PARTICIPATORYFOREST CONSERVATION/MANAGEMNT (PFC/PFM) Other Factors Leading to PFM Political Donor support Environmental Population growth It is agreed

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1 2) 地域住民と森林保全 造成活動 (Participatory Forest Management/ Conservation) : Opoku Boamah 講師, 東京農業大学 (12 月 1 日 ) PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT/CONSERVATION (PFM) Forests = Providers of ecosystem services Lecture Outcomes Why PFM What s PFM Steps and principles of PFM Kinds of PFM and incentives to participate Benefits and challenges of PFM Case study 1: PFM (Taungya) in Ghana Case study 2: PFM in Vietnam Agroforestry overview Direct benefits to societies Summary of Forest functions Timber and Non Production timber Functions Protective Functions Socio economic Functions values Production Climate/Water/ Erosion/ Air pollution filters Employment/cultural & spiritual/ recreation FORESTS Earth s shrinking forestland (Ha per capita) 19 2 Deforestation: 1 million ha/yr Net forest loss 2 25:. million ha/yr or 2 km 2 per day per capita of forest.6 ha in 21 State owned and managed Some Factors Leading to PFM Ineffective management traditionally ECONOMIC BENEFITS Inadequate Institutional arrangements Lack of local participation However Ecological stability Forests State own by law Forest manage ment No society involvement Ineffective to reach the goals. Evidence Illegal logging Land occupation Forest fires due to hunting Forest LOSS Forest DEGRADATION Open to everyone De facto Conflict b/n locals and authorities Forest Resource Destruction

2 PARTICIPATORYFOREST CONSERVATION/MANAGEMNT (PFC/PFM) Other Factors Leading to PFM Political Donor support Environmental Population growth It is agreed that forests would be better developed and managed by those who live in/or close to them (Vien et al, 25) Reduction in wood supply Participation PARTICIPATORY FOREST CONSERVATION/MANAGEMENT take part have a share Participatory forestry: Refers to processes and mechanisms which enable people with a direct stake in forest resources to be part of decision making in all aspects of forest management. Forests can be safety nets, helping rural people to avoid, mitigate or rise out of poverty by providing a source of petty cash and also functioning as a source of savings, investments, accumulation and assets building (FAO, 2) in A program/ Activity PFM POLICY OBJECTIVES To maintain the original forest ecosystem Improve livelihoods through increased forest revenues and secures subsistence forest products Improve forest quality through sustainable management practices To create jobs for the local people To increase food supplies To increase wood and non wood supplies PFM PRINCIPLES Participatory Forest Management (PFM) is a government programme that aims to maintain the forest by handing over/sharing the forest management responsibility to/with organised groups of local people. Forest Rights of Local Groups PFM provides management and user rights to local people over clearly defined and agreed forest area Rights linked with Responsibilities Rights to use the forest and responsibilities to manage it well must be balanced in PFM (PFM Equation). User rights without responsibility will be bad for the forest-leading to destruction, whereas responsibilities without sufficient benefits from use will result in lack of motivation amongst the locals to manage the forest

3 Kinds of PFM Potential Actors Individuals Households Community Specific groups Traditional groups Traditional authority Rehabilitation techniques Agroforestry Taungya system Swidden Agriculture Boundary planting Woodlots Free style Tree planting MOTIVATION TO PARTICIPATE Rehabilitation Activities Access to land Access to resources Project s Benefits Seed collection Nursery raising Site clearing Planting Tending Protection Harvesting/Felling Marketing Benefits of PFM Increase public awareness Increase effectiveness of management Negotiate specific benefits for all parties. Enhance capacity in resource management Effective sharing of management responsibilities. Reduction in expenditures because voluntary compliance Alliances between state agencies and locals to fend off resource exploitation from non local interests which represents the main threat to conservation Challenges PFM is a long process, from awareness to its implementation with no sufficient incentives for participation Cost benefit sharing mechanism is not clear yet under most agreements Limited capacity (human and finance) to support implementation at local level. Forest adjacent communities are heavily dependent on forest resources for their livelihood (timber, building materials, fuelwood, NTFPs) - 8 -

4 PFM CASE STUDIES DEFORESTATION 1. PFM IN GHANA Strategy: Taungya System Forest cover at the beginning of he last century (19) Forest cover by 2 Only 2% of original forest INTRODUCTION DEFORESTATION / REFORESTATION RATE Deforestation rate: 2% or 684 km² per annum Ghana is a leader in forest management in tropical Africa and therefore making efforts to restore its degraded forests so as to ensure: 8 1. Environmental quality 2. Continuous flow of benefits 684km2 For the well being of Ghana, at National, Community and Commercial levels Strategy for Reforestation Adopted by the Forestry Commission is: Advantages TS Introduction Reasons for TS THE TAUNGYA SYSTEM Unemployment Provision of Agricultural land Forest degradation From population increase Establish plantations At low cost Becking, 1928, Beekman,1948, Phothitai,

5 It is a land management system started in Burma (Myanmar) in1862, and involves local farmers interplanting trees with agricultural crops (Chaudry and Silim 198). It is a strategy for afforestation or reforestation. TS in Ghana Ghana government: 19 s and 19 s PURPOSE To establish plantations of fast-growth useful timber species, To meet the peasant farmers demands for arable land. WHAT HAPPENED TS was abandoned in 1984 WHY Administrative, Economic and Social Problems 25 Re introduction of TS ( MTS) MTS STAKEHOLDERS World Bank FAO TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY MTS (22) PURPOSE a)restoration degraded forest reserves; b) Timber Production; c) Land provision d) Employment creation; e) Food production FORESTRY COMMISSION (GOVERNMENTAL ORG.) STOOL FARMER LOCAL COMMUNITY WHAT S NEW? Community Group Division of Responsibilities under the MTS Farmers Community Traditional authority Provision of Support prevention Provide land labour over the tree rotation period and control of wildfire within the degraded forest Provision of labour for wildlife protection Bear financial cost (if need be) Prevention of members from setting fires Assist to prevent illegal activities Guarantee uninterrupted access to the allocated land Rights of Farmers Grow crops 1% benefit from crop produce Benefits from thinning and pruning produce i.e, farmers Benefits from final felling Co.owners of plantations Act 61 of the Timber Resources Act

6 Comparison of benefit sharing frameworks under TS and MTS (% share of benefits ) Stakeholder TS MTS 2. Forestry Commission Public agencies Forestry Commission District Assembly Administrator of tribal lands Subtotal Local community groups Tribal landowners Traditional authority Forest-adjacent community Farmers Subtotal Intercropping Period Cost & Benefit Estimation Community Total Farmer xthinning Cooperating Agencies Project Organization GHANA GOVERNMENT AfDB FAO WORLD BANK CIDA GTZ JICA DFID ITTO DANIDA PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS NGO s etc. Taungya Groups with Heads Forest Range Supervisor Community Group A Group B Group C Individual Farmers Project Implementation Major activities RECRUITMENT OF FARMERS TREE & CROP CULTIVATION GROUP FORMATION GROUP WORK NURSERY PLOT ALLOCATION FARM PRODUCTION COST EXPECTATION FLOW OF MAIN ACTIVITIES CROPS CULTIVATION PEGGING & STUMP PLANTING LAND CLEARING PLOT DEMARCATION CONTRACT DETAILS April~ Latest end of April Completed by end of March Sept. Nov. (maximum 2ha) APPLICATION Any period of the year - 9 -

7 Activity schedule Forest Area Planted yr yrs, Area Planted by Components 25, MODEL229 Beating up 1 st Thinning weeding 2 nd Thinning rd Thinning Final Harvest A r e a (h a ) 2, 15, 1, 5, Com ponent PRIVATE 15,1 HIPC 2,652 CFMP 9,95 MTS 8,569 2, 4, 6, 8, 1, Area Planted (ha) Period for crop cultivation Map of Afram Headwaters Forest Reserve Asuboi BEMI Village Annual Farmers Participate rate in MTS in Respective Villages Asuboi Bemi kwapanin Kyekyewere Total Total Kwapanin Kyekyewere INCENTIVES TO PARTICIPATE Participation incentive Landownership Status only TB only FFL only AL & TB TB & FFL Total Landless Landowner Total Land Acquisition Mode Before and After MTS in Kyekyewere Before MTS HH TA Min Max After MTS HH TA Min Max Changes HH TA Landowner Sharecropper Land renting Taungya plot (Note: AL = Access to Land, TB = Tree Benefit and FFL = Fertile Forest Land), ² = , DF = 4, P-value =.5 (Source: Opoku-Boamah and Sato, 211)

8 Project's Contribution Food Production % of Farmers food supply income rise job creation land access Impact indicators food supply income rise job creation land access Quantity of Food (Tonnes) 1,, 9, 8,, 6, 5, 4,, 2, 1, NB: Major food crops for assessment are: Musa paradisiaca and Zea mays Q u an ti ty 6, 4, 2, Full-time Jobs Jobs Created Q uantity 1,2, 1,, 8, 6, 4, 2, Temporary Jobs Indigenous Species Terminalia superba Mansonia altissima Ceiba pentandria Terminalia ivorensis Projects Species Diversity The diversity among and within the projects is shown by the different kinds of species included and this is indicated in the table below: Entandrophragma angolense Heritiera utilis Triplochiton scleroxylon Mahogany species Exotic Species Tectona grandis Cedrela odorata Eucalyptus camaldulensis Gmelina arborea Pine spp. Reforestation Strategies in Ghana PLANTATIONS GOVERNMEN T PRIVATE DONOR- FUNDED HIPC MTS CPD AFDB: CFMP PAFORM GTZ SEEDLINGS PEGGING OFF-RESERVE AREA PLANTATION Where CFMP Community Forest Management Prog.; MTS Modified Taungya System; CPD Commercial Plantation Development; HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries; AFDB African Development Bank; GTZ German Development Cooperation HARVESTED FOOD

9 Job Creation Rural community stabilization BENEFITS GHANA spl antation projects Forest Restoration (Species diversity) Food production Conclusion In spite of the afore mentioned challenges, overall reforestation activities have been very successful and most of the objectives for which they were undertaken have been achieved including forest restoration, job creation, food production, improvement in communities living standards etc. Favourable environment exists for further investment and research towards the Greening of Ghana. All are invited! Water catchment Protection e.g. R. Afram; Offin etc Plantation Projects Taungya Head leading the way to a Taungya Farm 28 TEAK 2 Cidrella odorata 2 TEAK Kyekewere Taungya Group - 9 -