VALUING URBAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES:

Transcription

1 WORKSHOP: INTEGRATING BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM VALUATION IN URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN VALUING URBAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: THREE EXAMPLES FROM BARCELONA 4th GLOBAL FORUM ON URBAN RESILIENCE & ADAPTATION Speaker: Johannes Langemeyer Researchers: Erik Gómez-Baggethun, Johannes Langemeyer Francesc Baró 31 May -2 June 2013 Bonn (Germany) Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain

2 OVERVIEW Introduction 1 st Example: URBAN FORESTS 2 nd Example: URBAN PARKS 3 rd Example: URBAN GARDENS Discussion 2

3 INTRODUCTION Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being. (TEEB 2010) Urban ecosystems are limited, and their capacity to provide services for human wellbeing, and may rapidly decrease in case of social or ecological changes. (Carpenter et al. 2006; James et al. 2009; Chapin et al. 2010) Street trees Chicago, USA Urban lake Aasee Münster, Germany Community gardening Lisbon, Portugal Air quality regulation by urban trees and forests (e.g. Chaparro/Terradas 2009) Physical and mental recreation at urban parks or lakes (e.g. van den Berg et al. 2007) Food provisioning by urban gardens (e.g. Jansson 2010) 3

4 THE CITY OF BARCELONA Dense compact city: 1.62 million inhabitants (2011); Ha; 160 inhab./ha Total green space: 2893 Ha (28.59%); m 2 /inhab. Urban green space: 1098 Ha (10.85%); 6.80 m 2 /inhab. Main green areas: Natural Park of Collserola (1795 ha); Urban Park of Montjuïc (248 ha) Source: Statistical Yearbook of the City of Barcelona (2012) 4

5 THE CITY OF BARCELONA Municipal boundaries 11100: Continuous Urban fabric (S.L. > 80%) 11210: Discontinuous Dense Urban Fabric (S.L.: 50% - 80%) 11220: Discontinuous Medium Density Urban Fabric (S.L.: 30% - 50%) 11230: Discontinuous Low Density Urban Fabric (S.L.: 10% - 30%) 11240: Discontinuous very low density urban fabric (S.L. < 10%) 11300: Isolated Structures 12100: Industrial, commercial, public, military and private units 12210: Fast transit roads and associated land 12220: Other roads and associated land 12230: Railways and associated land 12300: Port areas 12400: Airports 13100: Mineral extraction and dump sites 13300: Construction sites 13400: Land without current use 14100: Green urban areas 14200: Sports and leisure facilities 20000: Agricultural Areas 30000: Forests and semi-natural areas 40000: Wetlands 50000: Water Land-covers with highest potential of ES provision Source: European Urban Atlas,

6 OVERVIEW Introduction 1 st Example: URBAN FORESTS 2 nd Example: URBAN PARKS 3 rd Example: URBAN GARDENS Discussion 6

7 REGULATING SERVICES OF URBAN FORESTS General Aim To assess regulating ecosystem services and disservices provided by urban forests in the light of city s policy targets. Specific objectives: To quantify in biophysical accounts and monetary values two ecosystem services ( air purification and climate regulation ) generated by the urban forests in Barcelona, Spain. To evaluate the potential of these ecosystem services to comply with environmental policy targets based on their actual contribution relative to air pollution and GHG emissions levels at the city scale. 7

8 REGULATING SERVICES OF URBAN FORESTS Air quality & Climate Change Mitigation in Barcelona Ecosystem services and disservices Air purification Global climate regulation Urban policy targets Air quality ( Directive 2008/50/EC ) NO 2 : 40 µg m -3 (Year) PM 10 : 50 µg m -3 (Day) O 3 : 120 µg m -3 (8-hour) CO: 10 mg m -3 (8-hour) SO 2 : 125µg m -3 (Day) Climate change mitigation ( Covenant of Mayors ) 23% reduction in municipal GHG emissions from 2008 levels (by 2020) Air pollution and GHG levels in Barcelona Air pollution levels (2011) NO 2 : 66 µg m -3 (3 of 7) PM 10 : 122 µg m -3 (1 of 9) O 3 : 126 µg m -3 (0 of 5) CO: 2.7 mg m -3 (0 of 4) SO 2 : 19 µg m -3 (0 of 3) GHG emissions (2008) City : 4.05 million t CO 2 eq Municipal : t CO 2 eq Source: own elaboration based on EEA (2012), ASPB air quality report (2011) and PECQ (2011) 8

9 REGULATING SERVICES OF URBAN FORESTS Methodology: itree Eco Model (formerly UFORE) Own elaboration based on the 3rd edition of the Ecological Map of Barcelona (Burriel et al. 2006) i-tree Eco quantifies urban forest structure and functions based on standard inputs of field, meteorological and pollution data. 9

10 REGULATING SERVICES OF URBAN FORESTS Air purification service Monthly and annual air pollution removal by air pollutant (Urban forests of the municipality of Barcelona. year 2008). Biophysical accounts and monetary values. 10

11 REGULATING SERVICES OF URBAN FORESTS Contribution of urban forests on air quality and climate change mitigation (2008) Air pollutant Removal biophysical value (t year -1 ) Removal monetary value (USD year -1 ) City-based emissions (t year -1 ) Background pollution influence (%) Ecosystem Service contribution (%) City-based emissions City-based emissions & background pollution PM NO CO 2 eq * N/A * N/A *Note: considering CO2eq emissions from services and activities directly managed by the City Council ( Covenant of Mayors policy target baseline emissions). 11

12 REGULATING SERVICES OF URBAN FORESTS Conclusion Our findings show that carbon capturing and air purification by urban forests are relatively low compared to the city s air pollution and GHG emissions HOWEVER Urban forest ecosystems contribute to guarantee air quality in cities: especially regulating PM 10 levels Fostering urban forests as green infrastructure can be a policy strategy to reach air quality standards, and may provide other ecosystem services simultaneously (e.g. urban temperature regulation, stormwater runoff mitigation and recreational opportunities) at no additional monetary costs. 12

13 OVERVIEW Introduction 1 st Example: URBAN FORESTS 2 nd Example: URBAN PARKS 3 rd Example: URBAN GARDENS Discussion 13

14 CULTURAL SERVICES AT MONTJUÏC The urban park Montjuïc 14

15 CULTURAL SERVICES AT MONTJUÏC General Aim Valuation of urban ecosystem services in non-monetary and monetary terms, and uncover links to ecosystem structures. Specific objectives: Valuation of cultural ecosystem services provided by an urban park in monetary and nonmonetary terms. Spatial assessment of linkages between values of cultural Ecosystem Services and landuse 15

16 Excerpt from questionnaire Excerpt from formula CULTURAL SERVICES AT MONTJUÏC Methodology: Survey to Beneficiaries Non-monetary valuation of cultural UES by Pebble Distribution Method Monetary valuation of cultural UES by Individual Travel Cost Method (PDM) (Sheil et al. 2002) (ITCM) (e.g. Riera 2005) Determination of relative preference values for cultural ecosystem services Determination of average surplus value per visit for cultural ecosystem services (a) (b) Tc i - Individual Travel Cost TCs i - Stated Travel Cost (Transport) I mean - Mean Family Income per month tw - Working hours per month tt i - Individual Travel time TCn i - Individual Travel Cost of cultural ecosystem PDn - Pebble Distribution value (in %) 16

17 CULTURAL SERVICES AT MONTJUÏC Non-monetary values of cultural ecosystem services obtained through Pebble Distribution Method Highest non-monetary values for recreation physical and mental health and tourism Lowest non-monetary values for environmental education Highest monetary value for recreation physical and mental health, lowest for tourism Monetary specific average surplus values per visit for cultural ecosystem services

18 CULTURAL SERVICES AT MONTJUÏC Spatial assessment of linkages between values of cultural ecosystem service and land-use / management Recreation & physical and mental health are more important in gardens, tourism close to cultural facilities Non-monetary values attached to land-uses Recreation & physical and mental health values Own elaboration based on: higher in semi-natural areas than in highly managed areas

19 CULTURAL SERVICES AT MONTJUÏC Conclusions The most important cultural ecosystem services are recreation & physical and mental health The assessment of ecosystem services requires different valuation approaches and the integration of different (incommensurable) value dimensions, such as nonmonetary and monetary The assessment of spatial linkages between ecosystem service values and land-use and management provides useful information for policy-making and allow to control for ecosystem service generation

20 OVERVIEW Introduction 1 st Example: URBAN FORESTS 2 nd Example: URBAN PARKS 3 rd Example: URBAN GARDENS Discussion 20

21 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM URBAN GARDENS General Aim Assessment of ecosystem services provided by urban gardens and associated benefits and values Specific objectives: Identify and characterize the most important ecosystem services provided by urban allotment gardens. Conduct a valuation of the social importance of urban allotment garden s ecosystem services. 21

22 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM URBAN GARDENS Methodology: Survey to Beneficiaries Free listing to identify current and potential ecosystem service provision by a variety of stakeholders Importance rankings (Likert scale) of the ecosystem services identified 22

23 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM URBAN GARDENS Expected Results Identification and characterization of ecosystem services provided by urban gardens (regulation, provision, habitat and cultural). Socio-cultural valuation of ecosystem services provided by urban gardens. Highlight the importance of urban gardens for the well-being of practitioners and the urban society as a whole. Create a common measurement to allow for a comparison between the benefits provided by urban gardens and other urban green spaces. 23

24 OVERVIEW Introduction 1 st Example: URBAN FORESTS 2 nd Example: URBAN PARKS 3 rd Example: URBAN GARDENS Discussion 24

25 VALUING URBAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES WHY ARE ECOSYSTEM SERVICE ASSESSMENTS RELEVANT FOR URBAN POLICY-MAKING & PLANNING? Support the recognition of potential & limitations of green infrastructure, e.g. improving air quality or reducing GHG Support realization of multiple values attached to urban ecosystems, e.g. by different stakeholder groups Support to balance trade-offs between different types of green infrastructure and other uses

26 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION Johannes Langemeyer Contact Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Sciences, Building C5b, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; Tel. (+34) ; Fax (+34)