower elevations and where soil moisture is abundant - valley bottoms, moist flats, or lower slopes where soils frequently have restricted drainage. But, best stands occur on deep, well-drained soils of alluvial origin having abundant soil moisture (Powells, 1965). Pure stands extend upslope until excessive drainage restricts development. Red alder usually occurs in mixture with coniferous species- principally, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) on lower slopes; proportion of red alder decreases with increasing elevation above the valley floor. Red alder is a shade-intolerant species which relies upon major site disturbance for perpetuation. Otherwise, from general silvical principles, we would expect that pure stands would be gradually replaced by more tolerant species. Productivity of Mixed Stands It is difficult to assess productivity of red alder since it occurs as a minor component of mixed stands over much of its range. Only half of the estimated total volume (about 19 billion board feet) is in pure stands (Metcalf, 1965). A portion of McCleary Experimental Forest in southwest Washington is occupied by an even-aged, 60-year-old, alder-conifer mixture, typical of mixed stands in which alder is mature. Douglas-fir predominates with 49 percent of the volume (4,304 ft3); red alder contributes 22 percent (1,
2 fe). Western hemlock and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn) make up the other 29 percent (2, 707 ft 3 ). From age 45 to age 60, annual mortality for the red alder component equaled net growth (about 15 fe per acre). Thus, alder volume remained fairly static at about 1,800 fe per acre for 15 years. One can conclude that, for all practical purposes, net volume production ( 40 fe' m.a.i.) by red alder in this typical mixed stand ceased by age 45. Productivity of Pure Stands UNMANAGED STANDS Normal yield tables for red alder (Worthington et al., 1960) show that net growth. of well-stocked, natural stands is rapid (about 150 ft 3 per acre per year) when they are young, and decreases gradually to zero at age 90 on median site index 90. On this site, average yield is 4,940 ft 3 per acre at age 50, when rotation based on culmination of mean annual increment is attained. MANAGED STANDS Published results of three red alder studies indicate that thinning reduces total stand growth little, if any. Forty percent of the basal area was removed from a 26-year-old stand near McMurray, Wash., in a thinning from below (Lloyd, 1955). During the 2- to 8-year period after thinning, gross annual volume growth differed little between thinned and unthinned areas ( 133 and 128 fe per acre, respectively). No mortality occurred in the thinned stand, so net growth equaled gross growth. In contrast, extensive mortality in unthinned plots (35 ft 3 per acre per year) resulted in net growth of only 73 percent of gross growth. In a second study on Cascade Head Experimental Forest near Otis, Oregon, an 11-year-old alder-conifer mixture was heavily thinned to pure red alder on approximately an 8- by 8-foot spacing (Berntsen, 1961 ). Residual cubic volume (total stand) was only 39 percent of the volume in an adjacent unthinned pure alder stand, with which the thinned stand was to be compared. Bernsten does not say whether the thinning was essentially from below or from above, but he notes that some of the taller trees were cut. Substantial cutting from above, or possibly lower site index, is probable since the unthinned stand started with a 12-foot average height advantage over the thinned stand (36.5 feet vs feet). The initial advantage of the control stand is further apparent since it initially had more than eight times as much cubic volume, in trees 6 inches DBH and larger, as did the thinned stand (67 ft 3 vs.8 fe). As could be expected, during the first 5 years after thinning, total stand gross and net growth in the thinned stand was only 58 percent of that (266 fe per year) in the unthinned stand. For the remaining 15 years of observation, there was no appreciable difference (thinned was 97 percent of unthinned) in gross growth between the two stands (237 ft 3 v s. 246 ft 3 ). 288
3 Net growth, for the latter period, was somewhat greater for the thinned stand (207 ft 3 vs. 178 fe), due to heavier mortality in the unthinned plot. In a third study, also on the Cascade Head Experimental Forest, a plot in a 21-year-old red alder stand was heavily thinned to an approximate spacing of 12 by 12 feet (Berntsen, 1962). This plot was compared with a nearby unthinned plot. Both plots were in stands containing a scattered overstory of 80-year-old Douglas-fir which were girdled during plot establishment. A photograph of stand conditions at the beginning of the study, and comparison of before-thinning cubic volumes for these two plots with that of another nearby pure alder plot which lacked the overstory, indicate that the overstory decreased stocking on the first two plots by about 20 percent. Before-thinning volumes also indicate that productivity of the thinned plot, without any treatment, would be about 12 percent less than that of the unthinned plot. After thinning, residual cubic volume in the thinned plot was 56 percent of that in the unthinned plot. Despite the indicated lesser inherent productivity, gross periodic annual growth of the thinned stand, for the first 5 years after treatment, was practically identical with ( 125 fe vs. 128 ft 3 ) that of the unthinned stand. For the entire 20-year-period, thinned stand gross increment ( 112 fe per year) averaged 95 percent of that for the unthinned stand (118 ft 3 ). Net increment for the 20-year period was identical for both stands due to low mortality in the unthinned stand. The thinnings reported by Berntsen were of moderate to severe intensity; approximately 36 percent volume removed in one case and 61 percent removed in the other. That post-treatment growth of the thinned stands, relative to that of the unthinned stands, did not decline, or declined for a short period only, indicates that their response was in fact substantial (contrary to the opinions of Berntsen, 1961 and 1962). This conclusion is in agreement with Lloyd's (1955) previously cited results. Thus, evaluation of published data indicates that thinning can increase productivity of red alder stands. Rapid early growth rate of red alder, as indicated above, sometimes influences land managers to consider retaining alder on a site rather than converting to a coniferous species. One of the Cascade Head studies (Berntsen, 1961) also compared growth of thinned and unthinned alder stands with that of an adjacent conifer stand (Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) which was thinned to an approximate 6- by 6-foot spacing at age 8. The conifer stand had less annual gross growth than either alder stand up to age 21, but it rapidly outgrew both alder stands thereafter. Cubic volumes of thinned and unthinned alder stands (3,000 and 4,400 fe, respectively) exceeded that of the conifer stand until ages 25 and 28, respectively. Thereafter, cubic volume of the conifer stand rapidly surpassed those of the alder stands (Fig. 1). Significance of Height Growth Height-age curves for red alder and Douglas-fir for median site indices 90 and 105, respectively, illustrate one major reason why red alder is so much 289
4 400 ALDER (UNTHINNED) "- CONIFER STAND AGE (YEARS) Figure 1. Volume per acre for pure alder (thinned and unthinned) and pure conifer stands at Cascade Head Experimental Forest. (Modified from Figure 5 of Berntsen (1961).) more productive at young ages (Fig. 2). Douglas-fir on this site index requires 8 years, on the average, to attain breast height and consequently would have no basal area (and therefore no volume) up to then. Red alder attains maximum height growth 2 or 3 years from seed, Douglas-fir only after 15 to 20 years. Height growth of red alder begins to decrease when Douglas-fir growth reaches its maximum (Fig. 2). This is when volume of Douglas-fir stands begins to overtake and rapidly surpass volume of red alder stands. Site Improvement Red alder's ability to add nitrogen to soil is particularly important to improve growth of associated species (Tarrant, 1961). This ability has particular significance over much of red alder's natural habitat in western Washington- gravelly stream bottoms and gravelly glacial outwash 290
5 RED ALDER DOUGLAS-FIR BREAST HEIGHT TOTAL AGE (YEARS) Figure 2. Height-age curves for red alder and Douglas-fir for 50-year site indices 90 (Worthington et al., 1960) and 105 (King, 1966), respectively. For Douglasfir, total age equals breast-height age+ 8. plains- because these sites are generally poor in nitrogen (Gessel, Stoate, and Turnbull, 1965). In summary, when we consider rotations of 30 to 35 years, red alder is a possible alternate species to manage in a region where foresters commonly think only in terms of managing its coniferous associates. It definitely is capable of responding to thinning and provides a natural, silvicultural means for increasing wood production on some nitrogen-deficient soils. It is clear that we need further study of net yields of red alder under intensive stand management. Existing studies have generally involved only a single thinning with a limited range of unreplicated treatments. 291
6 Literature Cited Berntsen, C. M Growth and development of red alder compared with conifers in 30-year-old stands. U. S. Forest Serv. Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta. Res. Pap p A 20-year growth record for three stands of red alder. U. S. Forest Serv. Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta. Res. Note p. Powells, H. A. [ed.] Silvics of forest trees of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agr. Handb p. Gessel, S. P., T. N. Stoate, and K. J. Turnbull The growth behavior of Douglas-fir with nitrogenous fertilizer in western Washington. Univ. Wash. Inst. Forest Prod. Res. Bull p. King, J. E Site index curves for Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest. Weyerhaeuser Co. Forest. Res. Center, Weyerhaeuser Forest Pap p. Lloyd, W. J Alder thinning progress report. U. S. Soil Conserv. Serv. Woodland Conserv. Tech. Note 3. 6 p. Metcalf, M. E Hardwood timber resources of the Douglas-fir subregion. Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta. U. S. Forest Serv. Resource Bull. PNW p. Tarrant, R. F Stand development and soil fertility in a Douglas-fir- red alder plantation. Forest Sci. 7: Worthington, N. P Normal yield tables for red alder. U.S. Forest Serv. Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta. Res. Pap p. 292
RESPONSE TO UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE FERTILIZATION IN AN 80-YEAR-OLD DOUGLAS-FIR STAND. by Richard E. Miller. Principal Soil Scientist
I PNW-330 March 1979 RESPONSE TO UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE FERTILIZATION IN AN 80-YEAR-OLD DOUGLAS-FIR STAND by Richard E. Miller. Principal Soil Scientist and Constance A. Harrington. Research Forester
More informationPONSE OF A 110-YEAR-OLD DOUGLAS-FIR STAND TO UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE FERTILIZATION
I PNW-3 36 July 1979 R PONSE OF A 110-YEAR-OLD DOUGLAS-FIR STAND TO UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE FERTILIZATION by CONSTANCE A. HARRINGTON, Res ea rch Fo rester and RICHARD E. MILLER, Pri ncipal So il Scienti
More informationDan Binkley and Sarah Greene
PRODUCTION IN MIXTURES OF CONIFERS AND RED ALDER: THE IMPORTANCE OF SITE FERTILITY AND STAND AGE Dan Binkley and Sarah Greene ABSTRACT: Red alder, a source of biologicallyfixed nitrogen, can enhance site
More informationU.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER FPL 124 OCTOBER 1969 SAPWOOD THICKNESS. of douglas-fir and five other western softwoods
U.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER FPL 124 OCTOBER 1969 SAPWOOD THICKNESS of douglas-fir and five other western softwoods U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Madison,
More informationGrowth and Yield 35 Years after Commercially Thinning 50-year-old Douglas-fir
FORESTRY FRDA REPORT 021 Growth and Yield 35 Years after Commercially Thinning 50-year-old Douglas-fir ISSN 0835 0752 JANUARY 1988 ECONOMIC & REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Growth and Yield 35 Years after
More informationEcology of Pacific Madrone. Glenn Ahrens Oregon State University Extension Forestry and Natural Resources Hardwood Silviculture Cooperative
Ecology of Pacific Madrone Glenn Ahrens Oregon State University Extension Forestry and Natural Resources Hardwood Silviculture Cooperative Background 30 years of Research and Extension at Oregon State
More informationApplicability of Four Regional Volume Tables for Estimating Growth Response to Thinning in Douglas-Fir
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper PNW-295 May 1982 Applicability of Four Regional Volume Tables for Estimating
More informationGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RED ALDER COMPARED WITH CONIFERS IN 30-YEAR-OLD STANDS. Carl M. Berntsen. January 1961
Research Paper 38 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RED ALDER COMPARED WITH CONIFERS IN 30-YEAR-OLD STANDS by Carl M. Berntsen January 1961 PACIFIC NORTHWEST,FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION R, W, Cowlin, Director
More informationPNW-3 53 March 1980 ESTIMATING MERCHANTABLE VOLUMES OF SECOND GROWTH DOUGLAS-FIR STANDS FROM TOTAL CUBIC VOLUME AND ASSOCIATED STAND CHARACTERISTICS
This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. PNW-3 53 March 1980 ESTIMATING MERCHANTABLE VOLUMES
More informationSILVICULTURE SILVICULTURE 10/8/2018. Ecological forestry (Ecosystem management)
SILVICULTURE SILVICULTURE Dave Peterson University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences Thanks to Kristi McClelland, Boyd Evison, and Greg Ettl Silviculture The science and art of
More informationthinning growth of western hemlock stands after precommercial J. R. Dilworth FORE/ I REI'EARCH la6 i bulletin 33 COMPACT
i bulletin 33 COMPACT L. growth of western hemlock stands after precommercial thinning J. R. Dilworth FORE/ I REI'EARCH la6 O5'egon State U niversity :.... g ao l.' Of Forestry Oregon G Since 1941, the
More informationRegeneration / Young Stand Models
Many of the standard growth and yield models that are currently in use start with stands that have passed the regeneration phase of development (i.e., they start with stands with ages of 15 or 20 years
More informationVolume Growth and Response to Thinning and Fertilizing of Douglas-fir Stands in Southwestern Oregon
I United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report PNW-201 April 1987 Volume Growth and Response to Thinning and Fertilizing of Douglas-fir
More informationStand Dynamics and Health. Helping Your Woods Grow. For most of us this is our goal. Traditional Land Knowledge. Forest Function and Wildlife Habitat
Helping Your Woods Grow the art and science of silviculture Stand Dynamics and Health Kristi McClelland, King County DNRP Forester http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/cepublications/eb2000/eb2000.pdf Photo by John
More informationNUTRIENT CYCLING BY THROUGHFALL AND STEMFLOW PRECIPITATION IN THREE COASTAL OREGON FOREST TYPES
NUTRIENT CYCLING BY THROUGHFALL AND STEMFLOW PRECIPITATION IN THREE COASTAL OREGON FOREST TYPES by ROBERT F. TARRANT, K. C. LU, W. B. BOLLEN, and C. S. CHEN PACIFIC NORTHWEST U.SD.A. FOREST SERVICE FOREST
More informationSCHIRP: Second Broadcast Fertilization Application.
INNOVATIVE PROJECT FIA LBIP Project 6218029 Report: SCHIRP: Second Broadcast Fertilization Application. March, 2004 Annette van Niejenhuis, RPF Tree Improvement and Research Coordinator Western Forest
More informationVolume and Average Stumpage Price of Selected Species on the National Forests of the Pacific Northwest Region, 1973 to 1984
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Note PNW-446 July 1986 Volume and Average Stumpage Price of Selected Species on the National Forests of
More informationForest management on federal lands in western
Bureau of Land Management s Density Management Study Forest management on federal lands in western Oregon and Washington changed dramatically with the listing of the Northern Spotted Owl as a threatened
More informationFOREST INVESTMENT ACCOUNT FOREST SCIENCE PROGRAM
FOREST INVESTMENT ACCOUNT FOREST SCIENCE PROGRAM Project Y051293 HYDROLOGIC DECISION MAKING TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN RAIN DOMINATED COASTAL BC WATERSHEDS Background Summary: Forest Recovery
More informationWestern Oregon Forest Ecology. Michael Ahr, Forest Conservationist
Western Oregon Forest Ecology Michael Ahr, Forest Conservationist Outline Geology Forest Types Common NW Tree Species Successional Stand Types Brief History of Forest Management Effects on NW Ecosystems
More informationContents. 1 Introduction. 2 Data. 3 Analysis. 4 Equations for Height Growth. 8 Equations for Site Index. 14 Discussion
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-378 Estimates of Site Index and Height Growth for Douglas-Fir in High- Elevation Forests
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF RED ALDER ON GROWTH OF DOUGLAS-FIR
THE EFFECTS OF RED ALDER ON GROWTH OF DOUGLAS-FIR RICHARD E. MILLER, Principal Soil Scientist Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station USDA Forest Service Olympia, Washington MARSHALL D. MURRAY,
More informationECOLOGICAL FOREST MANAGEMENT
ECOLOGICAL FOREST MANAGEMENT Northwest Natural Resources Group Rolf Gersonde, 6/11/2016 RolfGersonde@gmail.com Ecological Forestry in 60 Seconds The Element of Ecological Forestry Using site Adapted Species
More informationManaging the Stands of the Future Based on the Lessons of the Past:
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Note PNW-RN-528 September 2000 Managing the Stands of the Future Based on the Lessons of the Past: Estimating
More informationLevels-of-Growing-Stock Cooperative Study in Douglasfir: Report No. 19 The Iron Creek Study,
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-580 August 2009 Levels-of-Growing-Stock Cooperative Study in Douglasfir: Report No. 19 The
More informationUNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT NORTHWEST CERTIFIED FORESTRY
UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT NORTHWEST CERTIFIED FORESTRY Rolf Gersonde, 6/6/2015 Uneven-aged Management in 90 Minutes 2 Silviculture Background Forest Ecology Management Tools and Stocking Control Multi-aged
More informationStand Development 18 Years After Gap Creation in a Uniform Douglas-Fir Plantation
United States Department of Agriculture Stand Development 18 Years After Gap Creation in a Uniform Douglas-Fir Plantation TU DE PA RT RE Robert O. Curtis, Constance A. Harrington, and Leslie C. Brodie
More informationSSAFR Field Tour to the Olympic Peninsula
SSAFR 2017 Field Tour to the Olympic Peninsula Examples of Forest Management on State Lands and Hike to Old-Growth Forest August 27, 2017 (Sunday) Meet at 09.00 Return time 17.00 1 Field Tour Itinerary
More informationThe Science Behind Forest Riparian Protection in the Pacific Northwest States By George Ice, Summer 2004
The Science Behind Forest Riparian Protection in the Pacific Northwest States By George Ice, Summer 2004 Riparian buffers, streamside management zones, and similar measures are essential parts of forest
More informationSURVEY OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF EIGHT MAINE CONIFERS
U.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER FPL 95 JULY 1968 U.S. DEPARTMEMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY MADISON, WIS. SURVEY OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF EIGHT MAINE CONIFERS Abstract
More informationWestern redcedar (Cw)- Thuja plicata
Western redcedar (Cw)- Thuja plicata Tree Species > Western redcedar Page Index Distribution Range and Amplitiudes Tolerances and Damaging Agents Silvical Characteristics Genetics and Notes BC Distribution
More informationSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AND WOOD PROPERTIES: ESSENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE MULTIPURPOSE FORESTRY REGIMES
Proceedings from the Wood Compatibility Initiative Workshop, number 15. STEM CHARACTERISTICS AND WOOD PROPERTIES: ESSENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE MULTIPURPOSE FORESTRY REGIMES David D. Marshall
More informationForecasting Timber, Biomass, and Tree Carbon Pools with the Output of State and Transition Models
Proceedings of the First Landscape State-and-Transition Simulation Modeling Conference, June 14 16, 2011 Forecasting Timber, Biomass, and Tree Carbon Pools with the Output of State and Transition Models
More informationSim 11DmriBIIIm IIBirll IGIBI 11111!11&-IIDJIII NIB'IDIB
. t ' Sim 11DmriBIIIm IIBirll IGIBI 11111!11&-IIDJIII NIB'IDIB ' PNW-97 May 1977 ESTIMATING D.B.H. FROM STUMP DIAMETERS IN SECOND-GROWTH DO UGLAS-FIR by Robert 0. Curtis, Principal Mensurationist and James
More informationFigure 15 Periodic annual increment (PAI) and gross mean annual increment (MAI) in basal area per acre by treatments for (A) Skykomish treatments 1,
Figure 15 Periodic annual increment () and gross mean annual increment () in basal area per acre by treatments for (A) Skykomish treatments 1, 2, 4, and 7; (B) Skykomish treatments 3, 5, 6, and 8. Each
More informationLevels-of-Growing-Stock Cooperative Study in Douglas-Fir: Report No. 14 Stampede Creek: 30-Year Results
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-543 July 2002 Levels-of-Growing-Stock Cooperative Study in Douglas-Fir: Report No. 14 Stampede
More informationUsing quantitative forest structure targets: the good, bad, and ugly
Using quantitative forest structure targets: the good, bad, and ugly Kevin R. Gehringer, Ph.D. Biometrics Northwest LLC SAF 2010 National Convention October 27-31 Albuquerque, New Mexico Introduction Why?
More informationPlant Propagation Protocol for Larix occidentalis. Picture taken by Dylan Holm (Western Larch in the fall)
Plant Propagation Protocol for Larix occidentalis Picture taken by Dylan Holm (Western Larch in the fall) Picture acquired from www.dkimages.com ESRM 412 Native Plant Production Spring 2008 Family Names
More informationEFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DENSITY CONTROL ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF YOUNG DOUGLAS-FIR PLANTATIONS: RESULTS FROM SMC TYPE I INSTALLATIONS
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND DENSITY CONTROL ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF YOUNG DOUGLAS-FIR PLANTATIONS: RESULTS FROM SMC TYPE I INSTALLATIONS YUZHEN LI ERIC C. TURNBLOM DAVID G. BRIGGS STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE
More informationAbstract. Research Summary
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper PNW-326 October 1984 8 A EDITOR'S.,.,. FILE COP.Y. Site Inaex anahe,ght Growth
More informationWlLLEM W.S. VAN HEES is a research forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 201 East Ninth Avenue, Suite 303, Anchorage, Alaska
---,,'%,,~g>. United States :'~'~'~ Department of j ~" ~ ' Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-391 Timber Productivity of Seven Forest Ecosystems in Southeastern
More information/ CONTENTS OF A CORD OF EIGHT-FOOT PULPWOOD }. Norman P. Worthington and Melvin P. Twerdal
PACIFIC OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION,,,e;; M/e Number 69 Portland, Oregon September / CONTENTS OF A CORD OF EIGHT-FOOT PULPWOOD }. By Norman P. Worthington
More informationTable 2 Green specific gravity and oven-dry density for 14 tree species commonly piled and burned in the Western United States
Figure 6 The nomagram assists in determining net mass of the wood (X-axis at right) by using gross pile volume (X-axis at left), packing ratio (diagonal lines at left), net wood volume (Y-axis), and wood
More information(U. S. Forest Service 1973), but no separate age
HOW APPLICABLE IS UNEVEN-AGE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHERN FOREST TYPES? by Stanley M. Filip, Principal Silviculturist, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Durham, N. H. 03824 Abstract
More informationGenetic Selection in Coastal Douglas-fir for Tolerance to Swiss Needle Cast Disease
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-240 Genetic Selection in Coastal Douglas-fir for Tolerance to Swiss Needle Cast Disease Keith J.S. Jayawickrama, 1 David Shaw, 2 and Terrance Z. Ye 1 Introduction Swiss
More informationTHINNING VERY early in the life of a Douglas-fir forest can increase
/ T is file was created by scanning the printed publication, About This File: Misscans Identified by the software hav b ()wever, some mistakes may remain, h e een corrected; i ) Purchased by the Forest
More informationAnalysis of Data. Analysis followed that given by Curtis et al. (1974) with modifications. Preliminary analyses using individual age class
Height Growth and Site Index for Douglas-fir in High-Elevation Forests of the Oregon-Washington Cascades ROBERT O. CURTIS FRANCIS R. HERMAN DONALD J. DeMAR Abstract. Height growth and site index estimation
More informationGROWTH OF WESTERN REDCEDAR AND YELLOW-CEDAR
2010 - A Tale of Two Cedars PNW-GTR-828 GROWTH OF WESTERN REDCEDAR AND YELLOW-CEDAR Constance A. Harrington 1 and Peter J. Gould 2 ABSTRACT Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) and yellow-cedar (Callitropsis
More informationSAJUAN) Ç(ISLA D, À/KITSA o ties J4A \131 U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE.FOREST SERVICE
SAJUAN) Ç(ISLA D, À/KITSA o ties J4A d c1 \131 Ø' 196 U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE.FOREST SERVICE PREPARED BY THE DIVISION OF FOREST ECONOMICS RESEARCH Carl A. Newport, Chief FOREST SURVEY Melvin E. Metcalf,
More informationGrowth of Bear-Damaged Trees in a Mixed Plantation of Douglas-fir and Red Alder
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-571 January 2007 Growth of Bear-Damaged Trees in a Mixed Plantation of Douglas-fir and Red
More informationEffects of dwarf mistletoe on spruce in the White Mountains, Arizona
Great Basin Naturalist Volume 46 Number 4 Article 13 10-31-1986 Effects of dwarf mistletoe on spruce in the White Mountains, Arizona Robert L. Mathiasen Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff Frank G.
More informationLevels-of-Growing-Stock Cooperative Study in Douglas-fir: Report No. 15 Hoskins:
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-537 March 2002 Levels-of-Growing-Stock Cooperative Study in Douglas-fir: Report No. 15 Hoskins:
More informationRed Pine Management Guide A handbook to red pine management in the North Central Region
Red Pine Management Guide A handbook to red pine management in the North Central Region This guide is also available online at: http://ncrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfgm/rp A cooperative project of: North Central
More informationApplication of Uneven- aged Management. What is Uneven-age??? Age Classes. Important Terminology, Concepts & Methodology. defining
Application of Uneven- aged Management Important Terminology, Concepts & Methodology What is Uneven-age??? Age Classes Uneven-aged This Stand is the defining How many age characteristic classes must an
More informationIn 1997, the United States had 747
Private Timberlands Growing Demands, Shrinking Land Base Ralph Alig, John Mills, and Brett Butler ABSTRACT By 2050, US timberland area is projected to be about 3 percent smaller than today due to increasing
More informationPersistence of Western Hemlock and Western Redcedar Trees 38 Years After Girdling at Cat Island in Southeast Alaska
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Note PNW-RN-507 November 1991 Persistence of Western Hemlock and Western Redcedar Trees 38 Years After
More informationSome Simulation Estimates of ean Annual Increment of Douglas-Fir: Results, Limitations, and Implications for Management
Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-471 April1994 Some Simulation Estimates of ean Annual Increment of Douglas-Fir: Results, Limitations, and Implications for Management Robert Curtis
More informationDisclaimers. Authors
Disclaimers Canada The exclusion of certain manufactured products does not necessarily imply disapproval nor does the mention of other products necessarily imply endorsement by the Canadian Forest Service.
More informationNet Basal Area Response 9 Years after Fertilizing Thinned and Unthinned Douglas-fir
FORESTRY FRDA REPORT 097 Net Basal Area Response 9 Years after Fertilizing Thinned and Unthinned Douglas-fir ISSN 0835 0752 FEBRUARY 1990 ECONOMIC & REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Net Basal Area Response
More informationIntroduction to Growth and Yield Models
Introduction to Growth & Yield Models Introduction to Growth and Yield Models Introduction to Growth & Yield Models TYPES OF GROWTH AND YIELD MODELS OR SIMULATORS Whole-Stand Whole-Stand/Diameter-Free
More informationOperational Research Highlights
Operational Research Highlights Timothy B. Harrington, PNW Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Olympia, WA 1. Douglas-fir thinning and fertilizer responses on a droughty site Reference: Miller et al.
More informationWestPro: A Computer Program for Simulating Uneven-Aged Douglas-fir Stand Growth and Yield in the Pacific Northwest
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report PNW-GTR-574 April 2003 WestPro: A Computer Program for Simulating Uneven-Aged Douglas-fir
More informationProjections of Timber Harvest in Western Oregon and Washington by County, Owner, Forest Type, and Age Class
Projections of Timber Harvest in Western Oregon and Washington by County, Owner, Forest Type, and Age Class XIAOPING ZHOU, RICHARD W. HAYNES, AND R. JAMES BARBOUR A Technical Document Supporting the 2
More informationTO 16 YEARS OF INTENSIVE THINNING
RESEARCH BULLETIN 38 JULY 198 RESPONSE OF YOUNG DOUGLAS-FIR TO 16 YEARS OF INTENSIVE THINNING J.C. TAPPEINER J.F. BELL J.D. BRODIE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY Since 1941, the Forest Research
More informationUneven-age Stand Management. a.k.a. Uneven-aged (Sized) Silviculture Walt Wintturi- Watershed to Wildlife
Uneven-age Stand Management a.k.a. Uneven-aged (Sized) Silviculture Walt Wintturi- Watershed to Wildlife Define Terms Review Concepts Uneven-age Stand At least three distinct age classes irregularly mixed
More informationBackground Information : Elevation: Between 100 and 200 feet above mean sea level:
Kenneth D. Gilbertson, Consulting Forester 774Fors Road, PortAngeles WA98363 360.4s2.6388 I 360.460.6244 kgfore stcon@yahoo. com July 1, 2018 Clallam County Parks, Fair & Facilities Department 223 East
More information~ ~I~ ~- I~ ~\~ I~Ir~ i ~ ~ ~L!~ ~,~ p~i ~l ~ ~ ~ IL~ ~ i~,~ ~I~ ~i~i I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r~ ~i~ ~. ~ ~'~ ~,~! ~ ~l~.~ ~'~i~ ~ ~I~,~ ~ ~ ~ ~,~ ~ i ~i~ ~r
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-381. Development Over 25 Years of Douglas-F'ir, Western Hemlock, and Western Redcedar Planted
More informationDETERIORATION OF FIRE-KILLED TIMBER AT TAYLOR RIVER VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
L I I DETERIORATION OF FIRE-KILLED TIMBER AT TAYLOR RIVER VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA.. by G. W. Wa1li8, H. A. Richmond J. N. Godfrey and H. M. Craig FOREST RESEARCH LABORATORY CANADIAN FORESTRY
More informationCHAPTER 5: GROWTH AND YIELD
The subject of this class is forest management. Thus, we will not spend a lot of time talking about growth and yield that is a subject for another class. However, growth and yield models provide some very
More informationManagement of Young Red Alder
Hibbs, D.E., and D.S. DeBell. 1994. Management of young red alder. 1994. Pages 202-215 in Hibbs, D.E., D.S. DeBell, and R.F. Tarrant, eds. The Biology and Management of Red Alder. Corvallis, OR: Oregon
More informationSchooner-Rock Restoration Project Silviculture Specialist Report Hebo Ranger District, Siuslaw National Forest Hebo, Oregon
Schooner-Rock Restoration Project Silviculture Specialist Report Hebo Ranger District, Siuslaw National Forest Hebo, Oregon By: /s/ Wayne J. Patterson 12/14/2016 Wayne J. Patterson, Certified Silviculturist
More informationForests in the Field. Forests have complex physiognomy: stand structure. Stand structure develops through time
Forests in the Field Forests have complex physiognomy: stand structure Complex overall structure habitat diversity (plants & animals) Stand structure develops through time Young forest stand undergoing
More informationN 2 Fixation in Brown-Rotted Soil Wood in an lntermountain Cedar-Hemlock Ecosystem
Forest Sci., Vol., 28, No. 2, 1982, pp. 292-296 1982, by the Society of American Foresters N 2 Fixation in Brown-Rotted Soil Wood in an lntermountain Cedar-Hemlock Ecosystem Michael J. Larsen, Martin F.
More informationStocking Levels and Underlying Assumptions for Uneven-Aged Ponderosa Pine Stands
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Note PNW-RN-509 February 1992 Stocking Levels and Underlying Assumptions for Uneven-Aged Ponderosa Pine
More informationFILE COPY Norman Po Worthington and Melvin P. Twerdal
Number 69 Portland, Oregon September 1950 CONTENTS OF A CORD OF EIGHT-FOOT PULPWOOD 1' EDITOR'S FILE COPY Norman Po Worthington and Melvin P. Twerdal Although the pulp and paper industry of western Washington
More informationA KEY TO THE LITERATURE PRESENTING SITE-INDEX AND DOMINANT-HEIGHT- GROWTH CURVES AND EQUATIONS FOR SPECIES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND CALIFORNIA
Research Contribution 7 March 1995 A KEY TO THE LITERATURE PRESENTING SITE-INDEX AND DOMINANT-HEIGHT- GROWTH CURVES AND EQUATIONS FOR SPECIES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND CALIFORNIA by David W. Hann College
More informationAn Examination of Red Alder and Western Red Cedar as Alternative Plantation Choices to Douglas-fir
An Examination of Red Alder and Western Red Cedar as Alternative Plantation Choices to Douglas-fir Washington Farm Forestry Association April 4, 2003 The Pacific Northwest has always been the Douglas fir
More informationAnnotated References on Managing Young Forests in the Douglas-Fir Region
Annotated References on Managing Young Forests in the Douglas-Fir Region VV" Alan B. Berg Research Paper 29 May 1976 Forest Research Laboratory School of Forestry Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon
More informationModel Lesson: Tree Identification and Growth Study at Outdoor School
Model Lesson: Tree Identification and Growth Study at Outdoor School Joan Swafford Overview: Students will identify tree species, collect and analyze tree growth data from two different sites, discuss
More informationTHE MAXIMUM SIZE-DENSITY RELATION is a key stand
Sources of Variation in the Self-Thinning Boundary Line for Three Species with Varying Levels of Shade Tolerance Aaron Weiskittel, Peter Gould, and Hailemariam Temesgen Abstract: The species self-thinning
More informationModels for Unfertilized and Fertilized Slash Pine Plantations: CRIFF B400 and B500 Series PMRC TECHNICAL REPORT
Models for Unfertilized and Fertilized Slash Pine Plantations: CRIFF B400 and B500 Series Plantation Management Research Cooperative Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources University of Georgia Athens,
More informationGrowth and Survival of Douglas-fir and Western Redcedar Planted at Different Densities and Species Mixtures
T E C H N I C A L R E P O R T 0 4 4 Growth and Survival of Douglas-fir and Western Redcedar Planted at Different Densities and Species Mixtures 2007 Ministry of Forests and Range Forest Science Program
More informationRESEARCH NOTES. Oregon State Board of Forestry Salem, Oregon 1951 CONE CROP SURVEY REPORT. Wilbur H. Engstrom. Research Forester
AGRICULTURE ROOM RESEARCH NOTES Oregon State Board of Forestry Salem, Oregon No. 4 August 1951 1951 CONE CROP SURVEY REPORT Wilbur H. Engstrom Research Forester The following report on the status of the
More informationNTRALHARDWOOD NOTES. Estimating Oak Growth and Yield. Managed Stand Yield. Individual Tree Growth and Yield Models
North Central Forest Experiment Station 5.03 NTRALHARDWOOD NOTES Estimating Oak Growth and Yield Yields from upland oak stands vary widely from stand to stand due to differences in age, site quality, species
More informationNTRAL HARDWOOD NOTES. Thinning Even-Aged, Upland Oak Stands
North Central Forest Experiment Station 6.06 NTRAL HARDWOOD NOTES Thinning Even-Aged, Upland Oak Stands Thinning produces bigger and better trees faster. Thinning removes poor quality trees and concentrates
More informationJACKSON CREEK RESEARCH NATURAL AREA 1
Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. 1972. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. JACKSON CREEK RESEARCH NATURAL
More informationExtended Rotations and Culmination Age of Coast Douglas-fir: Old Studies Speak to Current lssues
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain. United States Department of Agriculture
More informationCHEYENNE CANYON TUSSOCK MOTH CONTROL PROJECT
CHEYENNE CANYON TUSSOCK MOTH CONTROL PROJECT FOREST VEGETATION REPORT Pike National Forest, Pikes Peak Ranger District El Paso County, CO PURPOSE AND NEED The purpose of this project is to minimize the
More informationRed Alder Diameter and Height Growth Equations. Development of Annualized Diameter and Height Growth Equations for Red Alder: Preliminary Results
Current research has shown treatment effects in conifers, but no work has been done on hardwoods. This datasetlproject provides a great opportunity to test these effects. /* Red Alder Diameter and Height
More informationSilviculture Art & science of establishing & tending trees & forests
Silviculture Art & science of establishing & tending trees & forests Karen Bennett, karen.bennett@unh.edu Extension Forestry Professor & Specialist Presented to NH Coverts, May 2015 Silviculture Actions
More informationLongevity of untreated wood in use above ground
Longevity of untreated wood in use above ground Wallace E. Eslyn Terry L. Highley Frances F. Lombard Abstract Test crosses constructed from 12 different softwoods and 9 different hardwoods were exposed
More informationMarch 27, Paul Pittman, MS, LEG Principal, Element Solutions
March 27, 2018 Paul Pittman, MS, LEG Principal, Element Solutions In collaboration with: Applied Geomorphology, Inc., Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, and DTM Consulting Present Geologic and Geomorphic
More informationTimber Sale Appraisal Sunday Passage Sale FG
Timber Sale Appraisal Sunday Passage Sale FG-341-2018-024- District: Forest Grove Date: August 23, 2017 Cost Summary Conifer Hardwood Total Gross Timber Sale Value $3,295,699.11 $68,708.64 $3,364,407.75
More information97330, USA. 2
The Importance of Forest Stand Level Inventory to Sustain Multiple Forest Values in the Presence of Endangered Species Debora L. Johnson 1, K. Norman Johnson 2 and David W. Hann 2 1 Oregon State University,
More informationPACIFIC SOUTHWEST Forest and Range Experiment Station
FOREST SERVICE. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE P.O. BOX 245, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94701 PACIFIC SOUTHWEST Forest and Range Experiment Station USDA FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER PSW- 85 /1972 Oliver, William
More informationGuidelines for Estimating Volume, Biomass, and Smoke Production for Piled Slash
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report PNW-GTR-364 February 1996 Guidelines for Estimating Volume, Biomass, and Smoke Production
More informationNTRAL HARDWOOD NOTES. Estimating Pine Growth And Yield
North Central Forest Experiment Station 5.08 NTRAL HARDWOOD NOTES Estimating Pine Growth And Yield Although hardwoods comprise the bulk of the volume in the central hardwood forest, pines are locally important
More informationGrowth of a 45-Year-Old Ponderosa Pine Plantation: An Arizona Case Study
Growth of a 45-Year-Old Ponderosa Pine Plantation: An Arizona Case Study Peter F. Ffolliott, Professor, University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, Tucson, AZ; Gerald J. Gottfried, Research Forester,
More informationpplicability of Four egional Volu e Tables for Estimating Growth Response to Thinning in Douglas -Fir b ou tlhis Richard L. Williamson \his fl\ e w
g Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper PNW 295 pplicability of Four egional Volu e Tables for Estimating Growth May 1982 Response to Thinning in Douglas -Fir b ou tlhis
More informationA workshop for. Pruning. Participant s Workbook. Ministry of Forests Forest Practices Branch
A workshop for Pruning Participant s Workbook Ministry of Forests Forest Practices Branch Acknowledgements Thanks are extended to Symmetree Consulting for preparing the Instructor and Student Pruning workbooks
More information