Carbon Stocks and Emissions of Malaysian Forests

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1 Carbon Stocks and Emissions of Malaysian Forests Abd Latif M., Ismail H., & Elizabeth P. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia ISO 9001 :

2 Content Background Global forest carbon emissions and stocks Regional forest carbon stocks National carbon stocks National GHG emissions from forest Comparative carbon stocks in oil palm plantations Conclusion

3 Background Three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere since pre-industrial times, and this increase is the main driving cause of climate change. CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O altogether amount to 80% of the total radiative forcing from well-mixed greenhouse gases. The increase of CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O is caused by anthropogenic emissions from the use of fossil fuel as a source of energy and from land use and land use change, in particular agriculture. The observed change in the atmospheric concentration of CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O results from the dynamic balance between anthropogenic emissions, and the perturbation of natural processes that leads to a partial removal of these gases from the atmosphere. 5 th AR, IPCC

5 Fate of Anthropogenic CO 2 Emissions ( average) 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC/yr 92% 4.3±0.1 GtC/yr 45% 0.8 ± 0.5 GtC/yr 8% ± 0.5 GtC/yr 27% 2.6 ± 0.8 GtC/yr 27% Calculated as the residual of all other flux components Source: Le Quéré et al 2013; CDIAC Data; Global Carbon Project

This budget uses updated estimates, and has higher cumulative emissions than the IPCC AR5.

6 Uncertainty in Land-Use Change Emissions Uncertainty in land-use change is large, particularly in early years. This budget uses updated estimates, and has higher cumulative emissions than the IPCC AR5. Cumulative emissions : 155 ± 55 GtC (this budget), 145 ± 60 GtC (IPCC) Source: Le Quéré et al 2013; Houghton & Hackler (in review); Global Carbon Project

7 Rate of deforestation Decreasing in several countries About 13 mill. ha/yr converted to other land uses of 16 mill. ha/yr in 1990s Brazil and Indonesia have significantly reduced deforestation rate; S. America & Africa largest net loss of forest

8 Forests store a vast amount of carbon 289 Gt or 145 bil ton Carbon in biomass. carbon stocks decrease 0.5 bil ton/yr , due to reduction of forest area.

9 Carbon stocks in different forest types Biome Area (10 6 km 2 ) Carbon Stocks (Gt C) Vegetation Soils Total Tropical forests (45%) Temperate forests Boreal forests Tropical savannas & grasslands Temperate grasslands & shrublands Deserts & semi-deserts Tundra Wetlands Croplands

10 Forest carbon stocks -region Country Forest type Biomass content (t/ha) Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia Good Logged (1-10 years) Logged (11-20 years) Logged (20-30 years) Logged (>30 years) Logged Peat swamp Peat swamp Remark Philip & Abdul Rahim Nik, 2009, Malaysia - Inland forest Sarawak Hill forest Malaysia - Sabah Unlogged forest Logged (~1970) Logged (1988/9) Logged (1995/6) Logged (2000/2) Logged (2003/6) Logged (2007) Lowland forest Peat swamp Oil palm Timber plantations IPCC, 1996 Morel et al, 2011

11 Forest carbon stocks -region Country Forest type Biomass content (t/ha) Philippines Surigao del Sur, Mindanao Remark Matured 96.7 Lasco et al, 2006 Logged 1-5 yrs 46.6 Logged 6-10 yrs 57.4 Logged yrs 49.5 Logged yrs 57.3 Indonesia East Kalimantan Yamakura, et al 1986 Old forest Murdiyarso & Wasrin, 1996 Thailand Ton Mai Yak Terakunpisut,Gaj KP aseni Pong Phu Ron 46.3 & Ruankawe (2007) Singapore Primary forest 168 Ngo, et al 2013 Secondary forest 105

12 Changes in Regional C Stocks Country Site Carbon Stocks (t/ ha) Net Changes in Carbon Stocks (t/ ha/yr) Thailand HKK Malaysia Pasoh Lambir Philippines Palanan

13 Changes in Forested Area in Malaysia: Permanent Reserved Forest % -0.7% Protected Areas 0% 74% Stateland Forest -32% -34% Rubber -22% - 21% *Oil palm 67% 44 ^Cocoa -81% -73% Source: FAO, 2010;*MPOB ; ^LKM

14 Changes in Forest Areas Forest change occurred in the Permanent Reserved Forest and Stateland Forest. Rubber and oil palm areas were also significantly reduced and many of these areas have been converted to oil palm plantations. Regression models indicated that poverty rate affected forest area between Poverty rate of 20% and below did not affect the forest area, (Miyamoto et al, 2014). Oil palm expansion has a significant negative relation with forest area change in a single regression model, (Miyamoto et al, 2014).

15 Changes in Carbon Stocks Million tonnes Above Ground Carbon Stocks Below Ground Carbon Stocks Carbon in Litter Soil

CO 2 Removals 140.00 120.00 100.00 Mt CO 2 e 80.

00 Permanent Reserve Forest Stateland Forest

16 CO 2 Removals Mt CO 2 e Permanent Reserve Forest Stateland Forest Plantation Forests Oil palm Rubber Non-forest type species (000 trees) Category

17 Total Emissions million tonnes C/yr PRF State land Commercial harvest

18 Carbon Stock in Oil Palm Plantation Age (yr) Aboveground carbon stocks (t/ha) Reference Mineral soil Peat soil Khalid et al, (1999) Henson & Mohd Tayeb, (2003 Matured Morel, et al,(2011) Riau (3-30 yrs) Syahrinudin, (2005)

19 Conclusion Carbon stocks are different in different forest types and regions Carbon stocks has not changed much in the Malaysian forest thus suggesting the sustainable forest management practices undertaken has not reduced the carbon stocks GHG emissions from the forest have reduced between

INTRODUCTION FORESTS & GREENHOUSE GASES

INTRODUCTION FORESTS & GREENHOUSE GASES Until recently, much of the debate and concern surrounding the loss of tropical forests has focused on the loss of biodiversity, and to a lesser extent, the loss