APPALACHIAN AND MIXED MESOPHYTIC FORESTS. Isabel Williams, Sykes Williams, Karlo Mercado

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1 APPALACHIAN AND MIXED MESOPHYTIC FORESTS Isabel Williams, Sykes Williams, Karlo Mercado

2 Group Slide (1) Characteristics Once covered most of temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere As of today, only found in Southeast region of North America and in East and Central China Moist Broad-leafed forests

3 Group Slide (2) Major Ecoregions Nearctic region Temperate forests Climate changes due to elevation variation Mixed oak forests at low elevation Tulips, red spruce, chestnuts and oaks at mid elevation Spruce fir forests dominate at high elevation

4 Group Slide (3) Food Web Snake Hawk or Owl Fox Insectivorous Bird Toad Rabbit Squirrel Mouse Seed Eating Bird Spiders Predaceous Insects Grass and Other Plants Herbivorous Insects

5 Isabel - Ecological Issue (4) Ecoregion Introduction Biologically diverse (one of the most in temperate regions of the world) Long evolution and history Forests have developed bioata and endemic species (mostly in fresh water areas)

6 Ecological Issue (5) Description Habitat loss is the biggest ecological issue Over 95% has been degraded in the last 200 years Only small undisturbed or old growth forests remain A lot of the forest has been used agriculturally (deforestation)

7 Ecological Issue (6) Cause Many different causes Agricultural lands surrounding have failed Logging and development Pollution Global warming

8 Ecological Issue (7) Solution Keeping areas around the forest aware of the circumstances Natural resource management Stop building over land Don t cut down wood unless MANDATORY Engaging local communities in importance of natural resources

9 Ecological Issue (8) Other Issues Climate change creates issues (weather becomes warm, which brings in destructive storms) Populations of animals rapidly decreasing due to humans removing land and trees Warmer weather from climate change changes insects infestations 9

10 Bibliography (Isabel) "Health Effects of Light Pollution." <i>encyclopedia of Earth</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept "WWF - Building a Future in Which Humans Live in Harmony with Nature." <i>wwf</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept "1A1_2013 Group 5 - Temperate Forest." <i>apassionforscience /</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept

11 Sykes Endangered Keystone Species (9) The Gopher Tortoise (Gopherous Polyhemus) Dark Brown Large Forefeet for borrowing They have a yellow bottom shell Front legs have large scales to protect them while burrowing The White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) Red brown Medium sized Males regrow their antlers every year Horizontally split pupils allow them to excel with vision Every one in 10,000 females also have antlers 11

12 Role in Ecoregion (10) The Gopher Tortoise digs burrows to provide shelter for over 360 species They are herbivore scavengers Their diet consists of over 300 species of plants If it were to go extinct many species would lose their shelter The White-Tailed Deer mostly herbivorous Diets vary by season Some feed on songbirds and field mice If they were to go extinct many species would lose a major food source 12

13 Why are they endangered? (11) The Gopher Tortoise is threatened by predation and habitat destruction They have also been eaten by humans for thousands of years Climate change also plays a factor The White-Tailed Deer is prey for wolves, cougars, alligators, and jaguars They are also commonly hunted by humans They are mainly hunted as prey by other animals 13

14 Size of Population (12) There are a wide range of areas that the Gopher Tortoise subsides in The adults take years to mature and can live up to 40 years or longer They don t come reproductively mature until ages Their mating season is April through June The White-Tailed Deer are also spread out through a wide range of areas around the world Most live 2-3 years, maximum lifespan is around 20 years but few live past 10 Bucks are generally sexually mature at 1.5 years old 14

15 What is being done? (13) Nothing is being done In order to save White-Tailed Deer they could have more hunting restrictions To save the Gopher Tortoise they could stop destroying their habitat or move them to a safer environment 15

16 Bibliography (Sykes) "Temperate Deciduous Forest." : Keystone Species. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Sept "Populations." Populations. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Sept "Basic Facts About Gopher Tortoises." Defenders of Wildlife. N.p., 11 Apr Web. 16 Sept "White-Tailed Deer, White-Tailed Deer Pictures, White-Tailed Deer Facts - National Geographic." National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Sept

17 Karlo - Invasive Species (14) Intro Zebra mussel or Dreissena polymorpha Small, fingernail sized animals that attach to other organisms Have D shaped shells Yellow and brownish colored stripes 1/4 to 1 1/2 in long Females and hatch 100,000 to 500,000 eggs per year 17

18 Invasive Species (15) Food Web Zebra mussels eat plankton, competing with fish for food Do not have many natural predators Lake sturgeon, yellow perch, freshwater drum, catfish, and sunfish all feed heavily on zebra mussels Primary consumer or tertiary 18

19 Invasive Species (16) Problem Filter out the water and eat the plankton, leaving native fish with no food Can attach to native mussels and overwhelm them 19

20 Invasive Species (17) Transport Native to Eastern Europe and Western Russia Species arrived by attaching to boats, man-made channels act like highways for these mussels 20

21 Invasive Species (18) Solution Control population by cleaning recreational boats and make sure there aren t any kind of species attached to them Can t be controlled in the wild 21

22 Bibliography (Karlo) "UW Sea Grant." <i>uw Sea Grant</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept "Appalachian Mixed Mesophytic Forests." <i>worldwildlife.org</i>. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 15 Sept "Invasive Aquatic Animals." <i>: Minnesota DNR</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept

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