Fire Occurrence in Borneo s Peatlands Between 1997 and 2005 and it s Impacts

Transcription

1 Workshop on Vulnerability of Carbon Pools of Tropical Peatlands in Asia Pekanbaru, Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia January 2006 Fire Occurrence in Borneo s Peatlands Between 1997 and 2005 and it s Impacts Prof. Dr. Florian Siegert Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH Munich, Germany & GeoBio Centre at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

2 Press releases MYSTERIOUS CO2 INCREASE Sharp CO2 rise divides opinions Scientists have confirmed there has been a dramatic and unexpected increase in carbon dioxide levels.climate scientists are puzzled over the possible significance of rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).

3 Sharp CO2 rise Increase in CO , 2002 & 2003 > 2ppm ppm CO Longterm mean: 1.5 ppm Year 1997, 2002 and 2003: Largest CO 2 increase since 1957!

4 Increase of the mean global temperature in the past 1000 yeras

5 Exceptional Forest Fires in Siberia in 2003

6 128,546 Fires were burning from March to August ,000 km ,370 km % forests 9.49% humid grasslands 2.15% bogs/marshes 32.2% of the forest cover has been burnt repeatedly 1000 km MODIS Active fires (red)

7 Peat fires significantly contribute to this trend Fire became the most dangerous threat to Indonesias forests and peatlands in the past 15 years Recurrent peat fires accelerate global warming

8 Transboundary haze Malaysia Indonesia Sumatra July 2005

9 Impacts of peat fires Peat fires produce huge clouds of smoke, haze and aerosols Peat fires release huge amounts of carbon (Nature, Vol 420, 2002, pp61)

10 Impacts of peat fires Fire risk is increased in burnt peatlands -> recurrent fires The carbon sink function is destroyed (35 Tg/Year for tropical peat globally) Exposed peat becomes decomposed, peat subsidence -> carbon release, flooding Loss of unique biodiversity

11 Current extent of peatlands Carbon stored in peatlands Deforestation rates on peatlands Land cover and land use change on peatlands Fires occurrence on peatlands Causes for fire Cabon release by fire Fire prevention and risk analysis

12 Land cover change Assessment of peat swamp forests as indicator for peatland Evaluation of >60 MODIS images 2003 Cloud free image mosaic of Borneo 300 km

13 MODIS for land cover change monitoring Problems: Over one year just very few days with little cloud cover Clouds Haze Missing Data

14 MODIS for land cover change monitoring Supervised classification, DTM, training sites from Landsat and field 250 m resolution MODIS Classification result

15 MODIS for land cover change monitoring Validation with Landsat classification 30 m resolution Landsat Classification

16 Land cover change Deforestation rate: 1.9% per year

17 Peat swamp forests Deforestation rate: 2.4% per year Areas of major deforestation : ~ 9 Mio ha

18 Land cover change Peat Swamp Forest Lowland Forest (a;b) Mountain Forest Degraded Lowland Forest (c;d) and Regrowth Cultivation Forest Mosaic Dry/Wet bare Soil; Grasslands; Agriculture 2005 Water 0,77 0,02 0,00 0,08 0,03 2,31 Mangrove Forest 1,07 0,01 0,00 0,06 0,01 0,16 Freshwater Swamp Forest 0,02 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,13 Peat Swamp Forest 70,78 0,37 0,00 9,60 1,91 7,85 Lowland Forest (a;b) 0,91 83,02 0,00 14,52 2,18 8,82 Upper Dipterocarp Forest 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,68 0,08 5,38 Mountain Forest 0,00 0,00 99,51 0,08 0,01 5,26 Degraded Lowland Forest (c;d) and Regrowth 16,31 12,98 0,24 35,60 25,32 16,11 Cultivation Forest Mosaic 5,16 2,79 0,05 37,42 69,35 19,61 Dry/Wet bare Soil; Grasslands; Agriculture 4,83 0,82 0,20 1,95 1,10 34,19

19 Land use on peatlands in Kalimantan In Central Kalimantan most of it is fallow land Illegal logging Transmigrasi Oil palm Pulp wood Small scale agriculture

20 Carbon storage in tropical peatlands Central Kalimantan Carbon store: approx 10 Gt!!

21 Peatland survey in South Sumatra Conducted by the EU SSFFMP project, Palembang Location of transects & depth measurements N Land cover classification based on Landsat ETM imagery A B 15 km SRTM DEM showing elevation in shades of grey (dark: low, bright: high)

22 Analysis of fire occurrence from in Borneo Number of fires per year Spatio-temporal pattern Interannual changes Burnt areas Affected vegetation types Fire impact Carbon release Possible causes Risk analysis and early warning

23 Fire occurrence on Borneo Detection of active fires by low resolution satellites Compilation of all available data from all satellites NOAA AVHRR ( ) ERS ATSR ( ) MODIS ( ) Complete detection of active fires is limited by Instrument sensitivity Satellite overpass Clouds/haze 40 km Fire behaviour (speed, enery release) 40 km

24 Fire occurrence on Borneo Land clearing for plantations Hotspots recorded between (red) and forest (green), non-forest (beige) based on 1999 Landsat imagery evaluated by MoF 40 km 40 km

25 Correlation analysis Burnt area: Landsat ETM Hotspots: NOAA, ATSR, MODIS

26 Correlation analysis Central Kalim antan 1997 y = 1,453x R 2 = 0,9488 East Kalim antan 1998 y = 1,521x R 2 = 0,9476 Burned area [ha] by Landsat ETM Burned area [ha] by Landsat ETM km km Burned area [ha] by ATSR, NOAA-AVHRR Burned area [ha] by ATSR, NOAA-AVHRR

27 Fire occurrence on Borneo NOAA AVHRR, ATSR and MODIS hotspot data km 40 km Sum: 22 Million ha (22, ha) MODIS hotspots: courtesy of Modis fire team NOAA AVHRR: courtesy of IFFM, JAICA ATSR: courtesy of ESA

28 Fire occurrence on Borneo ,0 40,0 35,0 30,0 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 Brunei Darussalam Sabah Sarawak Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan Timur Kalimantan Tengah Kalimantan Selatan 40 km 40 km Malaysia & Brunei: Indonesia: 8% of the total burnt area 92% of the total burnt area

29 Fire occurrence on Borneo 2005 Most fires occurred near forest on agricultural land, degraded forests and near forest edges 2005 MODIS hotspot data superimposed on land cover km 40 km

30 Fire occurrence on Borneo 2005 Fire occurrence in different land covers Mangrove Forest 0.1 % Peat Swamp Forest 10.9 % Degraded Forest Table 340% shows crown the cover and Regrowth 26.0 % Cultivation Forest Mosaic 34.5 % Grasslands; Agriculture 19.8 % Lowland Forest (> 40% crown cover) 6.5 % Mountain Dipterocarp Forest 0.2 % Freshwater Swamp Forest 0.2 % Mountain Forest 0 % 40 km 40 km

31 Fire occurrence on Borneo 2005 Fire occurrence in different land cover clusters 2002 in % 2005 in % Pristine Forests Table 3 shows the Degraded Forest ( 40% crown cover) and Regrowth Cultivation Mosaics, fallow land km 40 km

32 Fire occurrence on Borneo % and 98% of all fires detected in undisturbed forests were within 1 km or 5 km distance from the forest edges 40 km 40 km

33 Deforestation by recurrent fires Opening of closed forests by logging Fire Illegal logging Recurrent fires Fire More degradation by shifting cultivation & fire on peatlands Grasslands swamps on dry lands

34 Planned oil palm estate along the border The planned Oil Palm Plantation area will be established in a remote and undisturbed area where currently the deforestation rate is less than 0.1% per year. Much of the area is more than 500 meters above sea level, which restricts the success of oil palm growing Currently almost no fires are observed in the heart of Borneo region After opening up these forests fires will increase significantly 1,8 Mio ha along the 850 km border between Indonesia and Malaysia. A 21 km wide corridor shall be converted till 2010

35 New ESA projekt GSE Forest Monitoring Partners: 30 Partners world wide Global scale In Indonesia: establish methods for greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting within the framework of the Kyoto protocol tree volume, biomass and carbon stock and changes on forest areas and change areas (afforestation, reforestation and deforestation Indonesian Society for Natural Resources and Environmental Accounting, Indonesia (MASLI) & Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Germany

36 Prof. Florian Siegert GeoBio Center, University of Munich & RSS - Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH siegert@rssgmbh.de Thank you for your attention!