Chapter 21. Table of Contents. Objectives. Earth s Major Biomes. The Major Biomes. Tundra. Tundra. Identify the eight major biomes.

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1 Ecosystems Table of Contents Objectives Identify the eight major biomes. Compare tundra with taiga. Compare the different kinds of forests. Compare the different kinds of grasslands. Describe the adaptations of desert organisms. The Major Biomes Earth s Major Biomes The major types of terrestrial ecosystems, known as biomes,are tundra, tropical forest, temperate forest, taiga, temperate grassland, savanna, chaparral, and desert. Tundra Tundra Tundra is a cold biome characterized by permafrost under the surface of the ground.

2 Forests Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Forests Tropical forestsreceive abundant rainfall and have stable temperatures. They have a greater species richness than any other biome. Forests, continued Temperate Forests Temperate forests have coniferous trees, which bear seeds in cones, or deciduous trees, which shed their leaves each year. Forests, continued Temperate Deciduous Forests The trees in temperate deciduous forestsshed all of their leaves in the fall. Temperate Deciduous Forest Forests, continued Taiga Taigais cold but is warmer than tundra and receives more precipitation. Taiga is dominated by coniferous forests.

3 Taiga Grasslands Temperate Grasslands Temperate grasslandsoccur in areas with cold winters and hot summers. They are dominated by grasses and herds of grazing animals. Grasslands, continued Savanna Savanna Savannasare tropical grasslands with alternating wet and dry seasons. They are dominated by herds of grazing animals. Grasslands, continued Grassland Chaparral Chaparralis found in coastal regions with warm, dry summers and mild winters. It is dominated by dense, spiny shrubs.

4 Deserts Desert Deserts receive less than 25 cm (9.9 in.) of precipitation per year. Desert inhabitants have adaptations for conserving water. Objectives Ocean Zones Identify the major ocean zones. Comparethe aphotic zone with the photic zone. Compare the neritic zone with the oceanic zone. The photic zonein the ocean receives light, but the aphotic zone does not. Other zones of the ocean are defined based on their relative locations. Describe estuaries. Compare eutrophic lakes with oligotrophic lakes. Explain the significance of gradient in rivers and streams. Describe freshwater wetlands. Intertidal Zone The Intertidal Zone In the intertidal zone, organisms must be able to tolerate drying and pounding by waves.

5 Neritic Zone The Neritic Zone The neritic zonereceives nutrients from the bottom of the ocean and from land. It is the ocean s richest zone in terms of the number of species and individuals. Oceanic Zone The Oceanic Zone Production in the oceanic zoneis limited by a shortage of nutrients. Estuaries Estuariesare very productive areas where rivers and streams flow into the sea. Freshwater Zones Lakes and Ponds Oligotrophic lakesare clear and lacking in nutrients. Eutrophic lakesare rich in nutrients and are often murky.

6 Three Lake Zones Freshwater Zones, continued Rivers and Streams Rivers and streams are bodies of water that flow down an elevation gradient within a watershed. Freshwater Zones, continued Freshwater Biomes Freshwater Wetlands Freshwater wetlandsare areas of land, such as marshes and swamps, that are covered with fresh water for at least part of each year.

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