POST HARVEST SURVEYS OF WHEAT GRAINS FOR THE PRESENGE OF.KARNAl- BUNT AND BLACK POINT DISEASES IN DIFFERENT AGROCLIMATIC ZONES OF INDIA

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1 IndianJ. Agric. Res., 37 (4): ,2003 POST HARVEST SURVEYS OF WHEAT GRAINS FOR THE PRESENGE OF.KARNAl- BUNT AND BLACK POINT DISEASES IN DIFFERENT AGROCLIMATIC ZONES OF INDIA D.P. Singh, L.B. Goel, J. Kumar, V.C. Sinha, R.K Singh, Indu Sharma~, S.S. Aujla 1., Amerika Singh2~ KP. Singh 2, A.N. Tiwari 2, M.S. BeniwaP, S.S. Kitrwasra 3, DV Singh4, KD. Srivastava4, Rashmi Aggarwal 4 and B.R. Gupta 5 Directorate of Wheat Research, Post Box No. 158, Kamal (Haryana), India ABSTRACT The analysis of harvested grain samples of wheat grown in differentagroclimatic zones of India was done at Karnal and other cooperation centre from to crop seasons. A total, 18,895 sam",les of grains from farmers' fields and grain'mandles' and about 4,000 samples from experimental fields were collected and examined for the presence of Karnal bunt and black point infected grains. The incidence.of Karnal bunt varied in different agroclimatic zones and wheat srains from stateslike Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bihar, Assam, Manipur, higher hills of Uttar Pradesh (Now in UttaranchaI) Himanchal Pradesh (except Poanta valley) were free from Kamal, bunt whereas low incidence was detected in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, southwestern Haryana, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh except farm districts (1 17.2%). The samples coliected from experimental fields had lower percentage of.infected samples as compared to those cohect~from farmers' fields and rnandies. The grain samples collected from states like Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bihar and higher hills of H.P. and U.P. (now UttaranchaO were found free from Karnal bunt from to crop seasons in spite of the fact that seeds from.the endemic areas like Haryana and Punjab Was planted in these states thus indicating presence of unfavourable weather conditions for Kamal bunt development Jwarrtler temperature and dry conditions) at flowering stage of wheat. The black point was present in all the states but its incidence was higher inthe states having warmer and dry weather as compared to hilly regions.'. INTRODUCTION. The susceptible cultivai's like WL 711 and HD Wheat suffers due to two major 2009 were subsequently replaced with more seedbomediseases namely Kamal bunt (TiUetia tolerant cultivars like HD 2329 and HD 2285 indica, and Black point (Alternaria tenuis and in north-westem plains in India. The present Helminthosporiumspp.). ThesediseilseScause study was therefore attempted to record the discolouration of grains and thus reduce the incidence of Kamal bunt and Black point, market prices of the produce. Kamal bunt is affected grains in samples of both coordinated also having major importance in intemational trials and grain market through out the wheat trade of wheat grains, rejection of seeds if the growing regions of country. per cent infection exceeds the maximum MATERIAL AND METHODS p~rmissible limits of >0.25% in the certified The grain samples of wheat were seeds and leads to' fishy smell in 'chapaties' collected from the cooperators of All India made out of flour from the harvest having Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project from >5.0% infection of Kamal buntin grains (Aujla the advanced varietal trials as well as by mobile et ai, 1980; Nagarajan et ai, 1997; Singh, surveys of farmers' fields and local grain. 1986). The incidence of Kamal bunt was markets (mandies) after harvest of crop during reported up to 48.7% at farmers' field, in to The survey was done Jallandhar district in Punjab during at DWR, Kamal; IARI, New Delhi; PAU, by Kang and Bedi (1980) on WL 711 cultivar. Ludhiana; CCSHAU, Hisar; SKAU"ARS, RS 1 PAU, Ludhiana, 2GBPUAT, Pantnagar, 3CCS HAU. Hisar, 4IARI, New Delhi 5SKAU, ARS, RS Pura.

2 Vol. 37. No Pura and GBPUAT, Pantna~1ar. The affected grains due to Kamal bunt and black point were counted separately by looking the characteristic symptoms of disease, in each sample by taking 1000 seeds. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A total of 18,895 wheat samples from farmers field and mandies were collected from all over the wheat growing states in India (Table 1). In addition to these, around 4,000 samples received from the advanced varietal trial entries from 36 centres in six agroclimatic zones were also analysed for the presence of Kamal bunt and black point. The incidence of Kamal bunt infected samples varies in different agroclimatic lanes. Amongst states, Punjab had maximum percentage (35.4%) followed by HP. (26.7%) and J.&K. (22. 8%)of infected samples, on an average basis whereas states like U.P. (6.1%) and Delhi (5.3%) had comparatively low level of infected samples. The per cent Kamal bunt infected samples were quite low (0.9%) in M.P. The Kamal bunt was not detected in Gujarat over years. The states, which were completely free from Kamal bunt', were Maharashtra, Karnataka, Biharand Manipur besides Gujarat. The incidence of this disease in samples varied from l }{) on an average basis in different states of India. Amongst states, the per cent infected grains were highest in Punjab ( %) followed by J. & K. (7-3.0), HP. (1-2.6%), U.P. (2-3.2) and Delhi ( ). The incidence of infected grains in the samples was low in Haryana (1-0.5%), Rajasthan and M.P. ( ). The samples of experimental fields received from Wellington of Nilgiris hills in Tamil Nadu and Shillongani in Assam were free from Kamal bunt. Punjab: The range of infected samples in different districts of Punjab varied from % whereas per cent infected grains in samples ranged from % during to crop seasons. The districts with low incidence of Kamal bunt infection were Fatehgarh Saheb (30.3%), Ropar(34.7%), Patiala(42.0%) and Kapurthala (42.6%) whereas Mansa (66.3%), Hoshiarpur (54.8%) and Jalandhar (52.2%) were having higher diseased samples, on an average basis (Table 2). The average infected samples were 62.3, 44.7 and 46.5% in different districts of Punjab during , and crop seasons. Table 1. Consolidated information on status of Karnal bunt at in commercial crop at national level in India during till crop season States J&K Punjab H.P. Haryana Delhi U.P. Rajasthan Bihar M.P. Gujarat Maharashtra Manipur Karnataka Total Total grain samples ( to 94-95) , Av. Karnal bunt infected samples (%) Ll Mean range of grain infection (%) O.Ol-Ll

3 266 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ~farch Table 2. Situation of Karnal bunt in different districts of Punjab state during to crop season. District. Av. Karnal bunt Mean range of infection (9' infected grain samples (%) Amritsar Bhatlnda Faridkot FatehgarhSahib Ferozpur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jalandhar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mansa Patiala Ropar Sangror AveragejRange OHO Table 3. Percent Karnal bunt infection in districts of Haryan~ state during to crop seasons District Av. Karnal bunt Mean range of infection (%) infected grain samples (%) SWZone Hisar Rohtak Bhiwani Mohindergarh Rewarl Gurgaon Faridabad 4.6 0:05-1 NEZone Karnal Ambala Q.2 Kurukshetra Yamunanagar Q.5 Panipat Q.5 Sonlpat Q.5 Kaithal Q.2 Jind J. & K.: The survey was done in Jammu region during and crop seasons and per cent infected samples were highest in Udhampur district (24.9%) followed by Kathua (24.9%) and Jammu (20.5%). The range of infected grains in samples ranged from %. Haryana: The district wise survey was done during and crop seasons. The Karnal bunt was higher in northeastern parts and per cent-infected samples ranged from % in districts namely, Kamal, Ambala, Kurukshetra, Yamunanagar, P'anipat, Sonipat Kaithal and Jind. In southwestern parts like Hisar, Rohtak, Bhiwani, Mohindergarh, Rewari, Gurgaon and Faridabacl the infection was from %. The Bhiwanidistrict was free from Karnal bunt and quite low incidence was observed in Rohtak, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Rewari ( %). In general the 'per cent infected grains were quite low in Haryana (1-0.5%) rrable 3).

4 Vol. 37, No.4, Table 4. Per cent black point infection in different states in experimental field samples and samples from mandies during crop season States J&K Punjab H.P. Haryana Delhi U.P. Rajasthan Bihar M.P. Gujarat Maharashtra Karnataka ~ Not attempted Mandi samples % Infected samples Trial samples Table 5. Per cent black point infection in districts of Haryana state during crop season District % infected samples Range of infection SW Zone Hisar Rohtak Bhiwani Mohinder garh Rewari ,5 Gurgaon Faridabad NEZone Karnal , Ambala Kurukshetra Yamunanagar Panipat Sonipat Kaithal Jind v.p.: The district wise analysis of samples was done from V.P. at Pantnagar centre during crop season. Kamal bunt was more prevalent in tarai districts like Dehradun (25%), Muzzafamagar (25%) and Nainital (23%) whereas it was medium in range in districts like Bareilly (9.1%), Meerut (8.2%) and low in districts namely Kanpur (4.2%), Gorakhpur (2.7%), Aligarh (1.7%), Faizabad (1.6%) andvaranasi (1.5%). In V.P. thedisease free districts were Lucknow and Mathura during The per cent infected grains in the samples due to Kamal bunt were highest in Nainital district (1-1.0%). Black point: The black point was present in all the wheat growing states. The incidence was more in warmer regions than hills. The percentage of black point infected samples varied from % (Table 4). The district wise survey in Haryana indicated lower incidence of disease in Karnal, Ambala and Yamunanagar districts (up to 75% infected samples) during crop seasons with per cent infected grains ranging from 5-

5 268 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH O.9 l l() (Table 5). The varietal differences were observed during crop season when varieties of northwestern plains zone were screened against Kamal bunt under artificially inoculated conditions. The varieties like Raj 1585, HD 2428, PBW 34, PBW 138, PBW 154 and PBW 224 were having quite low incidence of infected grains ( %) as compared to 29% infection in susceptible varieties like WL 711 and HD 2009 (Goel et ai., 2000). It can be concluded that Kamal bunt is not present in all the states of lridia and harvest obtained from states like Karnataka, Tamil nadu, Maharashtra, GUjarat, higher hills of U.P. (Now Uttaranchal) and H.P. and some of the eastern states like Bihar, Assam and Manipur remains free from Karnal bunt. The disease is also low in M.P., Rajasthan, south-western Haryana, and eastern and western Uttar Pradesh. The replacement of highly susceptible varieties seems to be helping in bringing down the infection of Kamal bunt in more prone areas like Punjab, foot hill and tarai region of H.P., U.P. and north-eastern Haryana. It is therefore possible to produce Kamal bunt free wheat in India for export provided segregated procurement and handling is ensured from disease free regions. More survey at state level is needed especially in newer states to look for the disease free districts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The assistance received from lcar in the form of AP Cess fund project on "Wheat disease survey and surveillance ( )" is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks to Mr. Ishwar Singh T3 for. assistance in collection and analysis of grain samples. REFERENCES Aujla, 5.5. etal (1980). Croplmprov., 7: Gael, L.B. etal (2000). PI Dis. Res., 15: Kang, M.S. and Bedi. P.S. (1980).'/ndianJ. Mycol. PI. Path., 10: 31 (Abstract). Nagarajan, S. etal (1997). Rev. PI. Pathol., 76: Singh, DV (1986). In: Problemsand Progressof Wheat PathologyinSouthAsia. (Joshi, L.M. etat eds.) Malhotra Printing House, New Delhi, pp