Institute of Medicine Forum on Microbial Threats Vector-borne Diseases Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections

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1 Institute of Medicine Forum on Microbial Threats Vector-borne Diseases Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections Sudden Oak Death David Rizzo Department of Plant Pathology UC Davis

2 American Chestnut Chestnut Blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica

3 Chestnut Blight

4 Plant community structure Wildlife Cultural Fire Insects/ Microorganisms

5 Marin County, CA June 2000 Sudden Oak Death and Phytophthora ramorum

6 The California Oak Mortality Task Force (COMTF) focuses on the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, which can have devastating effects in the wildlands it inhabits and has had substantial impacts on the nursery industry internationally. In 14 coastal California counties and Curry County, Oregon, P. ramorum has caused outbreaks of Sudden Oak Death, killing tens of thousands of native oak and tanoak trees. The pathogen also infects the leaves and twigs of common ornamental nursery plants, such as rhododendrons and camellias, which serve as vectors for pathogen dispersal. COMTF Monthly Report: Sign up HERE Current Report: Febuary 2005 New and Noteworthy Sudden Oak Death and Phytophthora ramorum 2004 Summary Report New Monitoring page with reports from 2004 Search Press Releases and Media Assistance New Federal regulations Guides and Resources Nursery Information: Regulatory/quarantine information from the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA)

7 Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia

8 Marin County Janet Klein, MMWD

9 Big Sur 7/24/06 S. Frankel

10 Rhododendron

11 Susceptible Species Andrew's clintonia bead lily Ardisia Bigleaf maple Blueblossom California bay laurel California black oak California buckeye California coffeeberry California hazelnut California honeysuckle California maidenhair fern California nutmeg California wood fern Camellia species Camphor tree Canyon live oak Cascara Chinese witchhazel Coast live oak Coast redwood Douglas fir Drooping leucothoe European ash European beech European turkey oak European yew Evergreen huckleberry Evergreen maple False Solomon s seal Formosa firethorn Fetterbush Goat willow Grand fir Griselinia Holly olive Holm oak Horse chestnut Hybrid witchhazel Japanese evergreen oak Laurustinus Lilac Madrone Magnolia varieties Manzanita Michelia Mountain laurel Northern red oak Oleander Oregon ash Osmanthus Pacific yew Persian ironwood Pieris varieties Planetree maple Poison oak Portuguese laurel cherry Red fir Red tip photinia Redwood ivy Rhododendron species Roble beech Rugosa rose Salal Salmonberry Scotch heather Sessile oak Sheep laurel Shreve oak Southern red oak Spicebush Spreading euonymus Star magnolia Strawberry tree Striped bark maple Sweet bay laurel Sweet chestnut Sweet Cicely Sweet olive Tanoak Toyon Viburnum varieties Victorian box Vine maple Western maidenhair fern Western starflower White fir Winter's bark Witch hazel Wood rose Yew as of July 2006

12 Rhododendron Bigleaf maple Redwood Maidenhair fern Bay laurel

13 Map from M. Kelly, UC-Berkeley Distribution of Phytophthora ramorum in native forests

14 Phytophthora ramorum Genetic Diversity AFLPs Ivors et al., 2004 United States, A2 mating type Europe, A1 mating type

15 Source: B. Randall-Schadel

16 Bay laurel Umbellularia californica

17 X

18 100 Mixed-evergreen forest Non-symptomatic oaks oaks symptomatic for P. ramorum Oak infection 28 % Davidson, unpublished

19 Mixed-evergreen forest Non-symptomatic oaks Oaks symptomatic for P. ramorum Non-symptomatic Bay laurel Bay laurel infected with P. ramorum Oak 28 % Bay laurel 87 %

20 Scale Dependent Management Individual tree Landscape Regional to continental

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22 Green waste Pathogen spread- human Ornamental plants Soil

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25 Distribution of infected nursery stock from individual nurseries Map: USDA, APHIS, PPQ

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27 Pathogen biology Host biology Environmental factors

28 Pathogen spread-natural Rain Wind Streams/rivers

29 Total precipitation (mm) Jul Spores in rainwater Apr Jan Oct Jul Apr Jan Oct Jul Apr Jan Oct Jul Apr Jan Oct Jul Apr Jan Oct Jul month Mean cfu/l + SE

30 Land Use Changes -Fire suppression -Human-caused fires -Past logging -Grazing -Invasive plants/animals -Urbanization -Agriculture

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32 Meentemeyer et al., in review

33 Meentemeyer et al. in review

34 Management Actions Monitoring Diagnosis Eradication Stand Manipulation Fire Fungicides Prevention of Human Spread Restoration Education

35 Map from M. Kelly, UC-Berkeley

36 Risk models Establishment risk Meentemeyer et al., 2004

37 Establishment risk

38 Zoom-in of image detection work and 1 of 80 ¼ ha field plots of SOD mortality Tree Mortality due to SOD in the Big Sur Region Dead individuals per ¼ ha cell BIG SUR Monterey < Miles REGION-WIDE MORTALITY ESTIMATE FOREST TYPE NUMBER DEAD Mixed Broad-Leaved Evergreen 70,574 Redwood-Tanoak Association 144,470 TOTAL 215,044 Mortality estimate based on 1 ft digital color imagery captured May 2005 and 80 1/4 ha field plots Miles

39 PLOT DISTRIBUTION & STRATIFICATION CRITERIA 408 plot locations 5 variables 24 strata watershed land ownership private public forest type mixed evergreen overlapping fires redwood types overlapping fires 1-2 > > 2 tree mortality tree mortality tree mortality tree mortality > > > > 3

40 Stream Monitoring 184 streams 14 counties DEL NORTE BUTTE YUBA PLACER HUMBOLDT EL DORADO MENDOCINO SANTA CRUZ SONOMA MONTEREY CONTRA COSTA SAN LUIS ALAMEDA OBISPO Figure 1. Map of California stream monitoring sites. Sites with P.ramorum recovered (see Table 1 for further information).

41 Eradication Mike McWilliams, ODF

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43 Marin County 2004

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45 Big Sur 2006 K. Frangioso

46 Acknowledgments Ross Meentemeyer, UNCC Matteo Garbelotto, UC Berkeley Chris Gilligan, Cambridge University Funding USDA Forest Service National Science Foundation Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation