Through all the gloom, signs of resilience in Maldives reefs

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1 Through all the gloom, signs of resilience in Maldives reefs Jean-Luc Solandt, Gabriel Grimsditch, Nizam Ibrahim, Matthias Hammer, Benjamin Cowburn, Bryce Stewart, Katrina Mcpherson, Rafil Mohammed, Ibrahim Shameel, Gregor Hodgson

2 Outline Wider socio-economic considerations Bleaching 1998 Time for recovery? Bleaching 2016 Bleaching impact during the event Short-term recovery (2 12mnths) Phase shifts? Areas of hope (or Hope spots)?

3 An affected baseline..even in commercial grouper cages and export cage facilities 78 dedicated fishing vessels in 3 atolls. Sattar et al., (2011) Review of Maldives Grouper Fishery. MRC

4 Resorts / construction adds pressure China is the biggest visitor nation 198,655 visitors in Visitors in 2011 were 930,000 Plans to open 27 new resort islands in 2017 alone, increasing visitor numbers to 7million

5 Bleaching 1998 Figure 7. Most disappointing part of Maldives holidays 1998 Cesar et al, 2000 Assessing the impacts of the 1998 coral bleaching on tourism in the Maldives and Sri Lanka, CORDIO.

6 Recovery? from an affected baseline COT outbreak Bleaching event Tsunami Pisapia, C. et al. Coral recovery in the central Maldives archipelago since the last major mass-bleaching, in Sci. Rep. 6, 34720; doi: /srep34720 (2016).

7

8 seawater temperature (Celcius) 32 degrees for 3 weeks Apr 08-Apr 15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 06-May 13-May 20-May 5m 10m

9 IUCN data during the bleaching event Ibrahim, N., et al., 2016, Status of Coral Bleaching in the Maldives in 2016, Marine Research Centre, Malé, Maldives

10 IUCN sites Ibrahim, N., et al., 2016, Status of Coral Bleaching in the Maldives in 2016, Marine Research Centre, Malé, Maldives

11 Species is a major factor in resistance (IUCN) Acropora Porites Ibrahim, N., et al., 2016, Status of Coral Bleaching in the Maldives in 2016, Marine Research Centre, Malé, Maldives

12 ReefCheck sites: 34% (2015 data) to 12% 2 months after bleaching Solandt J-L, et al. (2016). Bleaching patterns and capacity building for Maldives conservationists during ReefCheck expeditions. Rufford conference proceedings, Sri Lanka

13 mean % cover + SD ReefCheck surveys - outer reefs/channels fare better 2 months after heating event outer inner Inner atoll or outer rim reef bleached live hard coral Solandt J-L, et al. (2016). Bleaching patterns and capacity building for Maldives conservationists during ReefCheck expeditions. Rufford conference proceedings, Sri Lanka

14 Why the difference? Aspect; adjacent deepwater; species? Solandt J-L, et al. (2016). Bleaching patterns and capacity building for Maldives conservationists during ReefCheck expeditions. Rufford conference proceedings, Sri Lanka

15 ReefCheck surveys 2017: 14 months: outer sites recovering, inner declining Bathalaa maagaa Rasdhoo HC SC RKC NIA SP RC RB SD SI OT HC SC RKC NIA SP RC RB SD SI OT Holiday thila HC SC RKC NIA SP RC RB SD SI OT Kudafalhu HC SC RKC NIA SP RC RB SD SI OT

16 Phase shift starting at inner atoll sites?

17 to carpet anenomes

18 Kudafalhu

19 to algae (similar to Jamaica, circa 1995) Bleaching + Crown of Thorns. Density of 14.3/100m 2

20

21 Conclusions Baseline condition of reefs is affected due to disease, COTs, Drupella, previous bleaching, overfishing, run-off, construction. Inner reefs undergoing phase shifts: Some inner reefs now dominated by Discosoma corallimorphs, others by algae. Outer reefs faring better due to more resilient coral life forms / proximity of deeper water and steeper drop-off aspect. Previous bleaching episode required 10 years recovery time. Will 2026 show a recovered coral community, BOTH for r- and k-strategist species? Maldives government and international community are ineffective at dealing with the scale of the issue. Citizen science illustrates the issue development of local groups such as reef checkmaldives.

22 Thanks Jean-Luc Solandt, Gabriel Grimsditch, Nizam Ibrahim, Matthias Hammer, Benjamin Cowburn, Bryce Stewart, Katrina Mcpherson, Rafil Mohammed, Ibrahim Shameel, Gregor Hodgson

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