Peat soils as hotspots in agricultural climate policies

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1 Peat soils as hotspots in agricultural climate policies Hans Joosten Greifswald University

2 In living peatlands (mires): Plant production > decay Peat accumulates Positive Carbon-balance

3 Peat accumulates during thousands of years and stores concentrated carbon in thick layers

4 Peatlands are found in almost every country. Worldwide: 4 million km 2

5 Also important in the EU

6 The Cinderella Syndrom The importance of peatlands for climate change mitigation (and adaptation!) has long been overlooked

7 Natural peatlands remove CO 2 and emit CH 4. In balance, they are climatically neutral

8 Their importance lies in their carbon stock: peatland is peat-land and peat is largely carbon

9 Peatlands are the most space-effective carbon (C) stocks of all terrestrial ecosystems.

10 In the boreal zone peatlands contain 7 x more carbon per ha than other ecosystems, in the tropics 10 x

11 While covering only 3% of the World s land area, peatlands contain > 500 Gt of carbon in their peat.

12 This is equal to all terrestrial biomass, and 2 times the carbon stock in the total forest biomass of the world

13 They hold in average per ha even twice the carbon content of the mammoth forest in California

14 When drained, the peat oxidizes and peatlands become vigorous sources of carbon dioxide (and nitrous oxide)

15 in wet peatland in drained peatland CO 2 O 2 CH 4 O 2 CO 2 N 2 O plants peat C, N, P peat P, K, N

16 Globally peatlands have turned from C-sink to C-source

17 Globally, degraded peatlands emit 2 Gtons CO2 yr-1

18 0.3 % of the land surface is responsible for 6 % of the total global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions

19 CO 2 emission Main peatland emission hotspots: SE Asia and EU

20 Top peat CO 2 emittors (Mt per yr) The top (excl. extraction and fires) include Indonesia 500 European Union 174 Russian Fed. 161 China 77 United States 67 Finland 50 Malaysia 48 Mongolia 45 Belarus 41 Germany 32 Poland 24 Uganda 20 Pap. New Guinea 20 Iceland 18 Sweden 15 Brazil 12 United Kingdom 10 Estonia 10

21 Annual peat-co 2 -emissions Mton Cause Mio CO 2 Ha 600 Drainage SE Asia Peatfires SE-Asia 500 Other agriculture Forestry Peat extraction 2 20 Urbanisation, infrastructure 1

22 Drained peatland subsides, becomes wetter and requires deeper drainage, leading to further subsidence

23 the devil s cycle of peatland utilisation wet problem sites wetting drainage subsidence

24 Bavaria: 3 m loss since 1836 UK: 4 m loss since 1870

25 The Netherlands: bogged down by 1000 yr of peatland Nether-lands drainage, now half the country below sea level

26 Rapid soil degradsation in more continental climates: after 30 years no agriculture possible anymore.

27 Drained peatlands are the environmental black sheep of agricultural land use

28 forestry agriculture Electricity and district heating Industry Traffic unused Small consumers Peatlands Emissions in my federal state Mecklenburg- Vorpommern

29 Federal state Emissions from drained peatland (% of emissions without land use) Method source Schleswig- Holstein Mecklenburg- Vorpommern 9 % GEST Jensen et al % GEST MLUV MV 2009 Brandenburg 36 % GEST Landgraf 2010 In our region (but similarly in many EU regions!) peatlands emit substantial CO 2

30 The most important peatland emittor is agriculture

31 1000 kg CO 2 ha y mean annual water level (cm) Every 10 cm deeper water level leads to 9 ton (!) extra CO 2 emission

32 Currently peatlands are deeper drained for cultivating biofuels, all over the world

33 Mays for biogas: biofuel is climatically accounted, peat carbon losses not

34 From a climate point of view it is better to burn the peat directly than to cultivate biofuels on drained peatland

35 biofuels from drained peatlands emit much more CO 2 than burning coal

36 One hectare of drained peatland emits per year as much CO 2 as flying 3 x around the globe!

37 Most emissions from agricultural land come from drained peatland

38 Conventional peatland agriculture imitates dryland

39 although draining, plowing and fertilizing of peatland are the best ways to increase emissions

40 EU money maintains these practises Direct payments maintain drainage of peatland without utilisation of biomass Agri-environment schemes stimulate organic agriculture on deeply drained grassland Renewable Energy Law forsters using drained peatland for bio-energy crops EU supports land use on drained peatland and frustrates sustainable land use options

41 We must get out of this devil s circle and develop paludiculture!

42 Paludiculture is agriculture on wet/rewetted peatlands

43 Paludicultures reduce peatland emissions and produce

44 Planting reed on drained peatland before rewetting

45 Harvesting of wet peatland biomasse

46 Reed cultivation: biomass ánd peat accumulation

47 Roof reed: quality product

48 Roof reed: quality product

49 Energy use

50 biogas, briquets, pellets

51 In Belarus we convert a briquet factory from peat to biomass sustainable fuel from same (wet!) peatland

52 After vti 2008, WBA 2007 Avoided emissions (t CO 2 eq/ha) from bio-fuels from mineral soils compared to rewetted peatland Re-wetted peatlands Wood chips (short rotation forestry) t Re-wetting peatlands is efficient land use option!

53 Reed: production of insulation mats

54 Reed and Cattail insulation boards

55 Alder cultivation on rewetted fens

56 Alder cultivation: biomass ánd peat accumulation

57 Alder wood: quality product

58 Grasses/sedges for second generation biofuels

59 Cultivation of peatmoss as alternative for peat in horticultural substrates.

60 Paludiculture Most paludicultures can compete with normal drainage based agriculture. But substantial market distortion because of agricultural subventions ( paludiculture is no agriculture ). Paludiculture is a cheap and effective way to reduce emissions

61 Needed: Investment grants (for land reallotment and hydrological restructuring, acquisition of adapted machinery, development of production lines, product placement ) Agricultural consultation for peatland use and paludiculture Research Ban on ploughing of grassland on peat

62 Needed: Direct payments also for paludicultures

63 Needed: new technologies: our new paludi-bully

64 Needed: Agri-environmental schemes for raising water levels (> 20 cm below surface) Very positive for climate But also for water management and biodiversity

65 Peatlands must be wet!

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