An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Transcription

1 Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2 Overview: The Scope of Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of organisms interactions between themselves and the environment Ecologists work at levels ranging from individual organisms to the planet 2 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3 Fig Organismal ecology Population ecology Community ecology Ecosystem ecology Landscape ecology Global ecology

4 Ecologists study environmental interactions at the levels of the Organism Population Community Ecosystem Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

5 A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area A community is a group of populations of different species in an area An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact Biomes are major types of ecosystems; cover large areas The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet s ecosystems 5 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

6 Concept 52.2: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species Ecologists recognize two kinds of factors that determine distribution: biotic, or living factors, and abiotic, or nonliving factors Biotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include: Interactions with other species Predation Competition 6 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7 Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors affecting distribution of organisms include: Temperature Water Sunlight Wind Rocks and soil Salinity 7 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

8 Climate Four major abiotic components of climate are temperature, water, sunlight, and wind The long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area constitute its climate Macroclimate consists of patterns on the global, regional, and local level Microclimate consists of very fine patterns, such as those underneath a fallen log 8 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

9 During the day, air rises over warm land and draws a cool breeze from the water across the land As the land cools at night, air rises over the warmer water and draws cooler air from land back over the water, which is replaced by warm air from offshore 9 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

10 Fig ºN Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS Lakes Coral reefs Rivers Oceanic pelagic and benthic zones Estuaries Intertidal zones

11 Fig a Zonation in aquatic environments Littoral zone Limnetic zone Photic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone (a) Zonation in a lake

12 Fig b Zonation in aquatic environments m Intertidal zone Continental shelf Neritic zone Benthic zone Oceanic zone Photic zone Pelagic zone Aphotic zone 2,000 6,000 m Abyssal zone (b) Marine zonation

13 Aquatic Biomes Major aquatic biomes: Lakes Wetlands Streams and rivers Estuaries Intertidal zones Oceanic pelagic zone Coral reefs Marine benthic zone Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 13

14 Concept 52.4: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance Climate is very important in determining why terrestrial biomes are found in certain areas 14 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15 Annual mean temperature (ºC) Fig Desert Temperate grassland Tropical forest Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Arctic and alpine tundra Annual mean precipitation (cm)

16 Arctic circle 60 N 30 N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30 S Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice

17 Major terrestrial biomes Tropical forest Desert Savanna Chaparral Temperate grassland (step ) Coniferous forest (taiga) Temperate broadleaf forest Tundra 17 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

18 Fig c A savanna in Kenya

19 Fig d An area of chaparral in California

20 Fig e Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota

21 Fig f Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado

22 Fig g Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina

23 Fig h Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn

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25 Thank you for your attention and participation!

26 You should now be able to: 1. Distinguish among the following types of ecology: organismal, population, community, ecosystem, and biome 2. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: biotic and abiotic factors, macroclimate and microclimate 3. Define the following terms: photic zone, aphotic zone, benthic zone, pelagic zone 26 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

27 4. List and describe the characteristics of the major aquatic biomes 5. List and describe the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes 27 Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings