Patterns of life on land

Transcription

1 Patterns of life on land Global and regional patterns of distribution are determined by physical and climate features as well as current and historical species interactions

2 Species range: Potential Limited by tolerance to abiotic conditions Light Temp Precipitation Soil (geology) Salinity Pressure Actual -Limited by biotic conditions and abiotic conditions intraspecific/intra specific competition Predation Symbiosis

3 Climate temperature, water, sunlight, and wind long-term prevailing weather conditions Macroclimate global, regional, and local level Microclimate consists of very fine patterns

4 What determines climate? Latitude Tilt of the earth Ocean currents Wind patterns Proximity to coast Mountains

5 Fig b Latitude Low angle of incoming sunlight 90ºN (North Pole) 60ºN 30ºN 23.5ºN (Tropic of Cancer) Sun directly overhead at equinoxes 0º (equator) Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 23.5ºS (Tropic of Capricorn) 30ºS 60ºS 90ºS (South Pole)

6 Fig e Latitude 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºN Descending dry air absorbs moisture Ascending moist air releases moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture 60ºS Arid zone 30º 23.5º 0º Tropics 23.5º 30º Arid zone

7 Fig c June solstice 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºN March equinox Constant tilt of 23.5º December solstice September equinox Tilt of the earth

8 Bodies of Water The Gulf Stream carries warm water from the equator to the North Atlantic Oceans and their currents and large lakes moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments

9 Fig The Great Ocean Conveyer Belt Labrador current Gulf stream Equator Cold water Proximity to coast

10 Fig Cooler air sinks over water. 2 Air cools at high elevation. 1 Warm air over land rises. 4 Cool air over water moves inland, replacing rising warm air over land. Proximity to coast During the day, air rises over warm land and draws a cool breeze from the water across the land As the land cools at night, air rises over the warmer water and draws cooler air from land back over the water, which is replaced by warm air from offshore

11 Fig Rising air releases moisture on the windward side of a peak and creates a rain shadow as it absorbs moisture on the leeward side Wind direction Leeward side of mountain Ocean Mountain range Mountains

12 Clorpt Climate Organisms Relief Parent material Time

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14 Land Biomes Biomes are the major ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water Varying combinations of biotic and abiotic factors determine the nature of biomes

15 Fig Terrestrial Biomes Tropical forest Savanna Desert 30ºN Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice

16 Annual mean temperature (ºC) Fig climograph, Desert Temperate grassland Tropical forest Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Arctic and alpine tundra Annual mean precipitation (cm)

17 General Features of Terrestrial Biomes and the Role of Disturbance Generally named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation Ecotone

18 Tropical Forest 60ºN Low angle of incoming sunlight In tropical rain forests, rainfall is relatively 30ºN constant, while in tropical dry forests precipitation is highly seasonal Sun directly overhead at equinoxes 0º (equator) Tropical forests are vertically layered and competition for light is intense 23.5ºS (Tropic of Capricorn) Tropical forests are home to millions of animal 30ºS Low species, angle of incoming including sunlight an estimated 5 30 million still 60ºS undescribed species of insects, spiders, and other Atmosphere arthropods 90ºN (North Pole) 23.5ºN (Tropic of Cancer) 90ºS (South Pole)

19 Low angle of incoming sunlight 90ºN (North Pole) Sun directly overhead at equinoxes Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 90ºS (South Pole) 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºN Descending dry air absorbs moisture Ascending moist air releases moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture 60ºS Arid zone 30º 23.5º 0º Tropics 23.5º 30º Arid zone

20 Fig a A tropical rain forest in Borneo

21 Low angle of incoming sunlight 90ºN (North Pole) Sun directly overhead at equinoxes Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 90ºS (South Pole) 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºN Descending dry air absorbs moisture Ascending moist air releases moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture 60ºS Arid zone 30º 23.5º 0º Tropics 23.5º 30º Arid zone

22 Desert Precipitation is low and variable, <30 cm per year; hot or cold plant adaptations Common desert animals and their adaptations

23 Fig b A desert in the southwestern United States

24 Savanna Savanna precipitation and temperature are seasonal Grasses and Common inhabitants include insects and grazers, and carnivores

25 Fig c A savanna in Kenya

26 Chaparral highly seasonal, with cool and rainy winters and hot dry summers shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs; fire and drought tolerant Animals include amphibians, birds and other reptiles, insects, small mammals and browsing mammals

27 Fig d An area of chaparral in California

28 Temperate Grassland (prairies) Winters are cold and dry, while summers are hot grasses and forbs, are adapted to droughts and fire Native mammals include large grazers and small burrowers

29 Fig e Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota

30 Northern Coniferous Forest The northern coniferous forest, or taiga, extends across northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth Winters are cold and long while summers may be hot The conical shape of conifers prevents too much snow from accumulating and breaking their branches Animals include migratory and resident birds, and large mammals

31 Fig f Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado

32 Temperate Broadleaf Forest Winters are cool, while summers are hot and humid; significant precipitation falls year round as rain and snow A mature temperate broadleaf forest has vertical layers dominated by deciduous trees in the Northern Hemisphere and evergreen eucalyptus in Australia Mammals, birds, and insects make use of all vertical layers in the forest many mammals hibernate in the winter

33 Fig g Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina

34 Tundra Tundra covers expansive areas of the Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes Winters are long and cold while summers are relatively cool; precipitation varies Permafrost, a permanently frozen layer of soil, prevents water infiltration Vegetation is herbaceous (mosses, grasses, forbs, dwarf shrubs and trees, and lichen) and supports birds, grazers, and their predators

35 Fig h Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn

36 Biomes Correlation is also seen with latitude and elevation. But HOW do they differ?

37 Thermoregulation Endotherms Ectotherms Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

38 Fig Radiation Evaporation Convection Conduction

39 Fig Hair Epidermis Sweat pore Dermis Hypodermis Muscle Nerve Sweat gland Adipose tissue Blood vessels Oil gland Hair follicle

40 Five general adaptations help animals thermoregulate: Insulation (skin, feathers, fur, blubber) Circulatory adaptations (vasodialator, constrictor, countercurrent exchange) Cooling by evaporative heat loss (sweating, panting) Behavioral responses Adjusting metabolic heat production Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

41 Fig Canada goose Bottlenose dolphin Artery 35ºC Vein 33º Blood flow Vein Artery 30º 27º 20º 18º 10º 9º

42 Fig

43 Acclimatization in Thermoregulation Birds and mammals can vary their insulation to acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes When temperatures are subzero, some ectotherms produce antifreeze compounds to prevent ice formation in their cells Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

44 Fig Annual energy expenditure (kcal/hr) Endotherms Ectotherm 800,000 Reproduction Basal Thermoregulation (standard) metabolism Growth Activity 340,000 4,000 8, kg female human from temperate climate 4-kg male Adélie penguin from Antarctica (brooding) kg female deer mouse from temperate North America 4-kg female eastern indigo snake

45 Torpor and Energy Conservation Torpor is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases Torpor enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions Hibernation is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity Estivation, or summer torpor, enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies Daily torpor is exhibited by many small mammals and birds and seems adapted to feeding patterns Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

46 Plant Adaptation Low Water Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

47 Plant Adaptation Low Nutrients Wind Cold Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings