Chapter 4. Ecosystems and Communities

Transcription

1 Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities

2 I. The Role of Climate 4-1 A. Weather = Day to day conditions of Earth s atmosphere in a particular place and time B. Climate = Average year after year conditions of temp. and precipitation in a particular region 1. Affected by: latitude, winds, ocean currents, trapping of heat in atmosphere, amount of precipitation 2. As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating Earth has three main climate zones: a. polar, temperate, and tropical.

3 The Effect of Latitude on Climate Sunlight Sunlight Most direct sunlight Sunlight Sunlight 90 N North Pole 66.5 N Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer 23.5 N Equator 0 Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 S Antarctic Circle 66.5 S 90 S South Pole Page 88 Polar Temperate Tropical Temperate Polar

4 3. Heat Transport in the Biosphere a. Warm air over the equator rises, while cooler air over the poles sinks toward the ground b. Upward and downward movement of air creates air currents/ winds, that move heat throughout the atmosphere. c. Similar patterns of heating and cooling occur in Earth s oceans 1. Water is also moved at the surface by winds

5 Heat Transport in the Biosphere Earth s Winds 66.5 N WINDS Polar Easterlies 23.5 N Westerlies Northeast Trade Winds 0 Equator 23.5 S Southeast Trade Winds Westerlies 66.5 S Polar Easterlies Prevailing winds Page 89

6 Heat Transport in the Biosphere Ocean Currents OCEAN CURRENTS 66.5 N 23.5 N 0 Equator 23.5 S 66.5 S Warm currents Cold currents Page 89

7 II. Greenhouse Effect A. Atmospheric gases that trap the heat energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range include: carbon dioxide Page 87 Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat methane water vapor Atmosphere Earth s Surface

8 I. Shaping an Ecosystem 4-2 A. Biotic Factors: all the living things with which an organism might interact B. Abiotic Factors: Nonliving environment Ex. Temp., rain, wind, rocks, soil, air, sun C. Biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives.

9 D. Habitat: area where an organism lives E. Niche: Conditions which an organism lives and how it uses it 1. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat 2. Different species can occupy niches that are very similar

10 II. Community Interactions A. Competition: Occurs when organisms attempt to use the same resources 1. Competitive Exclusion Principle: no two species can occupy the same niche (role) in the same habitat at the same time Page 92

11 B. Predation: One organism captures and feeds on another a. Prey = organism being captured C. Symbiosis: two species living closely together (Page 93) 1. Mutualsim: Both species benefit from relationship Ex. Flowers and bees 2. Commensalism: 1 member benefits & the other is neither harmed/helped; rare Ex. barnacles on whales; pilot fish with shark; egret on cattle 1 organism lives in/on another and 3. Parasitism: harms it Ex: Fleas/ ticks on dogs; sinus infection-bacteria & humans; athlete s foot (fungus) & humans

12 III. Ecological Succession A. Succession predictable changes in an ecosystem 1. Primary Succession- nothing there before a. Occurs where no soil exists b. occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt c. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species

13 Primary Succession Page 94

14 2. Secondary Succession (Page 95)-something was there before a. Disturbance changes community without removing soil b. Forest fire, hurricane, tornado, human activities (subdivision, clearcutting, mining)

15 3. Marine Succession a. whale dies and sinks to the ocean floor

16 b. Scavengers and decomposers eat the tissue within a year c. decomposition enriches the sediments with nutrients d. heterotrophic bacteria decompose skeleton remains

17 I. Biomes 4-3 A. Group of ecosystems with same climate and dominant communities B. Plants and animals exhibit variations in tolerance = ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions C. Microclimate: Climate within a small area that differs significantly from the climate around it

18 II. Major Terrestrial Biomes A. Tropical Rain Forest deg C; greater than 200cm rain yearly; warm temps, wet weather and lush plantlife; near equator B. Tropical Dry Forest C. Savanna-grassland; long, dry winter, wet summer; Africa D. Desert deg C cool deserts; deg C in hot deserts; less than 25 cm rain yearly; extreme dryness (arid) w/ hot-cold temps E. Temperate Grassland deg C; cm rain yearly; limited rain; grasses and nonwoody plants

19 F. Temperate Woodland/ Shrubland-chaparral G. Temperate (Deciduous) Forest -10 to 25 deg C; cm rain yearly; 4 seasons; GEORGIA H. Northwest Coniferous Forest- needle-like leaves; moderate temps, lots of precipitation, Washington State, Seattle I. Taiga (Boreal)- (-30) to 20 deg C; cm rain yearly; cold forest dominated by cone-bearing evergreens; mostly snow for precipitation; northern US, southern Canada J. Tundra- (-40) to 10 deg C; less than 25 cm rain yearly; cold, dry, treeless region; little precip., but ice-covered; long, cold winters; short, abundant summers; Alaska

20 The Major Biomes Page N 30 N 0 Equator 30 S 60 S Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Tropical savanna Tundra Temperate grassland Desert Temperate woodland and shrubland Mountains and ice caps Temperate forest Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal forest (Taiga)

21 I. Aquatic Ecosystems 4-4 A. Determined by depth, flow, temp., and chemistry of the overlying water II. Freshwater A. Flowing-Water Ecosystem 1. Rivers, streams, creeks, and brooks are freshwater ecosystems that flow over land 2. originate in mountains or hills B. Standing-Water Ecosystem 1. Lakes and ponds 2. water circulates within, this helps to distribute heat, oxygen, and nutrients

22 3. Still waters provide habitats for organisms such as plankton free-floating organisms C. Freshwater Wetland i. Phytoplankton = Unicellular algae ii. Zooplankton = Unicellular and small animals that feed on phytoplankton 1. water covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil at least part of the year 2. Can be flowing or standing and fresh, salty, or brackish

23 3. Three Types of Freshwater Wetlands: i. Bogs are wetlands that typically form in depressions where water collects ii. Marshes are shallow wetlands along rivers iii. Swamps, which often look like flooded forests, water flows slowly

24 III. Estuaries A. Where rivers meet the sea B. mixture of fresh and salt water, and are affected by the ocean tides D. Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands that occur in bays and estuaries across tropical regions, including southern Florida and Hawaii C. Salt marshes occur in estuaries along seacoasts in the temperate zone

25 IV. Marine Ecosystems A. well-lit upper layer of the ocean = photic zone 1. Algae and other producers can grow only in this thin surface layer B. aphotic zone which is permanently dark is below the photic zone 1. Chemosynthetic autotrophs are the only producers that can survive here C. Ocean is divided into zones based on the depth and distance from shore: the intertidal zone, coastal ocean, open ocean

26 Land Coastal ocean Marine Ecosystems 200 m 1,000 m Photic zone Open ocean 4,000 m 6,000 m Aphotic zone Continental shelf Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain Ocean trench 10,000 m Page 109

27 4-1 The Earth s polar zones are cold because A. they are never heated by the sun. B. at the poles, the sun's rays are at a very low angle. C. the greenhouse effect does not occur at the poles. D. heat is transported from the poles to the equator.

28 4-1 The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air creates A. upwellings. B. air currents. C. ocean currents. D. the greenhouse effect.

29 4-1 Earth's temperature range is maintained by A. the greenhouse effect. B. climate zones. C. ocean currents and winds. D. latitude differences.

30 4-1 Variation of temperature in the temperate zone is due primarily to A. air and ocean currents. B. the greenhouse effect. C. variation in the sun s energy production. D. latitude and season.

31 4-1 The tropical zone is warm all year long because A. the sun s angle changes the most in that part of Earth. B. ocean water is warmest near the equator. C. it receives direct or nearly direct sunlight yearround. D. landmasses in the tropic latitudes hold on to heat.

32 4-2 Which of the following is a biotic factor in a bullfrog's niche? A. water B. a heron C. climate D. day length

33 4-2 An organism s niche is different from its habitat because A. The niche does not include the place where the organism lives. B. the niche includes all the conditions under which the organism lives. C. the niche includes only abiotic factors. D. the niche includes only biotic factors.

34 4-2 The attempt by organisms of the same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the same place is called A. competition. B. predation. C. symbiosis. D. cooperation.

35 4-2 An association between two species in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is called A. symbiosis. B. mutualism. C. commensalism. D. parasitism.

36 4-2 When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an ecosystem, the first species to populate the area are usually A. grasses and shrubs. B. pioneers such as lichens. C. small plants such as mosses. D. small animals such as rodents.

37 4-3 When the climate in a small region of a biome is different from the overall climate of the biome, the region s climate is called A. tolerance. B. a harsher climate. C. a microclimate. D. a local variation.

38 4-3 The ability of an organism to survive under conditions that differ from its optimal condition is called A. niche. B. tolerance. C. variation. D. succession.

39 4-3 Which of the following biomes is characterized by less than 25 centimeters of annual precipitation? A. tropical savanna B. desert C. boreal forest D. temperate grassland

40 4-3 Which of the following biomes is characterized by a mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees? A. temperate woodland and shrubland B. boreal forest C. temperate forest D. tropical dry forest

41 4-3 Which of the following biomes is characterized by the presence of permafrost? A. boreal forest B. temperate grassland C. northwestern coniferous forest D. tundra

42 4-4 Which of the following factors is important in determining the type of aquatic ecosystem found in a specific area? A. geographic location B. amount of dissolved chemicals C.the percentage of land covered by water D. the kinds of organisms in the water

43 4-4 The two types of freshwater ecosystems are distinguished by whether or not they have A. high oxygen content or low oxygen content. B. phytoplankton or zooplankton. C. high temperature or low temperature. D. flowing water or standing water.

44 4-4 Coastal wetlands that are widespread in tropical regions such as southern Florida and Hawaii are known as A. detritus. B. bogs. C. mangrove swamps. D. benthos.

45 4-4 Coral animals cannot grow in water that A. contains salt. B. contains oxygen. C. is cold. D. receives sunlight.

46 4-4 The zone that covers the ocean floor is the A. benthic zone. B. abyssal plain. C. continental shelf. D. continental rise.

47 4-4 Which of the following factors is important in determining the type of aquatic ecosystem found in a specific area? A. geographic location B. amount of dissolved chemicals C. the percentage of land covered by water D. the kinds of organisms in the water

48 4-4 The two types of freshwater ecosystems are distinguished by whether or not they have A. high oxygen content or low oxygen content. B. phytoplankton or zooplankton. C. high temperature or low temperature. D. flowing water or standing water.

49 4-4 Coastal wetlands that are widespread in tropical regions such as southern Florida and Hawaii are known as A. detritus. B. bogs. C. mangrove swamps. D. benthos.

50 4-4 Coral animals cannot grow in water that A. contains salt. B. contains oxygen. C. is cold. D. receives sunlight.

51 4-4 The zone that covers the ocean floor is the A. benthic zone. B. abyssal plain. C. continental shelf. D. continental rise.