Opportunities Using Trees for Vegetative Environmental Buffers
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1 Potential Benefits of Planting Trees Around Layer Farms Bud Malone University of Delaware Presented at Texas Egg Clinic March 29, 2006 Opportunities Using Trees for Vegetative Environmental Buffers Trees as Vegetative Filters Large farms, fans & neighbors Rural encroachment + conflict/zoning Industry Issues, Trends & Trees Emissions Goals of Vegetative Environmental Buffer (VEB) 1.Visual screen 2.Windbreak + Shade 3.Vegetative filter Production Benefits Reduce airborne farm-tofarm disease spread Reduce cooling cost Maintain fan efficiency Reduce snow drifting Reduce heating cost 1
2 Use Trees as Filters to Reduce Airborne Disease Transmission? Between Farms Between Farms Between Houses N Trees as Filters Between Houses? Feedstuff, 1/23/06 Between Houses on Same Farm Layer House Inlets Inlets on Outside House Inlets Between Houses 2
3 MPH Between House Planting Temperatures in Sun vs Shade F 20 F VEB to Reduce Backpressure on Fans 15 mph = 15.5% reduction in fan cfm and 4.4% increase in amperage Wind Speed 1/23/03 Open Wooded Hour VEB to Reduce Backpressure on Fans Temperature differential on E-W wooded farm compared to the E-W open farm. Average 9am to 4 pm Temperature Increase for Wooded Farm During Warm Weather +2 F VEB reduces wind directed toward fans & aids in maintaining fan efficiency W N S E +7 F +3 F + 5 F Implications of farms surrounded by dense woods: Heat accumulation on S and W sides in warm weather Although less wind chill in winter, may have colder night time air temperatures + 3 F 3
4 VEB Design Considerations for Poultry Farms. Environmental Benefits W N S E Design Considerations: Increase porosity (>spacing, deciduous trees, shrubs) on prevailing summer wind side of farms. Increase density (<spacing, evergreens, multiple rows) on winter wind side and opposite fans Reduce ammonia Reduce runoff Reduce groundwater nitrates Convert CO 2 to O 2 Low cost program to partially address future air quality & emissions challenges VEB Opposite Tunnel Fans Reduces Dust (49%), Ammonia (46%) and Odor (6%) Role of Windbreaks on Downwind Odor Without Windbreak X X With Windbreak data Source: Guideline for Dairy Odor Management, Natural Resource Agriculture and Engineering Service Cooperative Extension, and The Dairy Practices Council Wind direction and openness behind the VEB, appears to influence odor reduction -24% -28% Wind +33% -49% Neighbor Relations Benefits: Creates positive image Landscape appearance & increase property value Blocks view of houses, waste facilities and routine farm activities Reduces odor, dust, feathers, noise, etc. Soybeans in 2002 & 2004 (~28%) Corn in 2003 & 2005 ( ~0%) 4
5 Human Population Growth ( ) in Key US Poultry Counties DMV Neighbor Relations Trends % DE GA AR % Growth Increasing number of nuisance complaints and more stringent zoning ordinance. ~ 40% complaints are dust/feathers, 40% odor & 20% visual, noise, etc. Direction/location of tunnel ventilation a major issue. New proactive industry neighbor policy with bmp s (includes VEB) Capture Odor, Dust and Feathers Filtering exhaust air dust can reduce odors up to 65% (Hartung, 1989) Provides Visual Screen Some People Smell with Their Eyes!! Out-of-Sight-Outof Mind!! Attractive farms have less odor* *Mikesell, et. al., 2001 Fast Growing Trees for Immediate Benefits? Reduce Noise Growing nuisance complaint, particularly tunnel fans Reduces volume of noise by 50% 5
6 Dust Visual NRCS CanVis Software Poultry Farm Site Houses + 1 Yr Trees Odor Economics Houses + 5 Yr Trees Houses + 10 Yr Trees Technical Considerations for VEB Work in Progress!!!! Important Select the right combination of trees that meets all 3 objectives of a tree program! Develop tree plan before building poultry houses! VEB Distance from Fans Fan efficiency decreased <4 times fan diameter Plume distribution 10 times fan diameter Planting distance near maximum plume distance??? 6
7 VEB Too Close to Fans Dust! White Pine Red Cedar Nelly Stevens Holly Leyland Cypress Distance May Depend on Tree Selection, Density and Arrangement of Plant Material Deciduous prefilter Selection of Plant Materials Availability and cost House orientation Fan location Neighbors Obstructions and site limitations Soil type Low maintenance Personal preference Select best combination for diversity in planting! Eastern White Pine Available, price, good density, attractive Disadvantages: Mortality from emissions! Livability (soils, moisture stress, deer) Livability In High Emission Loading Areas 7
8 Eastern Red Cedar Density, diverse soils, hardy Disadvantages: Except seedlings, limited availability Mortality from particulates Some bagworms Some storm damage Spartan Juniper Good density and growth Attractive Columnar shape Leyland Cypress Available at low cost Attractive Good growth & hi emissions Disadvantages: Mortality and maintenance issues!!! Green Giant Arborvitae High emissions Available and reason cost Hardy and disease resistant Steed Holly High emissions Resist particular matting Hardy and disease resistant Bald Cypress Hardy and wind tolerant Good in wet areas 8
9 Hybrid Willow Fast growth!!! High emission, nutrient and moisture conditions Disadvantages: Limited source and patent???? Rose Acre Complex (5 yrs) Form of Plant Material Seedling to B&B: Irrigation Essential!! Hand: Time & Commitment Irrigation Methods Drip: Installation, water use & placement Weed Control Demo Bury supply line and emitters: Effort & $$$ Punch emitters and cover with poly/weed mat: Preferred? 9
10 Proper Design, Installation, Maintenance and Care! Proper installation, water and weed control perhaps more important than plant form. Hybrid Willow Planting in 2005 Hybrid Willow Planting in 2005 Growth 1 st summer was 6-10 ft with one mortality Expect complete screen within 3 yrs Design VEB For Each Side of Each Farm And Try To Meet ALL Objectives South East North West Seek Assistance! Delmarva gets cost share (up to 75%) for site prep, plant materials, installation, irrigation, and maintenance. Texas, state EQIP funds for Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment (Ray Stoner, NRCS in Nacogdoches) Technical assistance in developing and implementing a tree plan is highly recommended! 10
11 Summary Preliminary observations are encouraging, continue to better define this program Provides a long-term, low-cost, partial solution to emerging poultry industry issues (maybe one of most cost-effective BMP s for emissions) Neighbor relations has driven interest (local/national/international) Summary (cont.) VEB concept has been well received (national /international) Growers need technical assistance in designing & implementing a VEB Poultry companies becoming more aggressive in promoting (Delmarva companies will provide salary for tree program coordinator) Questions 11
Opportunities Using Trees for Vegetative Environmental Buffers
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