Yield of 2 by 4 red oak stress-graded dimension lumber from factory-grade logs
|
|
- Dorothy Edwards
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Yield of 2 by 4 red oak stress-graded dimension lumber from factory-grade logs Kent A. McDonald James W. Whipple Abstract Efficient conversion of red oak logs to structural dimension lumber depends on knowledge about the expected yield from different grades of logs. Our results show that nominal 2 by 4 inch (standard 38 by 89 mm) dimension-lumber yields from USDA Forest Service construction-grade logs are greater than yields from USDA factory-grade F3 logs. Comparable yields of dimension lumber were obtained from factory-grade F2 and construction-grade log classes. Market competition for the higher valued factory-grade F2 log for factory lumber indicates that only logs from the construction-grade class should be considered by potential producers of dimension lumber and then considered only with caution. Hardwood sawmill operators have a vested interest in knowing how much dimension lumber (structural lumber <4 in. (<102 mm) thick) compared to factory lumber (used for remanufacture such as furniture) can be expected from hardwood logs of different qualities. Recent national attention on using hardwood lumber for structural purposes has resulted in an increased interest in improving standard ASTM procedures (1, 2) for assigning stress ratings to hardwood dimension lumber. Several factors are responsible for the increased interest in the stress rating of hardwood dimension lumber. These factors include 1) the perceived abundance of low quality hardwood timber that should be utilized; 2) the potential competition between the use of imported species and domestic species for softwood dimension lumber; 3) the use of a readily available supply of local material to meet the demand for timber bridges; and 4) the desire to reduce the demand for FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL Vol. 42, No. 6 western softwood dimension lumber. Redirecting any of the existing hardwood resource to another use could have a decisive effect on the raw material supply, the hardwood economy, and the processing methods used to manufacture dimension-lumber products. Obtaining the dimension-lumber yield by log quality classes using the USDA Forest Service (USDA FS) standard factory-log grades would help in making knowledgeable decisions about what raw material should be converted to dimension lumber. Sawmill operators must be able to select the log quality that will most efficiently produce an order of dimension lumber. They also will need special instructions for sawing hardwood logs into stress-graded dimension lumber. These decisions must be based on a rigorous financial analysis. Background Traditionally, hardwood sawmills produce factory lumber for markets that are largely dominated by furniture producers (12). Grading this lumber for remanufacture is based on National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) grades (7), which are quite different from the dimension-lumber grades (8, 11) traditionally applied to softwood species. Dimensionlumber grades are for structural material destined to be used as-graded, not remanufactured. This material, referred to in this paper as dimension lumber, The authors are, respectively, Research Wood Scientist, USDA Forest Serv., Forest Prod. Lab., One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, WI ; and Wood Utilization Specialist. Dept. of Natural Resources, 518 W. Somo Ave., Tomahawk, WI This paper was received for publication in July Forest Products Research Society Forest Prod. J. 42(6):
2 should not to be confused with factory lumber marketed for hardwood dimension products. (Seesidebar.) Factory lumber and dimension lumber differ in many ways. For example, thicknesses for factory lumber are roughsawn by quarter-inch classes from nominal 4/4 up to nominal 16/4; dimension lumber is usually 2 inch (38 mm standard) nominal or 1-1/2 inch (38 mm) actual when dried and planed. Widths are random for factory lumber and 2-inch (38-mm) nominal multiples for dimension lumber. Defect limitations allowed on graded products are also quite different for factory lumber and dimension lumber. More wane and edge knots are acceptable in factory lumber than in dimension lumber. Such differences reflect the end uses of factory and dimension lumber, and they pose some significant problems to the sawmill decision makers who produce both types of lumber. These problems are further aggravated by different target sizes for green thicknesses and widths. decisions on lumber quality that face the head saw. edger. and trimmer operators, and cost/benefit ratios that must be considered when converting hardwood logs into a mixture of products. Therefore, getting a stress-graded product like hardwood dimension lumber on the market involves more than simply providing the means to grade the product. Hardwood logs will have to be sawn like softwood logs to produce a product similar to softwood dimension lumber. However, different sawing methods will be needed than those conventionally used for hardwood factory lumber. In addition, producers will be faced with difficult decisions when planning which hardwood logs should be sawn into dimension lumber and which logs should be sawn into conventional factory lumber. Decisions will need to be made about setting the saws to cut the dimension lumber (nominal 7/41 as opposed to factory lumber (nominal 4/4, 5/4, and 6/4), because the target sizes (sets) will be different for the different products. Other management decisions will include selecting the drying schedules of the different products (40 to 90 days of kiln-drying for 7/4 red oak compared to 1 to 2 days for 8/4 southern pine), possible installation of a predryer system, a lumber-handling system within the mill based on two very different products, the dual grading and marketing decisions associated with the two products, and the possibilityof dealingwith more than one agency for grading and inspection services. The simple approach of having one mill devoted to the production of stress-graded hardwood dimension lumber is not a likely solution because of the relatively higher value of factory lumber compared to the lower value of dimension lumber, and the efficiency of getting both products from the same logs. The logical solution to the problem is that a portion of the log should be sawn into factory lumber and a portion into dimension lumber. The USDAFS standard factory-log grades (3, 10, 13) were developed for the production of factory lumber. Surface characteristics on logs that affect the underlying factory lumber are considered when deciding the Dimension defined The word dimension is used by both the hardwood and softwood industries to define wood that is sawn or surfaced to a specific size. Dimension is a noun but is also used as a noun modifier. The National Dimension ManufacturersAssociation defines both hardwood and softwood dimension components as being cut to a specific size from kiln-dried rough lumber, bolts, cants, or logs. Dimension components include Flat stock (solid and edge glued) and Squares (solid and laminated) for furniture, cabinet, and specialty manufacturers. Components are in specified thicknesses, widths, and lengths, or multiples thereofand are classified as Rough dimension. Semi-machined dimension, or Fully machined dimension. ByASTM D-09 definition, theword dimension is used as an adjective to modify lumber that is sawn or surfaced 'from nominal 2 through 4 inches thick and 2 or more inches wide." This defines all lumber that is produced to a specific size, which is typically most of the softwood lumber production and a portion of the hardwood lumber production. The National Hardwood Lumber Association lists grades of lumber for construction use that are titled No. 1 Dimension, No. 2 Dimension, andselect Dimension. Lumber that is sawn and surfaced to nominal 2 by 4 size is correctly referred to as dimension lumber whether it is softwood or hardwood. Some of the total volume of dimension lumber is stress graded, and some is used in construction. All dimension lumber is not used in construction and all Is not stress graded. Hardwood lumber of random width to be used for dimension parts should not be referred to as 'dimension lumber" but rather 'lumber for dimension." log grade. Determining nonfactory-lumber product yields from factory-grade logs may not produce the clear-cut differences in product yield between the log grades as normally happens with factory-lumber products. Three USDA FS factory-log grades, F1, F2, and F3, are generally accepted by the industry as standard for sorting hardwood logs. Each grade admits only those logs with similar standard factory-lumber yields and also similar values. In today's market, sound grade F1 logs of basswood and certain species of red oak are often marketed for veneer production and therefore are not discussed in this paper. Grade F2 requires 8-foot- (2.4-m-) long (withouttrim) logs tobe 12 inches (305 mm) in scaling diameter on the small end, and under special conditions. logs as small as 10 inches (254 mm) in scaling diameter can be admitted. Although 8- and 9-foot (2.4- and 2.7-m) logs must yield 75 percent of each of the three best faces clear in not more than two 3-foot (0.9-m) clear lengths, longer logs needyield only 66 percent. Sweep or crook deductions can be up to 30 percent of the gross scale, and total scaling deduction (including sweep or crook) can be 6 JUNE 1992
3 TABLE 1. - Scaling diameter classes and log grades. TABLE 2. - Net board-foot volume of study logs (international 1/4-in. log scale). TABLE 3. - Board foot dimension-lumber tally. Figure 1. - Log sawing pattern (1 in. = 25.4 mm). up to 50 percent of the gross scale. Grade F3 logs must be at least 8 inches (203 mm) in scaling diameter and 8 feet (2.4 m) long (without trim), and each of the three best faces must be half clear in not less than 2-foot (0.6-m-) long clear lengths. Sweep or crook deductions can be up to 50 percent of the gross scale; however, total scaling deductions can not exceed 50 percent of the gross scale. These grade specifications are only partially listed to point out that considerable sweep, crook, and other scaling deductions are permitted in the factory-grade logs. Logs that do not meet the surface clearness requirements of the factory-grade logs may meet the specifications for USDA FS construction-grade log class. The major factors that determine admission to this class are log straightness and soundness, and size and condition of log defects. Minimum small-end diameter is 8 inches (203 mm), minimum length is 8 feet (2.4 m) (without trim), and sweep must be less than one-fourth of the small-end diameter for each 8 feet (2.4 m) of length. Sound surface defects are limited to not more than one-third the diameter of the log at the point of their occurrence, and unsound defects are generally not permitted (10). Note that portions of the factory lumber produced from USDA FS standard factory-grade logs with sweep and crook are in short lengths and random widths, and can be obtained without substantial reductions in lumber yield. In contrast, a similar yield in fulllength dimension lumber from logs with up to a 50 percent deduction for sweep is not possible. Construction-grade logs, as specified. are reasonably straight and sound and yield higher volumes of dimension lumber than factory-grade logs of equivalent quality. The economic information needed to assist sawmill operators must include comparative values of the factory lumber and the stress-graded hardwood dimension lumber, and should be based on the previously stated considerations. The common denominator for the initial consideration is the grade of the logs that are most available to the producer. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the 2 by4 stress-graded dimension-lumber yields from graded red oak logs by scaling diameter classes and to compare those yields to the expected factory-lumber yields reported for logs of the same size and quality (13). Procedure For this study, 95 red oak logs that were 12 feet long (3.7 m) were obtained from 1 sawmill and were sorted into USDA FS standard hardwood grades F2 and F3 and the hardwood construction grade. The logs were either northern red oak (Quercus rubra) or black oak (Quercus velutina), coming from central Wisconsin. Only logs of 10-inch (254-mm) scaling diameter and larger that could be classified into three log grades and three scaling diameter classes were selected (Table 1). Logs were not available for every log grade and diameter class. Logs that were reduced in grade for scaling deduction only were not accepted in this FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL Vol. 42. No. 6 7
4 study. The net board-foot (BF) volume of study logs (International 1/4-in. (6.35-mm) log scale) for the 95 logs by factory-grade log and scaling diameter class is given in Table 2 (4). Logs were identified and sawn by grade and scaling diameter class. The sawing pattern specified a 4-inch (102-mm) cant through the center of each log and 7/4 flitches on each side of the center cant. Another 7/4 flitch was taken outside of these flitches if possible; otherwise 4/4 side lumber was sawn (Fig. 1). During the sawing process, the nominal 2- by 4-inch (standard 38- by 89-mm) material was end-trimmed only enough to remove excessive wane. Although all lumber was tallied on the green chain, only the 7/4 lumber was retained for further study. The 7/4 lumber was kiln-dried to 15 (±3) percent moisture content in 37 days using a mild industry schedule developed for oak to avoid severe internal TABLE 4. - Percentage of 2 by 4 dimension lumber produced TABLE 5. - Dimension lumber tally and overrun by log grade and diameter class. TABLE 6. - Volume and value of dimension lumber by log grade and diameter class. a 8 JUNE 1992
5 honeycomb and checking. All lumber was planed to 1.5 by 3.5 inches (38.1 by 88.9 mm) in a four-head moulder. The lumber was graded by a Southern Pine Inspection Bureau inspector, who assigned the structural light-framing grade of Select Structural (SS), No. 1, No. 2. No. 3, or below grade (BG) to each piece and designated its length (either 8, 10, or 12 ft. (2.4, 3, or 3.7 m)) as graded. These lengths were selected to maximize dimension-lumber yield and to meet the length required for market acceptance. Boards were trimmed and numbered after grading. Results All 7/4 and 4/4 lumber was tallied by log grade and scaling diameter class. Nominal thickness and width dimensions of 2 by 4 inches (38 by 89 mm) were used for calculating board feet of lumber (Table 3). The surfaced lumber was graded and cut to length before tallying by log grade, dimension-lumber grade, and board length. Dimension-lumber yield expressed as a percentage of the total sawn 2 by 4 volume by log grade and log scaling diameter is given in Table 4. The log F2 grade and construction grade yielded about half the sawn 2 by 4 volume in merchantable (No. 3 and better) dimension lumber. Log F3 grade yielded only about one-fourth of its 2 by 4 volume in merchantable dimension lumber. Little difference was found between the yield of merchantable oak and the two scaling diameter classes of grades F2 and F3. A greater difference was found between the 10- to 1 1-inch (254 to 279-mm) scaling diameter class and the > 14-inch (>356-mm) class for the construction-grade logs, although for the number of logs sawn, the difference was not significant. There is an apparent trend toward the smaller diameter logs producing higher yields of No. 2 and better dimension lumber (Table 4). Total yield of 2 by 4 and 1 by 4 dimension lumber expressed as a percentage of the net International 1/4-inch scale is the overrun (negative values are underrun) by log grade and scaling diameter class (Table 5). This overrun is not consistent with that of factory lumber, which is likely due to sawing every log to a 2 by 4 size. Discussion The value per 1,000 BF (MBF) (2.36 m 3 ) of dimension-lumber yield was used to express the relative difference in the quality of lumber from the log grades and scaling diameter classes studied. These values also provided a basis for comparison between the production of 2 by 4 dimension lumber from the study logs and the conventional production of factory lumber normally produced from this red oak resource. Because red oak dimension-lumber market values have not been established, estimated values using prices (9) for southern pine dimension lumber were used, with values per MBF. The values were: $300 for SS. $280 for No. 1, $260 for No. 2, and $150 for No. 3 (Table 6). Applying these contrived values to log grade FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL Vol. 42, No. 6 9
6 F2, the 12- to 13-inch (305- to 330-mm) diameter logs are valued at $121/MBF, whereas for log grade F-3, the 12- to 13-inch diameter logs are valued at $53/MBF. This spread, a factor of 2.28, reflects the difference in value of 2 by 4 dimension lumber between F2 and F3 logs. Values of $116 and $57/MBF for >14-inch diameter logs in grades F2 and F3, respectively, show a similar spread with a factor of The value computed for the >14-inch construction grade, a class of log that is lower in quality for factory-lumber production than is the F3 log, is $110/MBF. This is comparable to the value for the F2 log in the same scaling diameter class, indicating similar yields of 2 by 4 dimension lumber. All the 10- to 11-inch (254- to 279-mm) diameter logs were in the construction-grade class with a computed value of $145/MBF. This value reflects the higher conversion efficiency of logs of this size and quality into dimension-lumber products when compared to other logs. This information provides evidence that dimension lumber should be produced from the logs in the construction-grade class. which basically are sound and straight with knots only limited by size and not by frequency or spacing. To compare logs converted to dimension lumber and the same logs converted to factory lumber, we computed the value per MBF for factory lumber. Using published yield tables (5, 13) developed for the factorygrade logs, the percentage yield of factory lumber was obtained for the F2 and F3 red oak logs. The results (Table 7) for these grades are based on the published market prices for dry, red oak factory lumber obtained from the Hardwood Market Report for June 9, 1990 (6). Prices per MBF are $1,015 for FAS (First and Second), $1,005 for FlF (First and Second One Face). $995 for Sel (Select), $845 for No. 1C (Common). $395 for No. 2C, $280 for No. 3A, and $150 for No. 3B. Using this information, the values per MBF for factory lumber in the 12- to 13-inch diameter class that could be expected from the study logs are $568 for F2 and $440 for F3 logs. No logs from the construction-grade class were sawn in this scaling diameter class. The factory lumber values per MBF in the >14-inch diameter class are $631 for F2 logs and $479 for F3 logs. The dimension-lumber value for the logs in the construction-grade class of this scaling diameter was estimated to be $110/MBF. The value per MBF of factory lumber is considerably higher when compared to that of dimension lumber sawn from the same logs. Construction-grade class logs yield low volumes of factory-grade lumber; therefore, their yield and values have not been reported for comparison. Conclusions Log quality was found to have an effect on the yield of 2 by 4 dimension lumber from red oak logs. The yield of 2 by 4 s from USDA FS standard factory grade F2 was comparable to the yield from the USDA FS construction grade. with about 50 percent yield in graded dimension lumber coming from both classifications. The yield of 2 by 4's from USDA FS standard factorygrade F3 was only 25 percent in graded dimension lumber. Log size may have had some effect on the 2 by 4 yield, with higher values per MBF coming from the group of 10- to 1 1-inch diameter logs. Market competition for the higher valued F2 logs for factory lumber indicates that only logs from the construction grade should be considered by potential producers of dimension lumber and then considered only with caution. This study provides evidence that critical processing decisions need to be made by sawmill operators for the efficient production of dimension lumber and factory lumber from red oak logs. Further investigation of smaller diameter logs in grade F3 and medium-diameter construction logs would provide additional information, but will not likely deviate from what has been reported or from what would be expected. Literature cited 10 Printed on Recycled Paper JUNE 1992
Hardwood Log Grades for Standard Lumber
U. S. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER FPL 63 JUNE 1966 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY MADISON, WISCONSIN Hardwood Log Grades for Standard Lumber ABSTRACT The official
More informationIncreased STUD Grade Yield of Plantation Southern Pine by Saw-Dry-Rip
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper FPL-RP-479 Increased STUD Grade Yield of Plantation Southern Pine by Saw-Dry-Rip Robert R. Maeglin R. Sidney
More informationFOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory. Log Rules: Introduction. Log Rules: Introduction
FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory Log Rules and Scaling Introduction to Log Rules Schribner, Doyle, and International Overrun and Underrun Board Foot Scaling Defects and Culls Measurements Readings:
More informationIMPORTANCE OF THICKNESS VARIATION IN KILN DRYING RED OAK LUMBER
IMPORTANCE OF THICKNESS VARIATION IN KILN DRYING RED OAK LUMBER William Simpson and John Tschernitz Forest Products Laboratory U.S. Forest Service Madison, Wisconsin Introduction It is well known in the
More informationLog rules estimate the volume of green lumber that can. An Analysis of the Differences among Log Scaling Methods and Actual Log Volume
An Analysis of the Differences among Log Scaling Methods and Actual Log Volume R. Edward Thomas Neal D. Bennett Abstract Log rules estimate the volume of green lumber that can be expected to result from
More informationNew Hampshire Native Lumber Law RSA 434-: Self Study Booklet
New Hampshire Native Lumber Law RSA 434-:59-61 Self Study Booklet Issued by: UNH Cooperative Extension 210 Nesmith Hall, 131 Main St. Durham, NH 03857 Contact: Forestry Information Center 1-800-444-8978
More informationEvaluation of Mixed Hardwood Studs Manufactured By the Saw-Dry-Rip (SDR) Process
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Research Note FPL-0249 March 1985 Evaluation of Mixed Hardwood Studs Manufactured By the Saw-Dry-Rip (SDR) Process Robert
More informationCHANGE OF GRADE AND VOLUME OF DOUGLAS-FIR SHOP AND BETTER LUMBER DURING KILN DRYING. W. Y. Pong and Harvey H. Smith, Forest Products Technologists
CHANGE OF GRADE AND VOLUME OF DOUGLAS-FIR SHOP AND BETTER LUMBER DURING KILN DRYING By W. Y. Pong and Harvey H. Smith, Forest Products Technologists Contents Page Procedure 1 Data Processing 4 Results
More informationSouthern Yellow Pine Export Grades Sustainability Strength Versatility
Southern Yellow Pine Export Grades Sustainability Strength Versatility AmericanSoftwoods.com 1 Contents Using this booklet 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Southern Yellow Pine Grades Kiln-drying assures
More informationLumber Recovery From Pacific Yew Logs
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper FPL-RP-525 Lumber Recovery From Pacific Yew Logs An Exploratory Study Stephen P. Loehnertz Eini C. Lowell
More informationWritten for presentation at the 1990 International Winter Meeting sponsored by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS
907521 Paper No. AN ASAE MEETING PRESENTATION AUTOMATIC EDGING AND TRIMMING OF HARDWOOD LUMBER by D. E. Kline E. M. Wengert P. A. Araman Assistant Professor Professor Project Leader Department of Wood
More informationProducing Studs from Paper Birch by Saw-Dry-Rip
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper FPL-RP-480 Producing Studs from Paper Birch by Saw-Dry-Rip Robert W. Erickson Harlan D. Petersen Timothy
More informationOFTHEU.S.HARDWOOD SAWMILLINDUSTRY SCOTT A. BOWE ROBERT L. SMITH* PHILIP A. ARAMAN*
MANAGEMENT A NATIONAL PROFILE OFTHEU.S.HARDWOOD SAWMILLINDUSTRY SCOTT A. BOWE ROBERT L. SMITH* PHILIP A. ARAMAN* ABSTRACT A nationwide survey of the hardwood sawmill industry was conducted in the fall
More informationUglich, Yaroslavl oblast
OOO "MarketProf" the brand founded in 2014, under the auspices of which several have specialized wood-processing enterprises located in various regions of Russia. contact information: Russia, Moscow, Kievskoe
More informationAllen W. Bratton. For practically every commodity--beef, wool, grains, hides, lard, milk, eggs, etc.--there are standard grades based on quality.
H A R D W O O D L O G G R A D I N G A N D L U M B E f C V A L U E Allen W. Bratton INTRODUC TION For practically every commodity--beef, wool, grains, hides, lard, milk, eggs, etc.--there are standard grades
More informationPACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION I?. W. COWLIN, DIRECTOR U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE
RESEARCH PAPER NO. 23 EDITOR'S FILE COPY from DOUGLAS-FIR LOGS by E. H. CLARKE and A.C. KNAUSS PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION I?. W. COWLIN, DIRECTOR U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
More informationPlywood Manu facturing Cost Trends, Excluding Wood, in Western U.S. Mills:
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Products Laboratory General Technical Report FPL-GTR-64 Plywood Manu facturing Cost Trends, Excluding Wood, in Western U.S. Mills: 1975-1988 Henry
More informationinformation sheet Structural Materials
information sheet Structural Materials Sawn Timber Manufacture Conversion into sawn timber The information provided below has been taken from the New Zealand Timber Design Guide 2007, published by the
More informationLumber Recovery From FILE COP1 EDITORS PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1972 USDA FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER PNW -1 31 EDITORS FILE COP1 Lumber Recovery From THOMAS D. FAHEY and DOUGLAS L. HUNT PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
More informationSAWING TO REDUCE WARP OF LOBLOLLY PINE STUDS
U. S. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER FPL 51 DECEMBER 1965 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY MADISON, WIS. SAWING TO REDUCE WARP OF LOBLOLLY PINE STUDS Sawing and
More informationABSTRACT WOODY RESIDUES AND SOLID WASTE WOOD AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY IN THE UNITED STATES, David B. McKEEVER * 1, Robert H.
MANAGEMENT OF RECOVERED WOOD RECYCLING, BIOENERGY AND OTHER OPTIONS, Christos Gallis, (editor) - Thessaloniki, 22-24 April 2004 WOODY RESIDUES AND SOLID WASTE WOOD AVAILABLE FOR RECOVERY IN THE UNITED
More informationObjectives for Today. Improving Value Recovery Through Optimal Bucking. Cover Page. Timber Sale Prospectus samples
Improving Value Recovery Through Objectives for Today Short paragraph announcing offer of timber sale, location, acreage and general volume with species Day of timber showing Day of bid opening Paragraph
More informationInternational Trade of U.S. Hardwood Lumber and Logs,
~ Memphis, Tennessee ~ Telephone: 901-767-9126 ~ Fax: 901-767-7534 ~ Website: www.hmr.com VOLUME XCII, NUMBER 27 HMR July 4, 2014 International Trade of U.S. Hardwood Lumber and Logs, 1990-2013 By: William
More informationLinnaeus University. Access to the published version may require subscription.
Linnaeus University This is an accepted version of a paper published in Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal
More informationE. David Dickens, Bryan C. McElvany, David J. Moorhead, and Mark Frye 1
Publication Number - 010R-07 005 Growing Poles in Southern Pine Stands December 2007 E. David Dickens, Bryan C. McElvany, David J. Moorhead, and Mark Frye 1 INTRODUCTION Utility poles are used in the United
More informationA study of lumber use in pallets manufactured in the United States: 1982 and 1985
A study of lumber use in pallets manufactured in the United States: 1982 and Dwight R. McCurdy James T. Ewers Fan H. Kung David B. McKeever Abstract Large amounts of wood products are used annually by
More informationEstimating Sawmill Processing Capacity for Tongass Timber: 2003 and 2004 Update
Estimating Sawmill Processing Capacity for Tongass Timber: 2003-2004 Update United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Note PNW-RN-553 July 2006
More informationEvaluation of an Automated Hardwood Lumber Grading System
Evaluation of an Automated Hardwood Lumber Grading System D. Earl Kline a, Philip A. Araman b Chris Surak c a Department of Wood Science and Forest products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA,
More informationTHE PALLET INDUSTRY: A CHANGING HARDWOOD MA_T
THE PALLET INDUSTRY: A CHANGING HARDWOOD MA_T Gilbert P. Dempsey and David G. Martens _ Abstract: From its inception during World War II, the wooden pallet industry has grown to become the Nation's largest
More informationTexas Lumber and Panel Product Market Study, 1998
Publication 159 Texas Lumber and Panel Product Market Study, 1998 Weihuan Xu Susie Shockley Texas Lumber and Panel Product Market Study, 1998 Weihuan Xu, Susie Shockley Forest Resource Development Texas
More informationCOST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR THE ELDER PROCESS
COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR THE ELDER PROCESS Weihuan Xu, Ph.D. Principal Economist, John Boyette, Resource Development Forester, Texas Forest Service, September 2002 BACKGROUND The Elder Process is
More informationChapter 2. Measurement of Logs
Chapter 2. Measurement of Logs Criteria for a Good Log Rule 14 Gross Versus Net Scale 14 Cubic Volume Log Scaling 14 Cubic Volume Formulas 15 Geometric solids Hoppus Interagency Cubic Foot Log Rule 17
More informationEstimating Value and Volume of Ponderosa Pine Trees by Equations
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper PNW-283 May 1981 Estimating Value and Volume of Ponderosa Pine Trees by Equations
More informationCARB Compliant. Sustainably Sourced. Premium Hardwood Plywood
CARB Compliant. Sustainably Sourced. Premium Hardwood Plywood DRAGON PLY The highest quality, highest value, environmentally responsible hardwood plywood, let us tell you how we do it. Quality Assured
More informationVIII HEATING PATES FOR LOGS, PUTS, AND FLITCHES TO IBE CUT INTO VENEER. June No UNITED SLATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE
HEATING PATES FOR LOGS, PUTS, AND FLITCHES TO IBE CUT INTO VENEER June 1959 No 214.9 VIII 11 Irl1111111111111111111111 No1111111111111111[1111[Nwilin1n_ FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY MADISON 5. WISCONSIN
More informationCHANGES IN U.S. HARDWOOD LUMBER EXPORTS, 1990 TO 2008
CHANGES IN U.S. HARDWOOD LUMBER EXPORTS, 1990 TO 2008 William Luppold and Matthew Bumgardner 1 Abstract. The volume of hardwood lumber exported from the United States grew by 63 percent between 1990 and
More informationJOHN W. HENLEY USDA FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER PNW -1 PORTLAND, OREGON U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
19 USDA FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER PNW -1 I I AClFlC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION OREST SERVICE JOHN W. HENLEY PORTLAND, OREGON U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ABSTRACT Small limbs and
More informationProduction, Prices, Employment, and Trade in Northwest Forest Industries, All Quarters 2010
OF AGRICU LT URE United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-260 July 2011 Production, Prices, Employment, and Trade in Northwest
More informationAmerican National Standard
ANSI/AITC A190.1-2002 American National Standard for wood products Structural Glued Laminated Timber Sponsored By American Institute of Timber Construction American National Standard An American National
More informationMETHODS FOR ESTIMATING SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LOGS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY MADlSON, WIS. In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin U. S. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH NOTE FPL-0110 JANUARY 1966 METHODS
More informationEXCELSIOR MANUFACTURE
EXCELSIOR MANUFACTURE Original report dated May 1948 Information Reviewed and Reaffirmed October 1961 No 1711 FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY MADISON 5 WISCONSIN UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST
More informationWORTH SAWING? Every log buyer and sawmill have to consider the IS THAT HARDWOOD LOG. SAWING & DRYING by Gene Wengert USFS LOG GRADING DATA EXAMPLE
SAWING & DRYING by Gene Wengert IS THAT HARDWOOD LOG WORTH SAWING? Every log buyer and sawmill have to consider the potential profit for a log before sawing, assuming the mill wants to be profitable. The
More informationRough mill processing currently involves complex. ROMI 4.0: Updated Rough Mill Simulator. Timo Grueneberg R. Edward Thomas Urs Buehlmann
ROMI 4.0: Updated Rough Mill Simulator Timo Grueneberg R. Edward Thomas Urs Buehlmann Abstract In the secondary hardwood industry, rough mills convert hardwood lumber into dimension parts for furniture,
More informationPREFACE ABSTRACT AUTHOR
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-190 February 1992 Production, Prices, Employment, and Trade in Northwest Forest Industries,
More informationLouisiana's Forests and Forest Products Industries
Louisiana's Forests and Forest Products Industries Working Paper # 11 Louisiana Forest Products Laboratory Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge, LA Mr. N. Paul Chance Research Associate
More informationPRO LIGNO Vol. 11 N pp
INTELLIGENT RECYCLING OF SOLID WOOD Mark IRLE L UNAM Université, Ecole Supérieure du Bois, rue Christian Pauc, 44306 Nantes, France Tel : +33 240 18 12 00, E-mail: mark.irle@ecoledubois.fr François PRIVAT
More informationInvestigation of the Effect of Reducing Scan Resolution on Simulated Information-Augmented Sawing
Thawornwong et al. 51 Investigation of the Effect of Reducing Scan Resolution on Simulated Information-Augmented Sawing S. Thawornwong a, L.G. Occeña a, D.L. Schmoldt b a Department of Industrial and Manufacturing
More informationSAWING TO REDUCE WARP OF LODGEPOLE PINE STUDS
U.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER FPL 102 MARCH 1969 U.S. Department of Agriculture/Forest Service/Forest Products Laboratory/Madison, Wis. SAWING TO REDUCE WARP OF LODGEPOLE PINE STUDS SUMMARY Six
More informationLOG SCALING IN IDAHO. by Russ Hogan and Vern Cooper. Scaling & Marketing Private Timber
LOG SCALING IN IDAHO by Russ Hogan and Vern Cooper Scaling & Marketing Private Timber 0 INTRODUCTION The material contained in this booklet is intended for use as an aid to participants attending the Idaho
More informationChapter 1. Basic Wood Properties
Chapter 1. Basic Wood Properties Moisture Content 2 Formulas 2 Moisture content on an oven-dry basis (MCod) Moisture content on a wet or original basis (MCw) Conversion Between MCod and MCw 2 Fiber Saturation
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Lumber Standards and Specifications. Learning Objectives. Frank Stewart Western Wood Products Association
Slide 1 Lumber Standards and Specifications Frank Stewart Western Wood Products Association Slide 2 The Wood Products Council is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing
More informationThe Modern Timber Bridge Program in the State of Maine: A Five-Year Report
The Modern Timber Bridge Program in the State of Maine: A Five-Year Report Habib J. Dagher, University of Maine Pamela Hetherly, Maine Department of Transportation Abstract According to the most recent
More informationPallets: A Growing Source of Recycled Wood
Pallets: A Growing Source of Recycled Wood Robert J. Bush Vijay S. Reddy Philip A. Araman Abstract Considerable volumes of solid hardwoods, solid softwoods, and wood panels are used to manufacture pallets
More informationLife Cycle Environmental Performance of Renewable Building Materials in the Context of Residential Construction
Life Cycle Environmental Performance of Renewable Building Materials in the Context of Residential Construction Construction of Structures Manufacturing Processes Service Life and Use Forest Growth and
More information1. Division 09 Section "Rough Carpentry."
GREENSPOINT AND LAUDER RD. EC/PRE-KlK PAGE 1 SECTION 096400 - WOOD FLOORING PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary
More informationDimensional Changes In Structural Glued Laminated Timber
T E C H N I C A L N O T E Dimensional Changes In Structural Glued Laminated Timber Number EWS Y260 October 1998 Introduction Dimensional changes in the length, depth and width of structural glued laminated
More informationRaute Corporation Annual General Meeting2013
Sibelius Hall, Lahti, 8 April, 2013 Tapani Kiiski, President and CEO Raute Corporation Annual General Meeting2013 Raute 2012: Solid proof of delivery and performance capabilities Business environment2012
More informationCH. 9 WOOD CONSTRUCTION
CH. 9 WOOD CONSTRUCTION PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL LUMBER Grading Load carrying capacity effected by: - Size and number of knots, splits & other defects - Direction of grain - Specific gravity of wood Grading
More informationMechanical Grading of Round Timber Beams
Mechanical Grading of Round Timber Beams David W. Green 1 ; Thomas M. Gorman, P.E. 2 ; James W. Evans 3 4 ; and Joseph F. Murphy, P.E. Abstract: Current procedures used to sort round timber beams into
More informationRedwood. Redwood Empire. The Environmental Advice A Division of Pacific States Industries, Inc.
Redwood The Environmental Advice Redwood Empire A Division of Pacific States Industries, Inc. 1-800-862-4657 www.buyredwood.com Dimensional Stability of California Redwood Redwood is much less subject
More informationTHE ADVANTAGES OF AIR DRYING LUMBER FOR A SECONDARY MANUFACTURER
THE ADVANTAGES OF AIR DRYING LUMBER FOR A SECONDARY MANUFACTURER Robert Bird Canwood Furniture, Inc. Penticton, British Columbia Executive Summary Air drying can play a very important role in improving
More informationCOMPRESSION STRENGTH ADJUSTMENTS FOR MOISTURE CONTENT IN DOUGLAS-FIR STRUCTURAL LUMBER. and Wilson Lau
COMPRESSION STRENGTH ADJUSTMENTS FOR MOISTURE CONTENT IN DOUGLAS-FIR STRUCTURAL LUMBER J. D. Barrett Professor Department of Harvesting and Wood Science University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1 W5,
More informationHARDNESS, DENSITY, AND SHRINKAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF SILK-OAK FROM HAWAII
FOREST SERVICE--- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY HARDNESS, DENSITY, AND SHRINKAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF SILK-OAK FROM HAWAII U.S. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH NOTE FPL-074 November 1964
More information1.2 Reference Standard: NOFMA - National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association Grading Standards.
WOOD FLOORING GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 This section applies to factory finished wood strip flooring. 1.2 Reference Standard: NOFMA - National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association Grading Standards. 1.3
More informationProducing and Selling Logs for Maximum Revenue
Producing and Selling Logs for Maximum Revenue EM 9047 April 2012 Steve Bowers and Scott Leavengood Introduction As a woodland owner, you need to take certain steps to produce and sell your logs for maximum
More informationGrand Rapids History & Special Collections. Archives GRAND RAPIDS PUBLIC LIBRARY. Finding Aid for the
Grand Rapids History & Special Collections Archives GRAND RAPIDS PUBLIC LIBRARY Finding Aid for the Birdseye Veneer Company / Birds Eye Veneer Company 35th Anniversary Photo Album, 1912-01947 September
More informationUNION PACIFIC RAILROAD GRADING RULES AND GUIDELINES FOR FOREST PRODUCTS PREPARED BY THE FOREST PRODUCTS GROUP OF THE UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD
UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD GRADING RULES AND GUIDELINES FOR FOREST PRODUCTS PREPARED BY THE FOREST PRODUCTS GROUP OF THE UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD VIEW ON UPRR WEBSITE http://www.up.com/suppliers/supplier_specifications/index.htm
More informationThe Latest Profiling Technologies
The Latest Profiling Technologies Contents 1. Objectives of the system 2. Typical arrangement 3. The profiling concept in details 4. Scanning & Optimization 5. PLC/Controls & HMI Objective of the system
More informationABSTRACT PREFACE AUTHOR
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-199 January 1994 Production, Prices, Employment, and Trade in Northwest Forest Industries,
More informationEvaluation Listing CCMC L Nordic X-Lam
CONSTRUCTION Evaluation Listing CCMC 3654-L Nordic X-Lam Evaluation Issued: 203-2-24 Re-evaluation due: 206-2-24 Preface: Masterformat 06 9 00.02, Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels (Standardized) Preface
More informationAraucoPly panels offer. Versatility Strength with Lighter Weight High Quality Panel Construction. Light Uniform Color and Easy Workability
AraucoPly panels offer Versatility Strength with Lighter Weight High Quality Panel Construction Light Uniform Color and Easy Workability Quality Forever We control every step of the process. Arauco is
More informationJob-made ladders for construction
Data Sheet 1-568 Rev. April 2016 Job-made ladders for construction This data sheet covers the fabrication and installation of ladders usually made on the job and installed in a semipermanent location as
More informationECONOMIC IMPACT OF SC S FOREST PRODUCTS EXPORT CLUSTER
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SC S FOREST PRODUCTS EXPORT CLUSTER 1 Economic Impact of South Carolina s Forest Products Export Cluster (March 2018) Prepared by Dr. Eric McConnell Assistant Professor Louisiana Tech
More informationThe hardwood chip market is an important element of
The hardwood chip market is an important element of wood fiber raw material supply for the pulp and paper industry and other pulp-based products such as fiberboard. Hardwood chips enter the chip market
More informationVeneered Panels A Horn of Plenty, but Who -Will Blow It?: Coping with Plywood s Cost-Price Squeeze
185 Veneered Panels A Horn of Plenty, but Who -Will Blow It?: Coping with Plywood s Cost-Price Squeeze Henry Spelter, Economist Peter Ince, Research Forester USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory
More informationWood-Mizer & You. A Profitable Combination
1 Wood-Mizer & You A Profitable Combination At Wood-Mizer, the most common question we hear is... How do I get started in the sawing business? This booklet is designed to give you good basic information
More informationJerrold E. Winandy 1 and William McNamara 2
Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 31, No. 2 Paper ID JTE11060_312 Available online at: www.astm.org Jerrold E. Winandy 1 and William McNamara 2 Evaluation of a Boron-Nitrogen, Phosphate-Free Fire-Retardant
More informationAPPENDIX E Wood Utilization Business Decision Support Tool JNF-KKL Thinnings, Salvage and Slash, Israel
APPENDIX E Wood Utilization Business Decision Support Tool Utilization of Logs and Residue From JNF-KKL Plantation Management Activities Israel Technical Assistance Mission Raw 1 Chips or Mulch, Non- (e.g.
More informationAbstract. Preface. August 2005
Abstract The softwood lumber industry in the United States and Canada consists of about 1,067 sawmills. In 2005 these sawmills had a combined capacity of 189 million m 3 (80 10 9 bf). In 2004, they employed
More informationCapacity and Capability of Mills in the Flathead National Forest Timber-Processing Area
Capacity and Capability of Mills in the Flathead National Forest Timber-Processing Area Addendum to: Timber Use, Processing Capacity, and Capability to Utilize Small-Diameter Timber Within USDA Forest
More informationAlaska s Forest Industry: Timber Harvest and Recent Trends Erik Berg Todd Morgan Charles Keegan
Alaska s Forest Industry: Timber Harvest and Recent Trends Erik Berg Todd Morgan Charles Keegan Bureau of Business & Economic Research University of Montana PNW-FIA 2013 Client Meeting May 15, 2013 What
More informationBenchmarking of Sawmill Industries in North America, Europe, Chile, Australia and New Zealand
Benchmarking of Sawmill Industries in North America, Europe, Chile, Australia and New Zealand An intensive examination of the costs and efficiencies of sawmilling industries Over $10 billion of investment
More informationSOME STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF YAGRUMO HEMBRA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY MADISON, WIS. U.S. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH NOTE JUNE 1964 SOME STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF YAGRUMO HEMBRA ( CECROPIA PELTATA
More informationWoody Biomass as a Forest Product
Woody Biomass as a Forest Product Wood Supply and Market Implications October 2011 Commissioned by: National Alliance of Forest Owners Washington, D.C. 200011 www.nafoalliance.org Conducted by: Forisk
More informationEFFECT OF CONFINING PRESSURE ON THE COMPRESSION PARALLEL-TO-THE-GRAIN STRENGTH OF SMALL CLEAR WOOD SPECIMENS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY MADlSON, WIS U.S. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH NOTE FPL-057 November 1964 EFFECT OF CONFINING PRESSURE ON THE COMPRESSION PARALLEL-TO-THE-GRAIN
More informationLESSON 2. Forests Built Our State NUTSHELL BIG IDEAS BACKGROUND INFORMATION OBJECTIVES SUBJECT AREAS LESSON/ACTIVITY TIME TEACHING SITE
LESSON 2 Forests Built Our State BIG IDEAS Wisconsin s forests provided basic resources (e.g., food, clothing, shelter) for Native Americans and European settlers. (Subconcept 19) As Europeans settled
More informationKD Verification: Hardwood
The certification of Heat Treated (HT) and Kiln Dried (KD) lumber has not always been consistent. A variety of practices around the country have been applied to export certification. For example, KD/HT
More informationPredicting racking performance of walls sheathed on both sides
Predicting racking performance of walls sheathed on both sides Marcia Patton-Mallory William J. McCutcheon Abstract This paper extends a previously developed wall racking model to the case of walls sheathed
More informationCurrent State of the Hardwood Industry
Current State of the Hardwood Industry Matt Bumgardner U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station The Future of the Hardwood Lumber Industry Conference Nov. 2, 2016 Outline Overview of hardwood industry
More informationGLT GIRDER LONGITUDINALLY TENSILETESTED
GLT GIRDER LONGITUDINALLY TENSILETESTED THE INDIVIDUALLY TESTED SAFETY GUARANTOR. 01 AT A GLANCE AREAS OF APPLICATION Construction and industrial buildings Multi-storey residential buildings Single and
More informationBENDING STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF BRIDGE PILES AFTER 85 YEARS IN THE MILWAUKEE RIVER
BENDING STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF BRIDGE PILES AFTER 85 YEARS IN THE MILWAUKEE RIVER USDA Forest Service Research Note FPL-0229 1974 U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory
More informationModeling the properties of strength graded timber material
COST E 53 Conference - Quality Control for Wood and Wood Products Modeling the properties of strength graded timber material Jochen Köhler, Markus K. Sandomeer ETHZ, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
More informationin Southeast Alaska: Western Hemlock Beach Logs EDITOR'S Suitability for Lumber, Pulp, and Energy Susan Ernst, Marlin E. Plank, and Donald J.
United States Department of EDITOR'S Agriculture Sitka Spruce and FILE COPY Pacific Western Hemlock Beach Logs Northwest Research Station in Southeast Alaska:.. Forest Service Research Paper PN W-352 February
More informationSOLVE The Performance Analyst for Hardwood Sawmills
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northern Research Station General Technical Report NRS-43 SOLVE The Performance Analyst for Hardwood Sawmills Microsoft Windows Edition Jeff Palmer,
More informationHemlock Dimensional Stability
2010 Hemlock Dimensional Stability Test Evaluation Report Research & Development 9Wood, Inc. February 10 Abstract: This report analyzes the dimensional stability of Hemlock planks composed of various saw
More informationHardwood Trade and Consumption Trends for the U.S. and Ohio
Hardwood Trade and Consumption Trends for the U.S. and Ohio Matt Bumgardner U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station Ohio Forestry Association Annual Meeting March 10th, 2016 Background themes Period
More informationWood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species
Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species Upper Midwest Invasive Species Conference 2016 LaCrosse, Wisconsin October 18, 2016 Don Peterson Renewable Resource Solutions, USDA
More informationNorth American Timber Outlook
North American Timber Outlook Conditions Required for a Widespread Revival North American Conference October 2017 Peter Barynin Principal Economist, Timber Copyright 2017 RISI, Inc. Proprietary Information
More informationDricon FRT Wood Specification
PART 1 GENERAL Dricon FRT Wood Specification 1.01 SUMMARY A. Section includes: Fire retardant treatment for wood, including framing, decking, sheathing and other wood construction, not exposed to weather.
More information