Effects of President Temer Selling the Amazon Rainforest

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1 Effects of President Temer Selling the Amazon Rainforest Ashley Klasing Environmental Geology

2 The Amazon Rainforest has long since been home to humans, but it is only in recent decades that the use of this rainforest has escalated dramatically due to the increase of the human population. Earlier this year, the President of Brazil, Michel Temer, issued a decree to abolish Renca (National Reserve of Copper and Associates) which has protected approximately 18,000 square miles since While this decree has been temporarily blocked by the courts, mining companies still have the opportunity to get into this area, which is thought to contain copper, tantalum, gold, and many other minerals. If President Temer is successful in his decree, this has the potential to be the biggest attack (Watts, 2017) on the Amazon in 50 years. This is not the first attack on Amazonia, but this initiative will lead to increases in deforestation, degradation, and climate change in the green-ocean (Nobre, 2014, p. 14). The term deforestation is as destructive as it sounds; cutting down any and all trees in a specific area. In an area that is responsible for most of its own precipitation, getting rid of the trees has detrimental effects. In 1991, scientists used a general circulation model (GCM) and a vegetation model (IBiS) in order to see the effects of replacing lush greenery with degraded land. (Nobre, 2014) They found that there was a significant increase in the average surface temperature in conjunction with decreases in annual evapotranspiration (30% reduction), rainfall (25% reduction), and surface runoff (20% reduction) (Norbe, 2014, p. 20). Although this was done in 1991, the ramifications of deforestation have already been seen. The expansion of the dry season was estimated to begin only after complete deforestation, but, in fact, it is already being observed after the clearcutting of just under 19% of the forest. (Nobre, 2014, p. 21). If President Temer is successful in his endeavor to mine the land protected by Renca, deforestation will only increase further, putting another nail in the coffin of the Amazon Rainforest.

3 Deforestation and degradation sound pretty redundant. But, while deforestation is the complete clearing of land, degradation is a more silent villain, [which includes] small fires, illegal logging and hunting (Tinoco, 2017). This is what happens to environments when there is human impact. Forest fires happen without warning, and are widely destructive. During an El Niño year ( ), more than 87,000 fire outbreaks were reported. Dry seasons in the Amazon are predicted to become longer and more intense as the 21 st century progresses especially if deforestation itself is not curtailed (Tinoco, 2017). While the flames don t always entirely decimate the land, it leaves the trees weak, and anyone with the common knowledge of how google works can understand that trees take decades (even centuries) to heal, if they heal at all. Another type of degradation is illegal logging. Ninety percent of logging happens outside of the law, and that is due to the regulations of about four to six trees [per hectare] in cycles of 35 years each (Tinoco, 2017). Now, how is anyone supposed to make money off of half a dozen trees? My guess is that it can t be done, so illegal logging prevails. Predatory logging leads to the opening of new roads... [which] permit colonization and soon there will be more disturbances like hunting that lead to additional forest degradation (Tinoco, 2017). Hunting in the Amazon is a gamble. With such incredible diversity, it s not hard to kill an animal that s part of a rare species, specifically indigenous to the Amazon. Taking a look at the bird population of a forest is always a good indicator of its health. Depending on the level of degradation, only bird species equipped for the shelter and diet of a degraded area will remain. The species that need the unique environment of the healthy Amazon to survive are either hunted, or die off. The President dissolving Renca would qualify as degradation. And opening up mines opens up more roads, which leads to more settlements, which leads to disaster.

4 In a forest, everything is connected. Illegal logging can lead to fires, which leads to deforestation, which all contribute to Earth s growing problem- climate change. More specifically, though, South America s climate and the immediate land surrounding the Amazon Basin. While this vast rainforest is often called the lungs of the earth, it should be considered the heart and soul of South America. The warmth and precipitation of the wet shadow of the Amazon rainforest has kept the continent reasonably protected from extreme weather and maintained a mild climate (Nobre, 2014, p. 10). The vapor that is emitted from this green-ocean provides essential rainfall to the southern regions of Brazil. Although moisture does come in from the ocean, nearly 90% of all water vapor in the atmosphere is thanks to the transpiration of plants. Now, as a result of the blatant disregard for the rainforests important role in the ecosystem, there is a pronounced (and growing) dry season that once was not there. If deforestation and degradation continue, then there will be considerably less evaporation than the ocean, which would result in a reversal of net moisture flow creating a desert where once there was a forest (Nobre, 2014, p. 16). Having a wet and dry season isn t the problem; unless it s in an area that has never before had a dry season. Allowing companies to go onto protected land to mine for minerals will only make this economy worse. Desertification is the future of the Amazon, and we are quickly approaching the point of no return in any chance of saving it. Historically speaking, humans don t like to solve (or even acknowledge) a problem unless it is staring us directly in the face. There is still over 80% of the Amazon standing. But that does not mean it is healthy. As stated before, many things killing the rainforest are silent, sneaky, and they slip in without detection. A single tree can be only as strong as the forest that surrounds it (Wohlleben, 2016, p. 17). With deforestation and degradation running rampant, the

5 future is already here- climate change. Loss of greenery, and the climate that the Amazon regulates makes much of South America subjugated to dry seasons that, until recently, have never existed. If the courts in Brazil allow this initiative by President Temer to pass, this will open the flood gate for complete destruction. Not only in a forest, but in the world, everything is connected to one another. Showing apathy towards a living, breathing part of the environment will only start a chain reaction for the rest of the world. Rainforests - and regular forests- matter at a more fundamental level than most of us realize (Wohleben, 2016, p. xi). We can t stop the fire if we keep getting rid of the one thing preventing them.

6 Referenced Cites Nobre, A., 2014, The Future Climate of Amazonia: Amazonian Regional Articulation (ARA), p , doi Wohlleben, P., 2016, The Hidden Life of Trees, Vancouver, Greystone Books, 245 p. Tinoco, J., 2017, Floresta Silenciosa, (accessed October 4, 2017). Watts, J., 2017, Brazil abolishes huge Amazon reserve in 'biggest attack' in 50 years, n-biggest-attack-in-50-years (accessed September 29, 2017).

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